Politics of Hungary
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Politics of Hungary Magyarország politikája | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Polity type | Unitary parliamentary republic
Unicameral |
| Meeting place | Hungarian Parliament Building |
| Presiding officer | László Kövér, President of the National Assembly of Hungary |
| Appointer | Partially parallel, partially compensatory voting: 106 FPTP seats, 93 PR seats with 5% electoral threshold (D'Hondt method) |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of State | |
| Title | President |
| Currently | Tamás Sulyok |
| Appointer | National Assembly |
| Head of Government | |
| Title | Prime Minister |
| Currently | Viktor Orbán |
| Appointer | National Assembly |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Government of Hungary |
| Current cabinet | Fifth Orbán Government |
| Leader | Prime Minister |
| Deputy leader | Zsolt Semjén, Deputy Prime Minister |
| Appointer | National Assembly |
| Headquarters | Carmelite Monastery of Buda |
| Ministries | 15 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Constitutional Court of Hungary | |
| Chief judge | Barnabás Lenkovics |
| Seat | 1015 Budapest, Donáti utca, 35-45. |
| Curia of Hungary | |
| Chief judge | András Baka |
| Seat | 1055 Budapest, Markó utca 16. |
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The politics of Hungary takes place in a framework of a
pluriform multi-party system, while the president is the head of state and holds a largely ceremonial position. The country is "no longer a full democracy" according to the EU
.
government and the parliament. The party system since the last elections has been dominated by the conservative Fidesz. The three larger oppositions are Democratic Coalition (DK), Momentum and Jobbik; there are also opposition parties with a small fraction in parliament (e.g. Politics Can Be Different). The judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, but in practice is strongly influenced by the ruling Fidesz Party.[1]
National Assembly
that consists of 199 members. Members of the National Assembly are elected for four years.
The
flawed democracy" in 2023, ranking 50th globally, the fourth-lowest in the EU.[2] Freedom House no longer considers Hungary a full democracy, awarding a score of 66/100.[3]
In the April 2022 election, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two-thirds majority in parliament.[4]
Executive branch
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Tamás Sulyok | Independent | 5 March 2024 |
Prime Minister
|
Viktor Orbán | Fidesz | 29 May 2010 |
The
speaker of the National Assembly
becomes acting president.
Due to the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-World War II Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the prime minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
The laws are decided by the Diet of Hungary and later by the National Assembly.
In Communist Hungary, the executive branch of the Hungarian People's Republic was represented by the Council of Ministers.
Legislative branch
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | Fidesz | 6 August 2010 |
Parliament of Hungary
.The
election threshold
is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.
Political parties and elections
| 7:00 | 9:00 | 11:00 | 13:00 | 15:00 | 17:00 | 18:30 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.82% | 10.31% | 25.77% | 40.01% | 52.75% | 62.92% | 67.80% | 70.21% |
Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party 185,052 | 3.27 | 0 | 126,648 | 2.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solution Movement | 58,929 | 1.04 | 0 | 64,341 | 1.20 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
| Party of Normal Life | 39,720 | 0.70 | 0 | 31,495 | 0.59 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
| National Self-Government of Germans | 24,630 | 0.44 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Croats | 1,760 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Slovaks | 1,208 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Rusyns | 645 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Romanians | 526 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Serbs | 418 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Ukrainians | 396 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Poles | 281 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Greeks | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Slovenes | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Armenians | 163 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| National Self-Government of Bulgarians | 157 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Leftist Alliance | 8,678 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| True Democratic Party | 989 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| Civic Response | 521 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| Our Party – IMA | 326 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| Party of Greens | 208 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| Democratic Organisation of the Hungarian Poor and Workers | 177 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
| Hungarian Liberal Party | 152 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Total | 5,654,860 | 100.00 | 93 | 5,347,726 | 100.00 | 106 | 199 | 0 | |||||||||
| Valid votes | 5,654,860 | 99.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 57,065 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Total votes | 5,711,925 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 8,215,304 | 69.53 | |||||||||||||||
| Source: National Electoral Commission,[5] National Electoral Commission | |||||||||||||||||
Result by constituency
Party list results by county and in the diaspora
| County[6] | Fidesz-KDNP
|
United for Hungary | Our Homeland | MKKP
|
MM | NÉP | Minority lists | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bács-Kiskun | 57.25 | 29.66 | 7.58 | 3.08 | 1.01 | 0.81 | |||
| Baranya | 49.67 | 36.08 | 5.93 | 3.54 | 0.93 | 0.86 | |||
| Békés | 52.81 | 34.36 | 7.64 | 2.62 | 0.92 | 0.89 | |||
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
|
54.38 | 34.29 | 6.89 | 2.31 | 0.99 | 0.78 | |||
| Budapest | 40.84 | 47.84 | 4.11 | 5.19 | 1.26 | 0.53 | |||
| Csongrád-Csanád | 47.44 | 39.69 | 7.34 | 3.61 | 1.10 | 0.72 | |||
| Fejér | 53.55 | 33.80 | 6.62 | 3.52 | 1.15 | 0.76 | |||
| Győr-Moson-Sopron | 57.07 | 30.83 | 6.21 | 3.28 | 1.33 | 0.72 | |||
Hajdú-Bihar
|
57.88 | 30.87 | 6.60 | 2.69 | 1.02 | 0.83 | |||
| Heves | 54.98 | 33.37 | 7.31 | 2.50 | 0.97 | 0.74 | |||
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok
|
55.58 | 33.02 | 7.15 | 2.45 | 0.95 | 0.82 | |||
| Komárom-Esztergom | 50.53 | 36.32 | 6.72 | 3.39 | 1.11 | 0.95 | |||
| Nógrád | 59.00 | 29.27 | 7.66 | 2.15 | 0.80 | 0.68 | |||
| Pest | 50.88 | 36.44 | 5.81 | 4.05 | 1.25 | 0.66 | |||
| Somogy | 56.33 | 33.48 | 5.97 | 2.22 | 1.02 | 0.66 | |||
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
|
61.66 | 29.04 | 5.59 | 1.64 | 0.91 | 0.80 | |||
| Tolna | 58.95 | 28.49 | 6.67 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 0.81 | |||
| Vas | 59.94 | 29.55 | 5.59 | 2.89 | 0.89 | 0.72 | |||
| Veszprém | 52.57 | 34.44 | 6.88 | 3.39 | 1.00 | 0.76 | |||
| Zala | 56.72 | 31.98 | 6.63 | 2.68 | 0.95 | 0.94 | |||
| Total in Hungary | 52.45 | 36.15 | 6.15 | 3.42 | 1.10 | 0.73 | |||
| Diaspora | 93.89 | 4.12 | 1.06 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.22 | |||
| Total | 54.13 | 34.44 | 5.88 | 3.27 | 1.04 | 0.70 | |||
There are basically two main factions in the Hungarian political system, the right-wing
Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party
.
Judicial branches
A fifteen-member
unconstitutionality. This body was last filled in July 2010. Members are elected for a term of twelve years. Critics of the ruling coalition contend that since the Hungarian government filled the Constitutional Court with loyal judges, the institution mostly serves to legitimize government interests and has lost its original purpose as democratic defender of the rule of law and of human rights - as several reports of independent human rights NGOs, such as the Hungarian Helsinki Committee emphasize.[7]
The president of the Supreme Court of Hungary (Curia) and the Hungarian civil and penal legal system he leads is fully independent of the Executive Branch.
The attorney general or chief prosecutor of Hungary is currently fully independent of the executive branch, but his status is actively debated.
Several ombudsman offices exist in Hungary to protect civil, minority, educational and ecological rights in non-judicial matters. They have held the authority to issue legally binding decisions since late 2003.
Financial branch
The central bank, the Hungarian National Bank was fully self-governing between 1990 and 2004, but new legislation gave certain appointment rights to the executive branch in November 2004 which is disputed before the Constitutional Court.
Administrative divisions
Hungary is divided in 19
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Szeged*, Szekszárd*, Székesfehérvár*, Szolnok*, Szombathely*, Tatabánya*, Tolna, Vas, Veszprém, Veszprém*, Zala, Zalaegerszeg
*
Involvement in international organisations
Hungary is a member of the
WToO, WTrO, and the Zangger Committee
.
Ministries
Note: with restructuring and reorganisation, this information may change even within a governmental period.
| English name | Hungarian name | Minister |
|---|---|---|
| The Prime Minister's Office | Miniszterelnökség | Gergely Gulyás |
| The Prime Minister's Cabinet Office | A Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda | Antal Rogán |
| Ministry of Home Affairs | Belügyminisztérium | Sándor Pintér |
Ministry of Defence |
Honvédelmi Minisztérium | Tibor Benkő
|
| Ministry of Human Resources | Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma | Miklós Kásler |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Külgazdasági és Külügyminisztérium | Péter Szijjártó |
| Ministry of Justice | Igazságügyi Minisztérium | Judit Varga |
| Ministry of Finance | Pénzügyminisztérium | Mihály Varga |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Agrárminisztérium | István Nagy |
| Ministry of Innovation and Technology | Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium | László Palkovics |
Ministers without portfolio
- Andrea Bártfai-Mager, Katalin Novák
Notes
References
- ^ "Hungary: Status of the Hungarian Judiciary – Legal Changes have to Guarantee the Independence of Judiciary in Hungary".
- ^ "Democracy Index 2023". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Freedom in the World 2023". FreedomHouse.org. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ Dougall, David Mac; Palfi, Rita (3 April 2022). "Key Takeaways as Viktor Orbán Wins Fourth Consecutive Term". Euronews. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Nemzeti Választási Iroda - Országgyűlési Választás 2022" [National Electoral Commission - Election of National Assembly Representatives 2022] (in Hungarian). 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Országgyűlési képviselők választása 2022 - országos listás szavazás eredménye". valasztas.hu.
- ^ "Hungary's Government Has Taken Control of the Constitutional Court". 25 March 2015.
- ^ "Government Members". The Hungarian Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 5 February 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
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