Osijek
Osijek | |
---|---|
Grad Osijek City of Osijek | |
Osijek-Baranja | |
Government | |
• Mayor | Ivan Radić (HDZ) |
• City Council | 31 members |
Area UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 31000 |
Area code | 31 |
Vehicle registration | OS |
Climate | Cfb |
Website | osijek |
Osijek (Croatian pronunciation: [ôsijeːk] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in Croatia, with a population of 96,848 in 2021.[3] It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja County. Osijek is on the right bank of the Drava River, 25 km (16 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Danube, at an elevation of 94 m (308 ft).
Name
The name was given to the city due to its position on elevated ground, which prevented the city being flooded by the local swamp waters. Its name "Osijek" derives from the
Its ancient name was Mursa and is supposed to come from the
History
Origins
The origins of human habitation of Osijek date back to
The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1687, Osijek was liberated by the Habsburg monarchy on 29 September 1687.[7]
Habsburg Empire
Osijek was restored to western rule on 29 September 1687, when the Turks were ousted and the city was occupied by the Habsburg Empire.[8] Between 1712 and 1715, Austrian authorities built a new fortress, outer walls, and all five planned bastions (authored by the architect Maximilian de Gosseau) known as Tvrđa,[9] in the heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the building of the Military Command, on the west by the Main Guard building and on the east by the Magistrate building (presently Museum of Slavonia). In the middle of the square, a monument to the plague was erected in 1729 by General Maximilian Petras' widow.[10]
The Gornji Grad ("Upper Town") was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad ("Lower Town") followed in 1698 settled mostly by the inhabitants from swampy area of Baranja. Tvrđa, Gornji Grad, and Donji Grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786, when they were united into a single entity.[11] In the late 18th century, it took over from Virovitica as the centre of the Virovitica County. The Habsburg empire also facilitated the migration and settlement of German immigrants into the town and region during this period.[12] A particular German city dialect, Essekerisch, formed.[13][12]
In 1809, Osijek was granted the title of a
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Osijek was the seat of the Virovitica County[15] of the autonomous territory Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary.[16]
During the 19th century, cultural life mostly revolved around the theatre, museums (the first museum, Museum of Slavonia, was opened in 1877 by private donations), collections, and printing houses (the Franciscans).[17] City society, whose development was accompanied by a prosperous economy and developed trade relations, was related to religious festivals, public events (fairs), entertainment, and sports. The Novi Grad (New Town) section of the city was built in the 19th century, as well as Retfala to the west.[citation needed]
Twentieth century
The newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac
After the war, the local German-speaking populace
Osijek has been connected with the Croatian republic's capital Zagreb and the previous federal capital Belgrade by a modern paved road since 1958. The new Drava bridge to the north was built in 1962.
The first faculty opened in Osijek was Faculty of Economy (in 1959 as Centre for economic studies of the Faculty of Economy in Zagreb),[19] followed immediately by a high school of agriculture, later renamed as Faculty of Agriculture[20] and Faculty of Philosophy.[21] The Faculty of Law was established in 1975.[22] thus becoming the first new member of newly established University of Osijek.
As part of further development as a regional food industry and agricultural centre, a major (working) collective for agriculture and industry was established in 1962. During the 1980s, a new pedestrian
Croatian War of Independence
During the
Climate
Osijek has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).
Climate data for Osijek (1971–2000, extremes 1899–2014) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
40.3 (104.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.7 (40.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−26.4 (−15.5) |
−21 (−6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−3 (27) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41.4 (1.63) |
35.1 (1.38) |
40.5 (1.59) |
51.0 (2.01) |
59.2 (2.33) |
82.0 (3.23) |
65.4 (2.57) |
61.9 (2.44) |
51.0 (2.01) |
56.6 (2.23) |
61.7 (2.43) |
49.1 (1.93) |
654.9 (25.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.3 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 137.2 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 10.3 | 7.8 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 28.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.5 | 81.9 | 74.1 | 71.3 | 70.1 | 70.9 | 69.6 | 71.8 | 76.2 | 79.2 | 86.1 | 88.5 | 77.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.9 | 96.1 | 145.7 | 171.0 | 217.0 | 231.0 | 260.4 | 251.1 | 189.0 | 142.6 | 69.0 | 55.8 | 1,887.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 20 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 52 | 55 | 60 | 61 | 53 | 44 | 25 | 21 | 45 |
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[27][28] |
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1880 | 25,260 | — |
1890 | 27,801 | +10.1% |
1900 | 33,407 | +20.2% |
1910 | 40,106 | +20.1% |
1921 | 42,930 | +7.0% |
1931 | 51,871 | +20.8% |
1948 | 58,046 | +11.9% |
1953 | 66,073 | +13.8% |
1961 | 84,652 | +28.1% |
1971 | 109,189 | +29.0% |
1981 | 123,944 | +13.5% |
1991 | 129,792 | +4.7% |
2001 | 114,616 | −11.7% |
2011 | 108,048 | −5.7% |
2021 | 96,848 | −10.4% |
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 |
According to the 1910 census, the city had 31,388 inhabitants. The official Austrian census lists 12,625 as
According to the 1981 census, the total population of the city had reached 104,775, including 63,373 (60.48%) Croats, 13,716 (13.09%) Serbs and 1,521 (1.45%) Hungarians.[31]
Prior to the Croatian War of Independence, the 1991 census recorded a total population of 165,253, composed of 110,934 (67.1%) Croats, 33,146 (20.0%) Serbs, 3,156 (1.9%) Hungarians, 276 (0.16%) Germans, and 17,741 (10.7%) people categorised as Yugoslavs or 'others'.[32]
According to the census of 2001, the total population of Osijek dropped to 114,616. Croats made up the majority of Osijek's citizens, comprising 86.58 per cent of the city's population. Other ethnicities include 8,767 (7.65%) Serbs, 1,154 (1.01%) Hungarians, 480 (0.42%)
Osijek's population in 2001 included 96,600 (84.28%)
In the census of 2011, the following settlements were recorded:[3]
population | 20858 | 24863 | 25260 | 27801 | 33407 | 40106 | 42930 | 51871 | 58063 | 66073 | 84652 | 109189 | 123944 | 129792 | 114616 | 108048 | 96313 |
1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
Institutions and industries
Major institutions in the city include the
The Saponia chemical factory is the largest factory in the Osijek area. It is a major producer of detergents, soap and cosmetics whose products are recognized throughout the region as being of quality.[35] It is by far the largest exporter in the city area. Other industries include a regional brewery, the Pivovara Osijek (first Croatian beer), a sugar processing plant, as well as a candy factory Kandit. The Niveta brush factory founded as Siva in 1922 still operates.
The Osijek area used to be much more industrialised and a broad range of goods and products were being manufactured there. One of the earliest factories was the Drava match factory, established in 1856, which no longer exists.[36]
Other industries included production of synthetic materials, agricultural machinery, metal furniture, wood and timber, textiles, footwear, and silk, as well as metal processing and printing. However, the 1990s saw most of these industries decline and in some cases close completely. However, the city remains at the centre of an important agricultural region.[citation needed]
Politics
At the November 2007 elections, no party held a majority, which is not unusual for Croatia as local elections have
At the elections held on 25 November 2007, the HSP and the HDSSB gained 7 seats each, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) 6 seats, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 4, and the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS) 1.[39]
A possible coalition between HDSSB and SDP provoked criticism of the Social Democrats for lack of principle such as from Damir Kajin, who called it a 'sellotape coalition', alluding to the charges of war crimes that the HDSSB leader Branimir Glavaš is facing.[40] After the parties failed to agree on a coalition, the Croatian government called new elections for the city.[38] These elections took place on 9 March 2008 and gave the HSP 9 councilors, the HDSSB 6, HDZ, 5, SDP, 3 and a coalition of HNS and two smaller parties 2. Anto Đapić has expressed his hope for a coalition with the HDZ.[41]
Minority councils
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.
Society and culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2016) |
Cultural events
Numerous events take place in the city throughout the year. The most important of them are the Croatian Tambura Music Festival (in May), attended by tambura orchestras from all over Croatia and the Osijek Summer Nights (during June, July and August), a series of cultural and entertainment programs in the open, accompanied by food and fairs. The Day of the City of Osijek is celebrated with a cultural and artistic activities and exhibitions.
The surroundings of Osijek provide opportunities for hunting and
Cuisine
The abundance of game and agriculture has made Osijek the country's semi-official gastronomical capital. Local dishes include traditional Slavonian-style specialities (
Sport and recreation
The recreational and sports centre Copacabana, opened in 1980, on the left bank of the Drava river, provides opportunities for various water sports (outdoor
A motorcycle speedway stadium existed in City Garden, immediately adjacent to the Gradski vrt, on the north side. The Gradski stadion opened in October 1953 and closed in September 1987,[44] and staged a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship in 1955, 1979 and 1982[45] and a round of the 1977 World Cup.[46]
A new sports hall (
The new Opus Arena stadium, with a capacity of 13,005 spectators, was opened on July 22, 2023 with the official match of the first round of the Croatian First League between the NK Osijek and NK Slaven Belupo.
Tourism, sights and attractions
Osijek remains a popular domestic tourist destination for its
The Municipal Park of
The Co-cathedral of St. Peter and Paul is a Neo-Gothic structure with the second highest tower in Croatia after the Zagreb Cathedral. The tower measures 90 m (295.28 ft) and can be seen from throughout Osijek. Because of its size most locals refer to it as the cathedral but it is only a parish church. The Church of St Peter and St Paul was designed by Franz Langenberg and contains 40 stained glass windows, although they are not all intact after the bombing in the 1990s. The church also contains sculptures by Eduard Hauser.[citation needed]
Transport
Transport links to and from Osijek include major railway and highway junctions, a
]A small tram network runs through the city, which has been in continuous operation since 1884 and is the only tram network still in operation in Croatia outside of Zagreb. The network is currently being completely overhauled and more than doubled in length, and the city's old trams have been thoroughly modernized.[citation needed]
Notable people
Notable people who were born or have lived in Osijek include
Acknowledgements
Honorary citizens
- 1994: Siegbert Frank, Ćiril Kos, Vladimir Prelog
- 1995: Hans Dietrich Genscher, Bernard M. Luketich
- 1996: Geza Jeszenszky, Alois Mock
- 2001: Julije Knifer
- 2004: Branko Lustig
- 2008: Davor Šuker
- 2012: Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač
- 2013: Jacques Paul Klein, Ive Mažuran
- 2016: Vladimir Šeks
- 2020: Lőrinc Mészáros
Source[51]
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
|
Partner cities
|
References
Bibliography
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Notes
- Wikidata Q119585703.
- ^ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2021 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
- ^ a b "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Osijek". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-19-864201-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-6750-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-4053-6071-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ "Osijek after the Turks". City of Osijek. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-84353-084-8. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-74059-487-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-7645-9898-2. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Osijek-history
- ^ SSRN 3434569. CROSBI 447532. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ Hans Gehl: Die deutschen Stadtsprachen in Temeswar und Esseg. In: Velimir Petrović (Hrsg.): Essekerisch: Das Osijeker Deutsch. Edition Praesens, Wien 2001, S. 127–144.
- ISBN 978-1-4053-6071-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ a b public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Esseg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 778. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 471.
- ISBN 9788680651156. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
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- ^ "Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku | EFOS – Povijest fakulteta". Efos.hr. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku". Pfos.hr. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku". Web.ffos.hr. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "Faculty of Law in Osijek – Content". Pravos.hr. 26 November 2007. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Župna crkva Sv. Petra i Pavla Apostola u Osijeku
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- ^ Amoreta, Bajto (28 June 2012). "Dan osječkih branitelja: "Opća opasnost" večeras". HRT. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ Former war mayor Branimir Glavas is sentenced on 9 years of jail and he is war criminal fugitive now. Osječka Hvidra osudila uhićenje svojih članova[permanent dead link], seebiz.eu; accessed 20 January 2016. (in Croatian)
- ^ "Osijek Climate Normals" (PDF). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ "Mjesečne vrijednosti za Osijek u razdoblju1899−2014" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ László Zentai and Pál Kósa (eds.) Talma Kiadó Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914 Archived 14 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Talma Kiadó, 2001
- ^ Statisztikai közlemények, 42. kötet (új sorozat), Budapest, 1912 Archived 29 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stanovništvo prema nacionalnom sastavu i tipu naselja, popis 1981.
- ^ Popis stanovništva 1991, Republički zavod za statistiku – Zagreb
- ^ Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities, census 2001, Croatian Bureau of Statistics, accessed 13 January 2008
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- ISBN 978-1-85898-576-3. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Yugoslavia. Komisija za Ekonomsku Historiju Jugoslavije (1 January 1985). Acta historico-oeconomica Iugoslaviae: časopis za ekonomsku povijest Jugoslavije. Komisija za ekonomsku historiju Jugoslavije. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ "Šutnja u Osijeku". Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Government calls early elections in Osijek for 9 March". Government of the Republic of Croatia. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
- ^ Osijek: Pokušaj riješavanja krize[permanent dead link], Hrvatska radiotelevizija, 26 December 2007; accessed 13 January 2008
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- ^ HSP najjači u Osijeku Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, vijesti.hrt.hr; accessed 20 January 2016.(in Croatian)
- ^ "Manjinski izbori prve nedjelje u svibnju, kreću i edukacije". T-portal. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ "Informacija o konačnim rezultatima izbora članova vijeća i izbora predstavnika nacionalnih manjina 2023. XIV. OSJEČKO-BARANJSKA ŽUPANIJA" (PDF) (in Croatian). Državno izborno povjerenstvo Republike Hrvatske. 2023. pp. 15–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
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- ^ "Osječani rekli "Da" spomeniku Ocu Domovine – na glavnom trgu otkriven spomenik dr. Anti Starčeviću". City of Osijek. 13 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
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- ^ a b c T.M. (2 August 2022). "Notable people" (in Croatian). Zagreb: SiB.hr. RTL (Croatian TV channel). Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ Srčnik, Alan (2020). "Svi počasni građani Osijeka, od Preloga, preko Šukera, do Mészárosa… A imamo i neke do '80. godine…". osijekexpress.com (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Gradovi prijatelji". Grad Osijek (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Osijek i Mostar postali gradovi prijatelji". osijek.hr (in Croatian). Osijek. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
External links
- Official web site Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian and English)
- Osijek 031 city portal (in Croatian)
- Osijek Online Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian)
- Osijek tourist information Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian and English)