Politics of Croatia

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Politics of Croatia
Coat of arms
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
People's Party - Reformists (NS-R)
  • Social Democratic Party (SDP)
  • The Bridge (MOST)
  • We can! (Možemo)
  • Workers' Front (RF)
    		•
    Elections and referendums
    Recent elections

    Recent referendums

    Administrative divisions
    Foreign relations

    The politics of Croatia are defined by a

    Legislative power is vested in the Croatian Parliament (Croatian: Sabor). The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Croatia on 22 December 1990 and decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia
    on 25 May 1991. The Constitutional Decision on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Croatia came into effect on 8 October 1991. The constitution has since been amended several times.
    SFR Yugoslavia
    .

    The President of the Republic (

    unicameral legislative body. The number of Sabor representatives (MPs) ranges from 100 to 160; they are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws; adoption of the government budget, declarations of war and peace, defining national boundaries, calling referendums
    and elections, appointments and relief of officers, supervising the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor, and granting of amnesties. The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular presidential and parliamentary elections, and the election of county prefects (county presidents) and assemblies, and city and municipal mayors and councils.

    Croatia has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the Constitution of Croatia and national legislation enacted by the Sabor. The

    State Attorney's Office
    represents the state in legal proceedings.

    The

    flawed democracy" in 2022.[4]

    Legal framework

    Main article: Constitution of Croatia

    Croatia is a

    Community acquis.[13] Croatia became a member state of the European Union
    on 1 July 2013.

    Executive

    Main articles: Government of Croatia and President of Croatia
    Banski dvori, seat of the Government of Croatia

    The President of the Republic (

    Zoran Milanovic.[14] He took the oath of office on ?. The constitution limits holders of the presidential office to a maximum of two terms and prevents the president from being a member of any political party.[15]
    Consequently, the president-elect withdraws from party membership before inauguration.

    The government (

    Banski dvori.[11] As of 19 October 2016, the prime minister is Andrej Plenković
    .

    Main office-holders
    Office Name Party Since
    President
    		 Zoran Milanović Social Democratic Party of Croatia 19 February 2021
    Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Croatian Democratic Union 19 October 2016

    Legislature

    Main article: Croatian Parliament
    Parliament
    of the Republic of Croatia

    The Parliament of Croatia (

    constituencies, up to six members are chosen by proportional representation to represent Croatians living abroad and five members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities.[16] The two largest political parties in Croatia are the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia
    (SDP). The last parliamentary election was held on 11 September 2016 in Croatia and on 10 and 11 September 2016 abroad.

    The Sabor meets in public sessions in two periods; the first from 15 January to 30 June, and the second from 15 September to 15 December. Extra sessions can be called by the President of the Republic, by the president of the parliament or by the government. The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution, enactment of laws, adoption of the state budget, declarations of war and peace, alteration of the country's boundaries, calling and conducting referendums and elections, appointments and relief of office, supervising the work of the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor, and granting amnesty. Decisions are made based on a majority vote if more than half of the Chamber is present, except in cases of constitutional issues.[16]

    Elections

    For other political parties, see List of political parties in Croatia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Croatia.
    Ivo Josipović, 2010 election victory speech

    The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular elections for the office of the President of the Republic, parliamentary, county prefects, county assemblies, city and municipal mayors and city and municipal councils. The President of the Republic is elected to a five-year term by a direct vote of all citizens of Croatia. A majority vote is required to win. A runoff election round is held in cases where no candidate secures the majority in the first round of voting. The presidential elections are regulated by the constitution and dedicated legislation; the latter defines technical details, appeals and similar issues.[15]

    Map of the new croatian electoral districts 2023

    140 members of parliament are elected to a four-year term in ten multi-seat constituencies, which are defined on the basis of the existing county borders, with amendments to achieve a uniform number of eligible voters in each constituency to within 5%. Citizens of Croatia living abroad are counted in an eleventh constituency; however, its number of seats was not fixed for the last parliamentary election. It was instead calculated based on numbers of votes cast in the ten constituencies in Croatia and the votes cast in the eleventh constituency. In the

    election threshold.[19][20] The last parliamentary election, held in 2016, elected 151 MPs.[17]

    The county prefects and city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by majority of votes cast within applicable local government units. A runoff election is held if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting.[21] Members of county, city, and municipal councils are elected to four-year terms through proportional representation; the entire local government unit forms a single constituency. The number of council members is defined by the councils themselves based on applicable legislation. Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national minorities are represented in the council as required by the constitution. If the minorities are not represented, further members, who belong to the minorities and who have not been elected through the proportional representation system, are selected from electoral candidate lists and added to the council.[22]

    Latest presidential election

    Main article: 2019–20 Croatian presidential election
    Candidate Party First round Second round
    Votes % Votes %
    Zoran Milanović Social Democratic Party 562,783 29.55 1,034,170 52.66
    Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović Independent (HDZ) 507,628 26.65 929,707 47.34
    Miroslav Škoro Independent 465,704 24.45
    Mislav Kolakušić Independent 111,916 5.88
    Dario Juričan Independent 87,883 4.61
    Dalija Orešković Independent 55,163 2.90
    Ivan Pernar Party of Ivan Pernar 44,057 2.31
    Katarina Peović Workers' Front 21,387 1.12
    Dejan Kovač Croatian Social Liberal Party 18,107 0.95
    Anto Đapić DESNO 4,001 0.21
    Nedjeljko Babić HSSČKŠ 3,014 0.16
    Invalid/blank votes 22,218 1.17 89,415 –
    Total 1,903,861 100 2,053,292 100
    Registered voters/turnout 3,719,741 51.18 3,734,115 54.99
    Source: Izbori, Izbori

    Latest parliamentary election

    Main article:
    Croatian parliamentary election, 2016
    Parties and coalitions Votes % Swing Seats +/–
    Domestic electoral districts (1st–10th)
    HDZ Coalition
    HDS
    		 682,687 36.27% +2.91% 59 +3
    People's Coalition
    HNS, HSU, HSS
    		 636,602 33.82% +0.62% 54 -2
    Bridge of Independent Lists
    		 186,626 9.91% -3.60% 13 -6
    The Only Option Coalition
    Human Blockade, Change Croatia, Youth Action, Alphabet of democracy, HDSS
    		 117,208 6.23% +1.99% 8 +7
    For Prime Minister Coalition
    Reformisti
    , Novi val, HSS SR, BUZ     		76,054 4.04% +0.72% 2 ±0
    Even Stronger Istria Coalition
    List for Rijeka
    		 43,180 2.29% +0.46% 3 ±0
    Turn Croatia Around Coalition Pametno, Za Grad 38,812 2.06% New 0 New
    HDSSB Coalition HDSSB, HKS 23,573 1.25% -0.11% 1 -1
    Homeland Coalition
    HSP AS, Desno, HKDU
    , USP, HDS     		11,100 0.59% 0 -3
    Croatian Labourists - Labour Party
    		 4,821 0.26% 0 -1
    Other parties and independent lists 61,654 3.28% 0 ±0
    Invalid 36,871 1.92% - -
    Domestic total 1,919,188 100% - 140 ±0
    Registered voters / turnout 3,531,279 54.35% -6.47% - -
    District XI – Croatian citizens living abroad
    Croatian Democratic Union 13,117 62.72% -22.97% 2 -1
    Independent list led by Željko Glasnović 5,211 24.91% New 1 New
    For Prime Minister Coalition
    Reformisti
    , Novi val, HSS SR, BUZ     		936 4.47% +0.17% 0 ±0
    Bridge of Independent Lists
    		 656 3.13% -0.76% 0 ±0
    Other District XI lists 993 4.75% 0 ±0
    Invalid 295 1.39% - -
    District XI total 21,208 100% - 3 ±0
    Registered voters / turnout 21,223 99.93% +0.02% - -
    District XII – National minority electoral district
    Independent Democratic Serb Party Differing election system 3 ±0
    Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia 1 +1
    Union of Roma in Croatia "Kali Sara" 1 ±0
    Union of Albanians in Croatia 1 +1
    Independents (Italian minority) 1 ±0
    Independents (Czech/Slovak minority) 1 ±0
    District XII total 37,902 100% - 8 ±0
    Registered voters / turnout 211,267 17.94% -1.14% - -
    Total parliamentary seats 151 ±0
    Sources: State Election Committee;[23]

    Latest European elections

    Main article: 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia
    PartyVotes%Seats
    Authentic Croatian Party of Rights
    		4,3910.410
    Let's Unblock Croatia3,9810.370
    Party of People's and Civic Action3,6830.340
    Croatian Demochristian Party3,6510.340
    RF–SRP2,6220.240
    Movement for a Modern Croatia2,5810.240
    Democratic Alliance of Serbs2,0360.190
    Croatian Defence People's Party1,5880.150
    My Beloved Croatia1,1680.110
    Zagorje Party for Zagreb1,1280.110
    Free Croatia1,0210.100
    Croatian Community Party9440.090
    Croatian Party of Order7330.070
    Freedom Party of Croatia5130.050
    Total1,073,954100.0012
    Valid votes1,073,95497.32
    Invalid/blank votes29,5972.68
    Total votes1,103,551100.00
    Registered voters/turnout3,696,90729.85
    Source: State Election Committee

    Judiciary

    Main article: Judiciary of Croatia

    Croatia has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the constitution and national legislation enacted by the Sabor. The

    Supreme Court (Croatian: Vrhovni sud) is the highest court of appeal in Croatia; its hearings are open and judgments are made publicly, except in cases where the privacy of the accused is to be protected. Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council and judicial office is permanent until seventy years of age. The president of the Supreme Court is elected for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic. As of 2017, the president of the Supreme Court is Đuro Sessa.[24][25] The Supreme Court has civil and criminal departments.[24] The lower two levels of the three-tiered judiciary consist of county courts and municipal courts.[25] There are fifteen county courts and sixty-seven municipal courts in the country.[26]

    Croatian Supreme Court
    building

    There are other specialised courts in Croatia; commercial courts and the Superior Commercial Court,

    Croatian Constitutional Court (Croatian: Ustavni sud).[27] The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding compliance of legislation with the constitution, repeals unconstitutional legislation, reports any breaches of provisions of the constitution to the government and the parliament, declares the speaker of the parliament acting president upon petition from the government in the event the country's president becomes incapacitated, issues consent for commencement of criminal procedures against or arrest of the president, and hears appeals against decisions of the National Judicial Council. The court consists of thirteen judges elected by members of the parliament for an eight-year term. The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court judges for a four-year term.[6] As of June 2012, the president of the Constitutional Court is Jasna Omejec.[28] The National Judicial Council (Croatian: Državno Sudbeno Vijeće) consists of eleven members, specifically seven judges, two university professors of law and two parliament members, nominated and elected by the Parliament for four-year terms, and may serve no more than two terms.[29] It appoints all judges and court presidents, except in case of the Supreme Court. As of January 2015, the president of the National Judicial Council is Ranko Marijan, who is also a Supreme Court judge.[30]

    The

    State Attorney, and there are twenty-three deputies in the central office and lower-ranking State Attorneys at fifteen county and thirty-three municipal State Attorney's Offices.[31][32] The General State Attorney is appointed by the parliament.[33] A special State Attorney's Office dedicated to combatting corruption and organised crime, USKOK, was set up in late 2001.[34]

    Local government

    HDSSB
    Main article: Counties of Croatia

    Croatia was first subdivided into counties (

    cities and 428 municipalities.[39]

    The county

    city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by a majority of votes cast within applicable local government units. If no candidate achieves a majority in the first round, a runoff election is held.[21] Members of county, city and municipal councils are elected to four-year terms, through proportional representation with the entire local government unit as a single constituency.[22]

    The number of members of the councils is defined by the councils themselves, based on applicable legislation. Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national ethnic minorities are represented on the council as required by the constitution. Further members who belong to the minorities may be added to the council if no candidate of that minority has been elected through the proportional representation system.[22] Election silence, as in all other types of elections in Croatia, when campaigning is forbidden, is enforced the day before the election and continues until 19:00 hours on the election day when the polling stations close and exit polls may be announced.[40] Eight nationwide local elections have been held in Croatia since 1990, the most recent being the 2017 local elections to elect county prefects and councils, and city and municipal councils and mayors. In 2017, the HDZ-led coalitions won a majority or plurality in fifteen county councils and thirteen county prefect elections. SDP-led coalitions won a majority or plurality in five county councils, including the city of Zagreb council, and the remaining county council election was won by IDS-SDP coalition. The SDP won two county prefect elections, the city of Zagreb mayoral election, the HSS and the HNS won a single county prefect election each.[41]

    class=notpageimage|
    Counties of Croatia
    County Seat Area (km2) Population
    Bjelovar-Bilogora Bjelovar 2,652 119,743
    Brod-Posavina Slavonski Brod 2,043 158,559
    Dubrovnik-Neretva Dubrovnik 1,783 122,783
    Istria Pazin 2,820 208,440
    Karlovac Karlovac 3,622 128,749
    Koprivnica-Križevci Koprivnica 1,746 115,582
    Krapina-Zagorje Krapina 1,224 133,064
    Lika-Senj Gospić 5,350 51,022
    Međimurje Čakovec 730 114,414
    Osijek-Baranja Osijek 4,152 304,899
    Požega-Slavonia Požega 1,845 78,031
    Primorje-Gorski Kotar Rijeka 3,582 296,123
    Šibenik-Knin Šibenik 2,939 109,320
    Sisak-Moslavina Sisak 4,463 172,977
    Split-Dalmatia Split 4,534 455,242
    Varaždin Varaždin 1,261 176,046
    Virovitica-Podravina Virovitica 2,068 84,586
    Vukovar-Srijem Vukovar 2,448 180,117
    Zadar Zadar 3,642 170,398
    Zagreb County Zagreb 3,078 317,642
    City of Zagreb
    		 Zagreb 641 792,875

    History

    See also: History of Croatia

    Within Austria-Hungary

    Sabor
    in 1848

    Party of Rights, led by Starčević and Kvaternik, and the People's Party, led by Janko Drašković, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Josip Juraj Strossmayer and Ivan Mažuranić. They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party, which was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and the 1918, and advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary.[42]

    Other significant parties formed in the era were the

    People's Party – a branch of the People's Party active in Croatia-Slavonia – and the Autonomist Party, advocating maintaining autonomy of Dalmatia, opposite to the People's Party demands for unification of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. The Autonomist Party, most notably led by Antonio Bajamonti, was also linked to Italian irredentism. By 1900, the Party of Rights had made considerable gains in Dalmatia.[43] The Autonomists won the first three elections, but all elections since 1870 were won by the People's Party. In the period 1861–1918 there were seventeen elections in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and ten in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.[42]

    First and Second Yugoslavia

    Sabor
    , 29 October 1918

    After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the HSS established itself as the most popular Croatian political party and was very popular despite efforts to ban it.

    federalisation of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.[47] This arrangement was soon made obsolete with the beginning of World War II, when the Independent State of Croatia, which banned all political opposition, was established.[48] Since then, the HSS continues to operate abroad.[49]

    In the 1945 election, the Communists were unopposed because the other parties abstained.

    Communist Party of Croatia was its branch.[51] In 1971, the Croatian national movement, which sought greater civil rights and the decentralisation of the Yugoslav economy, culminated in the Croatian Spring, which was suppressed by the Yugoslav leadership.[52] In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines; the Croatian faction demanded a looser federation.[53]

    Modern Croatia

    Cabinet of Zoran Milanović in December 2011

    In 1989, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to tolerate political parties in response to growing demands to allow political activities outside the Communist party. The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), established on 20 May 1989, followed by the Croatian Democratic Union on 17 June 1989. In December 1989, Ivica Račan became the head of the reformed Communist party. At the same time, the party cancelled political trials, released political prisoners and endorsed a multi-party political system. The Civil Organisations Act was formally amended to allow political parties on 11 January 1990, legalising the parties that were already founded.[54]

    By the time of the first round of the first multi-party elections, held on 22 April 1990, there were 33 registered parties. The most relevant parties and coalitions were the League of Communists of Croatia – Party of Democratic Changes (the renamed Communist party), the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), and the Coalition of People's Accord (KNS), which included the HSLS led by Dražen Budiša, and the HSS, which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989.[49][54] The runoff election was held on 6 May 1990. The HDZ, led by Franjo Tuđman, won ahead of the reformed Communists and the KNS. The KNS, led by Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo – who had led the Croatian Spring – soon splintered into individual parties. The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary election, when it was defeated by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), led by Račan. Franjo Gregurić, of the HDZ, was appointed prime minister to head a national unity government in July 1991 as the Croatian War of Independence escalated in intensity. His appointment lasted until August 1992.[55] During his term, Croatia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia took effect on 8 October 1991.[8] The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election, while the SDP remained the largest opposition party.[41]

    Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in

    December 2009 and January 2010.[41] Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović defeated Josipović in the January 2015 election run-off, becoming the first female president of Croatia.[56]

    In January 2020, former prime minister

    Zoran Milanovic of the Social Democrats (SDP) won the presidential election. He defeated center-right incumbent Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic of the ruling Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in the second round of the election.[57]
    In July 2020, the ruling right-wing HDZ won the parliamentary election. Since 2016 ruled HDZ-led coalition of prime minister Andrej Plenković continued to govern.[58]

    See also

    References

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    58. TheGuardian.com
      . 6 July 2020.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Croatia&oldid=1219445477"