Quanzhou

Coordinates: 24°52′28″N 118°40′33″E / 24.8744°N 118.6757°E / 24.8744; 118.6757
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Quanzhou (disambiguation).
"Zaiton" redirects here. For the Malay film actress, see Zaiton (actress).
Not to be confused with Guangzhou.

Quanzhou
泉州市
Chinchew
Quanzhou dialect
Websitewww.quanzhou.gov.cn
Chinese name
Chinese泉州
Hokkien POJChoân-chiu
Tâi-lô
Tsuân-tsiu
Official nameQuanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan ChinaTypeCulturalCriteriaivDesignated2021 (44th session)Reference no.1561RegionChina

Quanzhou is a

County
; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Quanzhou was China's 12th-largest extended metropolitan area in 2010.

Quanzhou was China's major port for foreign traders, who knew it as Zaiton,

Japanese trade shifting to Ningbo and Zhapu and other foreign trade restricted to Guangzhou. Quanzhou became an opium-smuggling center in the 19th century but the siltation
of its harbor hindered trade by larger ships.

Because of its importance for medieval maritime commerce, unique mix of religious buildings, and extensive archeological remains, "

World Heritage List in 2021.[3]

Names

Quanzhou (also known as

Hokkien
pronunciation.

The

Manila in the 16th and 17th centuries.[7]
It is uncertain when or why British sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou.

Its

tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.[18][19] Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton,[20] Çaiton,[20] Çayton,[20] Zaytún,[12] Zaitûn,[7] Zaitún,[8] and Zaitūn.[18] The etymology of satin derives from "Zaitun". [22][23][24]

Geography

Quanzhou proper lies on a split of land between the estuaries of the Jin River and Luoyang River as they flow into Quanzhou Bay [zh] on the Taiwan Strait. Its surrounding prefecture extends west halfway across the province and is hilly and mountainous. Along with Xiamen and Zhangzhou to its south and Putian to its north, it makes up Fujian Province's Southern Coast region. In its mountainous interior, it borders Longyan to the southwest and Sanming to the northwest.

Climate

The city features a humid subtropical climate. Quanzhou has four distinct seasons. Its moderate temperature ranges from 0 to 38 degrees Celsius. In summer, there are typhoons that bring rain and some damage to the city.

Climate data for Quanzhou (
Jinjiang, Fujian
, 1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		25.1
(77.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		21.2
(70.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.6
(65.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.2
(1.74) 		72.7
(2.86) 		96.7
(3.81) 		106.4
(4.19) 		180.9
(7.12) 		206.2
(8.12) 		126.8
(4.99) 		193.1
(7.60) 		120.0
(4.72) 		48.4
(1.91) 		42.2
(1.66) 		43.5
(1.71) 		1,281.1
(50.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.9 9.7 13.4 12.9 14.5 13.8 8.8 11.1 8.1 3.6 4.9 6.3 114
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		70 74 75 76 79 83 78 78 73 66 68 67 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 138.0 113.0 124.4 142.7 156.3 180.7 265.1 229.5 202.5 199.4 157.5 146.7 2,055.8
Percent possible sunshine 41 35 33 37 38 44 64 58 55 56 48 45 46
Source: China Meteorological Administration[25][26]

Earthquakes

Major earthquakes have been experienced in 1394[27] and on 29 December 1604.[28]

History

Mount Qingyuan Laozi

Early history

Wang Guoqing [zh] (王國慶) used the area as a base of operations for the Chen State before he was subdued by the Sui general Yang Su in the AD 590s.[29] Quanzhou proper was established under the Tang in 718[16] on a spit of land between two branches of the Jin River.[7] Muslim traders reached the city early on in its existence, along with their existing trade at Guangzhou and Yangzhou.[30]

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Main article: Qingyuan Circuit
Map of Qingyuan Circuit
Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit

In the early period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Quanzhou was a part of Min state. After Min was destroyed by the Southern Tang, the Qingyuan Circuit rose up in the original southern territory of Min. The Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity that lasted 29 years (949-978) with 4 rulers. Its territory included present-day southern Fujian and Putian, with Quanzhou as its capital. Its founder, Liu Congxiao, the Prince of Jinjiang and Jiedushi (military governor) of Qingyuan Circuit, vigorously expanded overseas trade and city development. Erythrina trees were planted throughout Quanzhou city, so Quanzhou was called Erythrina City.[31][32] In 964, the circuit was renamed the Pinghai Circuit. In 978, Chen Hongjin, the Jiedushi of Pinghai Circuit, was forced to surrender to the Northern Song to avoid war and ravage.[33]

Song dynasty

Already connected to inland

Tamil merchants carved idols of Vishnu and Shiva[42] and constructed Hindu temples in Quanzhou.[43][44] Over the course of the 13th century, however, Quanzhou's prosperity declined due to instability among its trading partners[34] and increasing restrictions introduced by the Southern Song in an attempt to restrict the outflow of copper and bronze currency from areas forced to use hyperinflating paper money.[45] The increasing importance of Japan to China's foreign trade also benefited Ningbonese merchants at Quanzhou's expense, given their extensive contacts with Japan's major ports on Hakata Bay on Kyushu.[34]

Yuan dynasty

In 1277 under the

Mongolian Yuan dynasty a superintendent of foreign trade was established in the city.[46] The superintendent Pu Shougeng was Muslim[47] and used his contacts to restore the city's trade under its new rulers.[46] He was broadly successful, restoring much of the port's former greatness.[48] His office became hereditary to his descendants.[46]

Into the 1280s Quanzhou sometimes served as the provincial capital for Fujian.

porcelain.[16]

Buddhist monasteries were much larger, with over 3000 monks in one.[8]

Between 1357 and 1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started the Ispah rebellion against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian due to increasingly anti-Muslim laws. Persian militia leaders Sayf ad-Din [zh] (賽甫丁) and Amir ad-Din [zh] (阿迷里丁) led the revolt. Arabic official Yawuna [zh] (那兀纳) assassinated Amir ad-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367.[54] Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for five years. They both were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and the Ispah garrison for five more years until his defeat by the Yuan authorities.[55]

Zayton as imagined by a 15th-century European illustrator of The Travels of Marco Polo

Nawuna was killed in turn by Chen Youding. Chen began a campaign of persecution against the city's Sunni community—including massacres and grave desecration—that eventually became a three-days anti-foreign massacre. Emigrants fleeing the persecution rose to prominent positions throughout Southeast Asia, spurring the development of Islam on Java and elsewhere.[47] The Yuan were expelled in 1368,[16] and they turned against Pu Shougeng's family and the Muslims and slaughtered Pu Shougeng's descendants in the Ispah rebellion. Mosques and other buildings with foreign architecture were almost all destroyed and the Yuan imperial soldiers killed most of the descendants of Pu Shougeng and mutilated their corpses.[56]

Ming and early Qing dynasties

The

tributary missions. By 1473 trade had declined to the point that Quanzhou was no longer the headquarters of the imperial customs service for Fujian.[41] The Wokou, who came from many different ethnicities, including Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, forced Quanzhou's Superintendency of Trade to close completely in 1522.[57]

During the

Sea Ban did not help the city's traders or fishermen. They were forced to abandon their access to the sea for years at a time and coastal farmers forced to relocate miles inland to inner counties like Yongchun and Anxi. Violent large scale clan fights with the thousands of non-native families from Guangdong who were deported to Quanzhou city by the Qing immediately occurred.[58]

19th century to present day

Reconstructed Linzhang Gate

In the 19th century, the

Qiying were too high.[57]

When Chinese pirates overran the receiving ships in

First World War. It remained a large and prosperous city, but conducted its maritime trade through Anhai.[4]

After the Chinese Civil War, Kinmen became disconnected from Quanzhou with the Nationalists successfully defended Kinmen in battle from a Communist takeover attempt.

Administrative divisions

The

Republic of China
) as Kinmen County under the administration of Quanzhou.

Map
English Name Simplified Pinyin POJ Area (km2) Population (2010)[59][60] Density (per km2)
Licheng District
 鲤城区 Lǐchéng Qū Lí-siâⁿ-khu 52.41 404,817 7,724
Fengze District
 丰泽区 Fēngzé Qū Hong-te̍k-khu 132.25 529,640 4,005
Luojiang District
 洛江区 Luòjiāng Qū Lo̍k-kang-khu 381.72 187,189 490
Quangang District
 泉港区 Quángǎng Qū Chôan-káng-khu 306.03 313,539 1025
Shishi City 石狮市 Shíshī Shì Chio̍h-sai-chhī 189.21 636,700 3,365
Jinjiang City
 晋江市 Jìnjiāng Shì Chìn-kang-chhī 721.64 1,986,447 2,753
Nan'an City 南安市 Nán'ān Shì Lâm-oaⁿ-chhī 2,035.11 1,418,451 697
Hui'an County 惠安县 Huì'ān Xiàn Hūiⁿ-oaⁿ-kūiⁿ 762.19 944,231 1,239
Anxi County 安溪县 Ānxī Xiàn An-khoe-kūiⁿ 2,983.07 977,435 328
Yongchun County 永春县 Yǒngchūn Xiàn Éng-chhun-kūiⁿ 1,445.8 452,217 313
Dehua County 德化县 Déhuà Xiàn Tek-hòe-kūiⁿ 2,209.48 277,867 126
Kinmen County * 金门县 Jīnmén Xiàn Kim-mn̂g-kūiⁿ 153.011 127,723 830
*Since its founding in 1949, the
Republic of China
(Taiwan).

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, Quanzhou has a population of 8,128,530.

County; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment.[60]

Religion

Qingjing Mosque
Kaiyuan Temple, 2014
See also: Hinduism in China

Medieval Quanzhou was long one of the most cosmopolitan Chinese cities, with

Confucian Temple (文庙, Wenmiao).[50]

Language

Main article: Quanzhou dialects

Locals speak the Quanzhou dialect of

Mandarin. Many overseas Chinese whose ancestors came from the Quanzhou area, especially those in Southeast Asia, often speak mainly Hokkien at home. Around the "Southern Min triangle area," which includes Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou, locals all speak the Hokkien
language. The dialects of Hokkien itself that they speak are similar but have different tones and sometimes different pronunciation and vocabulary.

Emigration

New housing developments near the city center

Quanzhou has been a source for

Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Some of these communities date to Quanzhou's heyday a millennium ago under the Song and Yuan dynasties.[62] About 6 million overseas Chinese trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Tong'an county. Most of them live in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand
.

Economy

Quanzhou's Sunwu Creek

Historically Quanzhou exported

grass, and minerals. As of 1832 Quanzhou imported, primarily from Guangzhou, wool cloth, wine, and watches. The East India Company was exporting an estimated £150,000 a year in black tea from Quanzhou.[63]

Today Quanzhou is a major exporter of agricultural products such as

petrochemicals.[64]

Its GDP ranked first in Fujian Province for 20 years from 1991 to 2010. In 2008 Quanzhou's textile and apparel production accounted for 10 percent of China's overall apparel production, stone exports account for 50 percent of Chinese stone exports, resin handicraft exports account for 70 percent of the country's total, ceramic exports account for 67 percent of the country's total, candy production accounts for 20 percent, and the production of sport and tourism shoes accounts for 80% of Chinese, and 20 percent of world production.

Quanzhou is known today as China's shoe city. Quanzhou's 3,000 shoe factories produce 500 million pairs a year, making nearly one in every four pairs of sneakers made in China.

Cars

Quanzhou is the biggest automotive market in Fujian. It has the highest rate of private

automobile possession.[65] Quanzhou is connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen
to the south.

Transport

Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport
North Yingbin Avenue (G24) in Quanzhou
Buses in Quanzhou

Quanzhou is an important transport hub within southeastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports. Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang dynasty and is now still an important Chinese port for exporting.

There is a passenger ferry terminal in

Shijing, Nan'an, Fujian, with regular service to the Shuitou Port in the ROC-controlled Kinmen
Island.

Airport

Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport is Quanzhou region's airport, served by passenger flights within Fujian province and other destinations throughout the country.

Railway

The Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway connects several cargo stations within Quanzhou Prefecture with the interior of Fujian and the rest of the country. Until 2014 this line also had passenger service, with fairly slow passenger trains from Beijing.

Passenger trains from China terminated at the Quanzhou East Railway Station, a few kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Passenger service on this line was terminated, and Quanzhou East railway station closed 9 December 2014.[66]

Since 2010 Quanzhou is served by the high-speed

Fengze District, some 10 miles north of Quanzhou city center) and Jinjiang railway station
. Trains to Xiamen take under 45 minutes, making it a convenient weekend or day trip. By 2015 direct high-speed service has become available to a number of cities in the country's interior, from Beijing to Chongqing and Guiyang.

Long-distance bus

Long-distance bus services also run daily/nightly to Shenzhen and other major cities. Quanzhou bus station operated from 1990 to 2020.

Colleges and universities

Colleges and universities with Undergraduate education:

Vocational school:

Culture

Shisun Park

Quanzhou is listed as one of the 24 famous historic cultural cities first approved by the

Chinese government
. Notable cultural practices include:

The city hosted the Sixth National Peasants' Games in 2008. Signature local dishes include rice dumplings and oyster omelettes.[50]

Notable Historical and cultural sites (the 18 views of Quanzhou as recommended by the Fujian tourism board) include the Ashab Mosque and Kaiyuan Temple mentioned above, as well as:

  • Qing Yuan mountain (清源山) - The tallest hill within the city limits, which hosts a great view of West lake.
  • East Lake Park (东湖) - Located in the city center. It is home to a small zoo.
  • West Lake Park (西湖公园) - The largest body of fresh water within the city limits.
  • Scholar Street (状元街) - Champion street about 500 meters long, elegant environment, mainly engaged in tourism and cultural crafts.

Notable Modern cultural sites include:

  • Fengze Square - Located in the city center and acts as a venue for shows and events.
  • Dapingshan - The second tallest hill within the city limits, crowned with an enormous equestrian statue of
    Zheng Chenggong
    .
  • The Embassy Lounge - Situated in the "1916 Cultural Ideas Zone" which acts as a platform for mixing traditional Chinese art with modern building techniques and designs[67]

Relics from Quanzhou's past are preserved at the Maritime

Overseas-Relations History Museum.[68] It includes large exhibits on Song-era ships and Yuan-era tombstones.[50] A particularly important exhibit is the so-called Quanzhou ship, a seagoing junk that sunk some time after 1272 and was recovered in 1973–74.[68]

The old city center preserves "balcony buildings" (骑楼; qílóu), a style of southern Chinese architecture from the Republican Era.[50]

Notable residents

  • Yao Chen, actress born in Shishi in Quanzhou.

Villages

Gallery

  • Quanzhou Tianhou Temple
    Quanzhou Tianhou Temple
  • Quanzhou Zhenwu Temple
    Quanzhou Zhenwu Temple

Notes

Explanatory notes

  1. Kinmen County as part of Quanzhou, but it is administered by the Republic of China (ROC) as part of its Fuchien Province
    .
  2. ^ Zaiton's identification with Quanzhou was controversial in the 19th century, with some scholars preferring to associate Polo and Ibn Battuta's great port with the much more attractive harbor at Xiamen on a variety of pretexts. The Chinese records are, however, clear as to Quanzhou's former status and the earlier excellence of its harbor, which slowly silted up over the centuries. Alternative spellings include Zeiton and Zaytun.
  3. ^ Zhangzhou itself is named for its former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang River Prefecture.
  4. Arabic, Syriac, and Latin.[16]
  5. Great Can" who ruled China[41]
    but Quanzhou never served as an imperial capital.
  6. ^ Notwithstanding the derivation of Zayton from Quanzhou's old nickname "City of the Tung Trees", some details of Ibn Battuta's description suggest he was referring to Zhangzhou.[10]
  7. John of Marignolli
    around the same time but this is uncertain given the partial nature of the record of his time in China.

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  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l EB (1878).
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  9. ^ a b Yule & Cordier (1920), p. 617
  10. ^ a b c d Yule & Cordier (1920), p. 238
  11. ^ a b Yule & Cordier (1920), p. 233
  12. ^ a b c Gibb (1929), p. 8
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General and cited references

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quanzhou.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Quanzhou.
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