Puebla (city)
Puebla
Puebla de Zaragoza Puebla de los Ángeles, Cuetlaxcoapan | |
---|---|
Cathedral of Puebla Casa de Alfeñique (background) | |
CDT) | |
Postal code (of seat) | 72000 |
Area code(s) | 222, 221 |
ISO 3166 code | MX-PUE |
Website | (in Spanish) Official site |
Latin America and the Caribbean |
Puebla de Zaragoza (Spanish pronunciation:
The city was founded in 1531 in an area called Cuetlaxcoapan, which means "where serpents change their skin", between two of the main indigenous settlements at the time,
Being both the fourth largest
History
Pre-Columbian era
Some historians consider that the area where the city is located nowadays was not inhabited in the
The foundation of Puebla begins with a letter from the bishop of Tlaxcala in 1530, Julián Garcés, to the Spanish queen outlining the need for a Spanish settlement between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz.[8] According to legend, the bishop had a dream about where to build the city. In this dream, he saw a valley with woods and meadows crossed by a clear river and dotted with fresh-water springs on fertile land. While he was contemplating this scenery, he supposedly saw a group of angels descend from heaven and trace out the city. Convinced he had seen a divine vision, he celebrated Mass, and took some of the brothers out in search of the place. Five leagues from the monastery he declared they had found the place shown in the dream. This legend is the source of Puebla's original name, Puebla de los Ángeles, and its current nickname Angelópolis (literally, City of Angels).[3][9]
Coat of arms
The city's coat of arms refers to a city (the castle with 5 towers) which is protected by angels; the letters K. V. refer to
Colonial era
The city was founded in 1531 within the Valley of Cuetlaxcoapan as a Spanish city, not on the foundation of an existing indigenous city-state. The official date of foundation is 16 April 1531, however, this first attempt at settlement failed due to constant flooding of the site right next to the river.[8] Several rivers flow through the Valley of Puebla, the San Francisco, Atoyac and the Alseseca. This valley was bordered by the indigenous city-states turned colonial towns of Cholula, Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo and Tepeaca, all of which had large indigenous populations. After the city's foundation, this valley became the main route between Mexico City and Veracruz, the port on the Caribbean coast and the connection to Spain.
Puebla was an important city and region in the history of New Spain, since it was in the center region of Spanish settlement, midway between the main port and the capital, had a large indigenous population, and drew many Spanish settlers. It supplied the capital with commercially grown agricultural products and became a center of local textile production.[11] It was well connected to Mexico's North, particularly the silver-mining region around Zacatecas.
Most of the population moved away from the west bank of the San Francisco River to a higher site. A few families remained behind and renamed the original settlement Alto de San Francisco. The
The layout of the city is of classic Spanish design, centered on a main plaza, today called the Zócalo. This main plaza originally was rectangular, but later made square because the earlier version was considered to be ugly. Another major feature of the city were the weekly markets (tianguis), in which indigenous sellers would come with their wares and foodstuffs to sell to the population. By the mid-16th century, water was brought in to the main plaza to a newly installed fountain. By the end of the century, the city occupied 120 blocks, much of which was under construction, with the new Cathedral begun in 1575.[8] Its favorable climate and strategic location helped the city to prosper, quickly becoming the second most important city in New Spain.[3] Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla, the preeminent 17th-century composer in the New World, spent most of his life at the cathedral, from about 1620 to 1664.
The city council of Puebla, being made up of only Spaniards, had a certain amount of autonomy in the politics of the city and the land under its jurisdiction. This council annexed the towns of Amozoc, Totimehuacán, and Cuautinchán to its territory in 1755. By 1786, Puebla's lands reached from what is now Veracruz to Guerrero states.[5] The city continued to grow and be more regulated during the 17th and 18th centuries. A new city hall was built in 1714 and the tianguis in the main plaza was replaced by wood stalls by the 1770s. The streets were paved with stone between 1786 and 1811.[8]
Commercial activity was dislodged from the main plaza completely by the early 19th century and placed in the San Francisco Parian market. Other plazas, such as the San Luis, San Antonio, El Carmen, La Concordia and Santa Inés were built. The main plaza underwent several transformations, adding statues and gardens.[8] During the Mexican War of Independence, Puebla's main role was the printing and distribution of the plan for independence.[3] In 1827, after Independence, all Spaniards (peninsulares) were expelled from the city's lands.[13]
Early Republican era
In 1847, the city was taken by U.S. forces under General Winfield Scott, without a shot fired. The American garrison was besieged in the city from 14 September – 12 October 1847 by the irregular forces of General Joaquín Rea and later reinforced by Antonio López de Santa Anna. The siege was broken by the force of General Joseph Lane that fought its way from Veracruz into the city after defeating Santa Ana in the Battle of Huamantla on 9 October 1847. Puebla was then the base for General Lane's campaign against General Rea and the other guerrillas that harassed the U. S. Army line of communications. These forces left in July 1848 after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was ratified.[13]
During the French intervention in Mexico on 5 May 1862 in the Battle of Puebla, defending Mexican forces under Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French army under Count de Lorencez. The city's name was changed to Puebla de Zaragoza in 1862, by a decree issued by Benito Juárez and the holiday "5 de Mayo" (Cinco de Mayo) is a major annual event here.[3] The city was attacked again by the French in 1863, who succeeded in taking it. French forces left in 1866 and reconstruction began in 1867.[13]
During the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Puebla remained important culturally and economically. It had a thriving textile industry at this time. Immigration from Europe was encouraged and people from Spain, Italy, Germany, France and Lebanon came to live in the city.
In what became a precursor to the
Recent events
From 1931 until the end of the 20th century, growth of the city spurred the absorption of the municipalities of Ignacio Mariscal, San Felipe Hueyotlipan, Resurreccion, San Jeronimo Caleras, San Miguel Canoa and San Francisco Totimehuacán into the city.[5] In 1950, by decree of the state congress, the city received the title of Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza. In 1977, the federal government declared the city a Zone of Historical Monuments. In 1987, the historic centre of Puebla was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[13]
The City of Puebla submitted its candidacy to hold the headquarters of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, and briefly served as interim secretariat headquarters until negotiations were stopped in 2005.[14][15]
Municipality
The municipality is located in the west-central region of the State of Puebla, bordering the municipalities of
As municipal seat, the city of Puebla is the government for 482 other communities[16] with a total area of 534.32km2.[5] However, 94% of the municipality's population of 1,485,941 lives in the city proper.[16]
Environment
Most of the municipality has been deforested, including the lower portions of the
The Sierra del Tentzon and higher elevations of Malinche volcano still conserve the
Animal life consists mostly of small mammals such as rabbits and skunks, as well as birds such as owls, buzzards and wild waterfowl.[5]
Geography
Puebla is located at the Valley of Puebla also known as the Valley of Cuetlaxcoapan, a large valley surrounded on four sides by the mountains and volcanoes of the
Climate
Under the
Climate data for Puebla, Mexico (1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.0 (91.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.0 (0.47) |
8.5 (0.33) |
9.4 (0.37) |
28.8 (1.13) |
83.5 (3.29) |
193.5 (7.62) |
161.6 (6.36) |
172.4 (6.79) |
197.1 (7.76) |
79.1 (3.11) |
18.0 (0.71) |
5.2 (0.20) |
969.1 (38.15) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 6.2 | 12.7 | 18.2 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 10.0 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 111.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
53 | 53 | 47 | 52 | 55 | 63 | 67 | 68 | 65 | 62 | 52 | 60 | 58 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 263 | 280 | 285 | 266 | 245 | 200 | 212 | 202 | 183 | 228 | 259 | 253 | 2,876 |
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico National (humidity 1981–2000)[20][21] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)[22] |
Cultural attractions and tourism
- See also: Conservatorio de música de Puebla
Parks, squares and districts
The historical and cultural value of Puebla's architecture is a major reason the city was chosen as a
In spite of the many shopping malls that exist in Puebla today, the Zócalo, the main square, remains the cultural, political and religious center of the city.[26] Many notable buildings surround the Zocalo including City Hall, the Casa de los Muñecos and the cathedral. Most of the streets in Puebla are named on a numbering system, which centers on the northwest corner of the Zocalo.[27] El Parián is an arts and crafts market, within walking distance of the plaza. It consists mostly of permanent stalls but there is an area provided for vendors who visit and sell their wares on blankets spread on the ground.[9]
Cuexcomate is a geyser cone thirteen meters tall with a diameter of 23 meters. The geyser is inactive and located in the La Libertad neighborhood of the city of Puebla. There is a spiral staircase going down into the crater itself.[28][29]
Cuexcomate was mistakenly called the smallest volcano in the world due to its shape. However, this is a geyser, not a volcano. The word Cuexcomate comes from the Nahuatl "clay pot" or "place to keep" and has been used to store meals and dispose of dead bodies.[30]
Museums and galleries
The
The Biblioteca Palafoxiana (Palafoxiana Library) was established in 1646 by Juan de Palafox y Mendoza for the Seminary of Puebla. He donated his own collection of 5,000 books to the College of San Juan to start the collection. It was the first public library in the Americas.[33] The main room is in Baroque style and was constructed in 1773 by Bishop Francisco Fabian y Fuero who also named the institution after Palafox. Today the library contains over 42,000 books, 5,000 manuscripts and other items, which date from 1473 to 1910. The Library was named a Historic Monument of Mexico (Monumento Histórico de México) and UNESCO has made it a world heritage site.[34]
The Centro Cultural Santa Rosa is housed in a building that dates from the 17th century which originally was housing for Dominican nuns. Later, it became a convent named in honour of Saint Rose of Lima. This is where the story of the invention of mole poblano takes place. In 1869, it ceased being a convent and became a psychiatric hospital. In the 20th century the Ceramic Museum was founded in the building's kitchen, with the rest of the building occupied as tenements for about 1500 people. In 1973, the Museo de Arte Cultural Poblano was founded and in 2000 the name was changed to the current one. The facility offers exhibitions, shows and art classes.[35]
The Museo de la Revolución (Museum of the Revolution) was the home of Aquiles Serdán in the very early 20th century. He was politically active in the anti-reelection (of President
Fort Loreto and Fort Guadalupe are located in the Centro Civico 5 de Mayo part of the city. Both were instrumental to the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862. The chapel of the Loreto fort contains a former chapel, which is now the Museo de la No Intervención (Museum of Non-Intervention). This is to commemorate a non-aggression pact signed by Mexico and Central American and two South American countries in the 1960s. The Museo de Guerra del Fuerte (Fort War Museum) de Loreto y Guadalupe is located in this fort as well. This museum contains cannons, shotguns, swords, documents and other objects related to this battle.[37]
The Galería de Arte Contemporáneo y Diseño (Gallery of Contemporary Art and Design) is dedicated to visual arts such as painting, sculpture, ceramics, metal etching, photography, video, and others and belongs to the Secretary of Culture of the state of Puebla. It is housed in the old La Violeta textile factory, which dates back to 1908, and was one only many factories in this area at that time. This building was renovated between 1995 and 1998 for this museum.[38]
The International Museum of the Baroque is a museum of Baroque art designed by Japanese architect Toyō Itō. It opened on February 4, 2016.
The Museo de José Mariano Bello y Acedo was initially founded with the private collection of the Bello family, along with works donated by friends. It originally began as a private museum or pinacotheca. Upon José Mariano's death, the house and collection was bequeathed to the city.[39]
The Casa de Alfeñique is named for the intricate mortar work that covers its façade. Alfeñique is a kind of sugar and almond candy. It was constructed by Antonio Santamaría de Incháurregui for Juan Ignacio Morales, who was a master ironsmith. The façades also contain ironwork balconies, cornices and a crown. The house was left to the state by Alejandro Ruiz Olavarrieta in 1896. It was first used to house the first public museum in the city of Puebla. The collection contains more than 1,500 pieces of a historical nature.[40]
The Museo de Arte (Museum of Art) originally was constructed to be the Temple of San Pedro, founded in 1541 to be a church and a hospital. Eventually it was established as the Hospital of San Pedro y San Pablo under the direction of the Cathedral of Tlaxcala. It was functioning as a hospital by 1544, but it incurred major expenditures, forcing it to limit service to men only. The arches of the main courtyard were completed in 1640, as well as it fountain and nursing units. In the first half of the 18th century, the hospital ceased to be under the direct control of the cathedral, passing to the monks of the order of San Juan de Dios. In the latter half of the century, it began to house soldiers in order to improve its finances. The hospital underwent major reforms in the early 19th century to improve medical care, and began to receive medical students from the Medical-Surgical Academy of Puebla. In 1867, the facility became the Hospital General del Estado. In 1917, the hospital moved to new facilities in the city. Through most of the 20th century, the building was used for a wide-variety of purposes. In 1998, a project to restore the building for its use as Puebla Museum of Viceregal Art. In 2002, this museum was converted into the San Pedro Museum of Art, which exhibits works from various epochs.[41]
The Museum Workshop of Erasto Cortés Juárez was the home of one of the major figures in fine and graphic arts in Puebla in the 20th century. The museum was founded in 2000 and contains more than 400 pieces of both his work and personal effects. The museum also hosts temporary exhibits, workshops and seminars.[42]
Cathedrals and churches
The
The large friary complex houses an active group of Franciscan friars, who in addition to running a large K-12 school on the site, also work in other pastoral, justice, peace, and environmental activities.
The
The Chapel of the Rosary is located in the Church of Santo Domingo. The chapel was built between 1650 and 1690 and was the first to be dedicated to the
Other notable buildings
The Casa del Deán is the oldest noble house in the city of Puebla, constructed by Tomás de la Plaza Goes, who was the deacon of the Cathedral of Puebla. It was finished in 1580. The building remained practically intact until 1953, when it was going to be demolished to construct a movie theater. Protests to save the building, due to its murals and façade, succeeded in preserving only a portion of the building. The murals are frescos, which are the only surviving non-religious examples from the 16th century in their original place in Mexico. The gray stone façade is completely smooth to let the main portal, of Renaissance style, stand out. The portal contains and upper and lower portion with a crest.[45]
The Teatro Principal de Puebla (Main Theater of Puebla) was inaugurated in 1761 by Miguel de Santamaría. In 1902, the theater burned down, and was rebuilt in 1940, and again in 1998. The theater hosts cultural events and art shows featuring regional, national and international artists.[46]
The Municipal Palace is located on Maximino Avila Camacho. The façade is made of gray cantera stone in Renaissance style, using Ionic columns and pediments, differing from the other buildings that border the main plaza. The portal has two levels topped by a central garret, in which there is a clock and towers on each side.[23]
The Fountain of the
Cuisine
The best-known
The other story states that the sauce is of pre-Hispanic times and this was served to Hernán Cortés and the other conquistadors by Moctezuma II.[48] The Aztecs did have a preparation called "chilmulli", which in Nahuatl means "chili pepper sauce".[49] However, there is no evidence that chocolate was ever used to flavor prepared foods or used in chilmulli.[48] What has happened is that the sauce gained ingredients as it was reinterpreted over the colonial period.[49] Many food writers and gourmets nowadays consider one particular dish, the famous turkey in mole poblano, which contains chocolate, to represent the pinnacle of the Mexican cooking tradition.[48]
Another famous dish,
Another signature dish in Puebla is the "cemita", which is a type of well-stuffed sandwich on a bun.[43] The cemita is considered to be "the sister of the Mexican torta, the first cousin of the pambazo, the distant cousin of the paste and the sandwich and the precursor to the giant tortas" that are now sold in most parts of Mexico today. This large, meaty sandwich is named after the bread on which it is served, a cemita. This bread is based on a bread introduced by the French during the period of the French Intervention in Mexico (1863–1867), but since then has evolved to suit Mexican tastes, especially in Puebla state. In the early 20th century, the bread began to be served sliced with a filling of leftovers, generally potatoes, beans, nopal, beef, chicken or pork. The Victoria Market in Puebla became famous for a version with beef hoof, onions and chili peppers with a vinaigrette sauce. Other markets and food stands soon created their own versions of the cemita with just about any kind of filling combination possible. During the same time period, it became traditional to sprinkle sesame seeds onto the cemita bread, often with designs of flowers, stars, animals and other things. While the dish started out as a lower-class meal, it is now enjoyed by people of all social classes in the city as a form of fast-food.[51]
Talavera pottery
Soon after its foundation, Puebla was well known for its fine ceramics, especially for the style that would be called
In 1813, the constitution eradicated the potter's guild and revoked the ordinances established in 1653 to standardize production. Now anybody could use this ceramic method in any style they wanted, and the lack of regulations led to a decline in technique and artistic quality. The Talavera market crashed. Out of the 46 workshops in production since the 18th century, only seven remained. When Enrique Luis Ventosa, a 29-year-old Catalan, arrived in Puebla in 1897, there were just six workshops left. Ventosa was fascinated by the history and fine craft work that had distinguished Puebla from the rest of Mexico. He became the leading force behind a renaissance in Talavera ware.[52]
Another impetus to the rebirth of Puebla tile was that collectors found out about it. In 1904 an American named Emily Johnston de Forest traveled to Mexico with her husband and discovered Talavera. She established contact with scholars, collectors, and dealers who assisted her in building her collection. Eventually her collection was given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Other museums, like the Philadelphia Museum of Art, built their own collections. The Franz Mayer Museum in Mexico City has the largest collection of 726 pieces.[52]
Story of the China Poblana
According to colonial-era published sources, a young
Tunnel system
There have long been rumours of a system of tunnels under the city. Long considered to be an urban legend, they were rediscovered in 2015. They are believed to be up to 500 years old.[54]
El Cinco de Mayo
Every year on
Education
Puebla has many universities, second in the country only after Mexico City. The main university of the city is the
Sports
Team | Sport | League | Stadium |
---|---|---|---|
Club Puebla | Association football | Liga MX | Estadio Cuauhtémoc |
Pericos de Puebla | Baseball | Mexican Baseball League |
Estadio Hermanos Serdán
|
Aztecas UDLAP | College football | ONEFA | Estadio Templo del Dolor |
Borregos Salvajes Puebla ITESM | College football | ONEFA | Cráter Azul |
Puebla has one professional football team,
Puebla has a professional baseball team, the Pericos de Puebla.
Puebla, through the conurbated area of
Economy
Some agriculture still takes place in the municipality but environmental degradation and the growth of the city is making this a smaller sector of the economy. Crops raised include corn, beans, wheat, oats, avocados, pears, apples, peaches,
Industry accounts for about eighty percent of the economy and is mostly based in the outskirts of the city as well as in some surrounding municipalities. Main products include basic metals, chemicals, electrical items and textiles. The main employers are Hylsa and the Volkswagen automotive plant. A growing sector is food processing. Many industries are consolidated into parks such as the 5 de Mayo Industrial Park, the Resurrección Industrial Zone and the Puebla 2000 Industrial Park. Shopping centers include the Angelópolis Lifestyle Center and Parque Puebla.
Transportation
Puebla is served by Puebla International Airport, which is part of the metropolitan airport group for the Mexican capital and an alternate airport for Mexico City. It provides domestic services and flights to the United States. The airport is also used as a place to manufacture goods and export and import due to prime location.
In January 2013 the first line of the rapid transit bus system named RUTA was opened to the public from Chachapa to Tlaxcalancingo, in April 2014 the second line was inaugurated going from North 11th street at the height of Diagonal Defensores de la República to Calle Limones, and in 2019 the third line was added to the system, transporting passengers from Valsequillo to CAPU, the main hub for transport outside of the city. The Puebla-Cholula Tourist Train was inaugurated in January 2017 connecting Puebla with Cholula in the western end of the city.[58] Operation of the tram-train ended on 31 December 2021.[59]
-
RUTA bus
-
Bicycles for rent
Notable people
- Sergio Almaguer – coach
- Albert Baez – physicist, and father of folk singer/songwriter Joan Baez
- Martha Mariana Castro – television and film actress
- Luisito Comunica - youtuber
- Alejandro Edda - actor
- Alberto Garcia Aspe– vice-president of Club Universidad Nacional
- Adrián Goransch - footballer
- Manuel Lapuente – coach
- Ángeles Mastretta – writer
- Gabriel Palmeros - footballer
- Carlos Poblete – coach
- José Luis Sánchez Solá– coach
- Regina Torné – television and film actress
Sister cities
Puebla is
|
|
See also
References
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- ^ Julia Hirshberg, "Social Experiments in New Spain: A Prosopographical Study of the Early Settlement at Puebla de Los Angeles, 1531-1534" , Hispanic American Historical Review vol. 59, 1979.
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- ^ Barbosa Cano, Manlio (2000). "Puebla. Proceso fundacional milenario". Enlaces. 8: 5–12.
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- ^ "Puebla:Sabor y tradición con ángel" [Puebla:Flavor and Tradition with Angel]. Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial Puebla (in Spanish). 139. Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas: 6–11. March 2008.
- ^ Beraldi-Campesi, Hugo (March 2012). "Cuexcomate: From The Smallest Volcano To The Biggest Geyser On Earth". GSA Section Meeting - Cordilleran Section - 108th Annual Meeting - Session No. 22 - Geochemistry and Petrology of Igneous Rocks (Posters). Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ Burton, Tony (14 March 2008). "Did you know? The world's smallest volcano is in Puebla, Mexico". Mexconnect. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Cuexcomate Geyser". Puebla City [pueblacity.com].
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Museo Amparo" [Amparo Museum] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Arte Religioso (exconvento de Santa Mónica)" [Religious Art (ex Convent of Santa Monica] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Biblioteca Palafoxiana". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Biblioteca Palafoxiana" [Palafoxiana Library] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Centro Cultural Santa Rosa" [Santa Rosa Cultural Center] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "De la Revolución" [(Museum) Of the Revolution] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Fuertes de Loreto y Guadalupe" [Forts Loreto and Guadalupe] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Galería de Arte Contemporaneo" [Gallery of Contemporary Art] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Museo José Luis Bello y González" [Jose Luis Bello y Gonzalez Museum] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Museo Casa de alfeñique" [Alfeñique House Museum] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "San Pedro Museo de Arte" [San Pedro Museum of Art] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Museo Taller Erasto Cortés" [Erasto Cortes Workshop Museum] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ a b Kaufman, David (9 March 2008). "36 Hours in Puebla, Mexico". New York Times. New York. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
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- ^ a b c d "Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish". Mexonline. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ a b Quintero M., Josefina (23 September 2007). "92% de la población se dedica a la preparación y venta del mole" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Jornada. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ^ Martínez Álvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Chiles en Nogada" [Chiles en Nogada] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ Martinez Alvarez, Luis Alberto (24 April 2009). "Cemitas Poblanas" [Puebla Cemitas] (in Spanish). Government of Puebla. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ a b c Pomade, Rita (1 January 2006). "Talavera – Mexico's earthly legacy from the City Of Angels". Mexconnect. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ De la Maza, Francisco (1990). Catarina de San Juan. Princesa de la India y visionaria de Puebla [Catarina de San Juan: Princess from India and visionary of Puebla] (in Spanish). Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
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- ^ Rojas, David. "Fiestas de Mexico-Puebla" [Festivals of Mexico Puebla] (in Spanish). Instituto Cultural "Raices Mexicanas". Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
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- ^ "Our Cities | Sister Cities OKC Inc". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ Acuerdo de Hermanamiento entre la ciudad de Puebla de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la ciudad de Wonsan, Provincia de Kangwon, de la República Popular Democrática de Corea.
Further reading
- Altman, Ida. Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire: Brihuega, Spain and Puebla, Mexico, 1560-1620. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2000.
- Chevalier, François. "Signification sociale de la fondation de Puebla de los Angeles." Revista de Historia de América 23 (1947): 109-110.
- Cruz, Salvador. Alonso Valiente: Conquistador de Nueva España y poblador de la Ciudad de Puebla de los Angeles. Mexico City: Ayuntamiento del Municipio de Puebla 2002.
- Cuenya,Miguel Angel and Carlos Contreras Cruz. Puebla de los Angeles: Una ciudad en la historia. Puebla: Océano/BUAP 2012.
- Hirschberg, Julia. "An Alternative to Encomienda: Puebla's Indios de Servicio, 1531-1545." Journal of Latin American Studies 11, no. 2. (Nov. 1979).
- Hoekstra, Rik. Two Worlds Merging: The Transformation of Society in the Valley of Puebla 1570-1640. Amsterdam: CEDLA 1993.
- Lara Tenorio, Blanca. La esclavitud en Puebla y Tepeaca, 1545-1649. Mexico City: Cuadernos de los Centros INAH 1976.
- Leicht, Hugo. Las calles de Puebla. Puebla: Secretaría de Cultura / Gobierno del Estado de Puebla 2007.
- Loreto López, Rosalva. "The Devil, Women, and the Body in Seventeenth-Century Puebla Convents." The Americas 59, no. 2 (2002), 181-199.
- Marín Tamayo, Fausto.La división racial en Puebla de los Angeles bajo el régimen colonial. Puebla: Centro de Estudios Históricos de Puebla 1960.
- Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel. Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles, 1531-1706. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018. ISBN 978-1-108-41218-6
Bibliography
External links
- Puebla travel guide from Wikivoyage
- (in Spanish) Puebla state government web page
- (in Spanish) Images of Puebla City
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .