Religion in Indonesia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Religion in Indonesia (2022)[1]

  Islam (87.02%)
  Protestantism (7.43%)
  Roman Catholic (3.06%)
  Hinduism (1.69%)
  Buddhism (0.73%)
  Folk/Other (0.04%)
  Confucianism (0.03%)
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Several different religions are practised in Indonesia.

Sharia law and is notorious for its discriminatory practices towards religious and sexual minorities.[10] There are also Islamic fundamentalist movements in several parts of the country with overwhelming Muslim majorities.[11]

Several different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant. Despite constitutionally guaranteeing freedom of religion,

aliran kepercayaan) - ethnic religions with new religious movements - must be recognised and included in an Indonesian identity card (KTP).[15][16] Based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 unofficial religions in Indonesia.[17]

From 1975 to 2017, Indonesian law mandated that its citizens possess an

Confucians and 0.04% others.[1]

History

Main articles: Silk Road transmission of Buddhism and Spread of Islam in Indonesia
The Maritime Silk Road, connecting India and Indonesia

Until the beginning of CE, the peoples of Indonesia followed the local tribal Austronesian and Papuan ethnic religions and traditions.[22]

Historically, immigration from the Indian subcontinent, mainland China, Portugal, the Arab world, and the Netherlands has been a significant contributor to the diversity of religion and culture within the archipelago.[23] However, these aspects have changed due to some modifications made to suit the Indonesian culture.

The ancient Prambanan Hindu temple built in the 9th century, Java

Before the arrival of the

Abrahamic religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism, the prevalent religions in the region were the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. They were brought to the archipelago around the second and fourth centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi, and brought their religion.[24] The Shaivite sect of Hinduism started to develop in Java in the fifth century CE. Hinduism had a decisive influence on the ideology of the one-man rule of the Raja, and was the dominant religion in Indonesia before the arrival of Islam.[25] The traders also established Buddhism which developed further in the following century and several Hindu and Buddhist-influenced kingdoms were established, such as Kutai, Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Shailendra. The world's largest Buddhist monument, Borobudur, was built by Shailendra and around the same time, the Hindu monument Prambanan was also built. The peak of Hindu-Javanese civilisation was the Majapahit empire in the fourteenth century, and is described as a 'Golden Age' in Indonesian history.[26]

Pajang, Mataram and Banten. By the end of the fifteenth century, 20 Islam-based kingdoms had been established, reflecting the domination of Islam in Indonesia.[28]

The

Torajans on Sulawesi. Parts of Sumatra were also targeted, most notably the Batak people who are predominantly Protestant today.[31]

The Sukarno era was characterised by a "distrust" between religion and the state;[32] an example of this was the passing of a presidential edict in late January 1965 (still completely in force today and will be partially repealed starting 2026) which alongside attempting to ban religious blasphemy also explicitly declared in its explanatory memorandum that:[13]

The religions professed by citizens in Indonesia are: Islam, Christianity [Protestantism], Catholic, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Kong Fuzi (Confucianism).

This can be proved in the history of development of Religions in Indonesia. Because these 6 religions are the religions that are professed by almost all Indonesian citizens, thus unless they received guarantees as stated in article 29 clause 2 of the Constitution, they also receive aid and security [...]

This does not mean other religions, such as: Jew [Judaism], Zarasustrian [sic, should be Zoroastrian], Shinto, Taoism are banned in Indonesia. They are given full guarantee as granted by article 29 clause 2 [of the Constitution] and they are free to develop, as long as they don't violate the terms of this regulation and other regulations.

For spiritual bodies/streams, the Government attempts to direct them to a healthy viewpoint and to the direction of the Belief of the One and Only God. This is as stated by the Resolutions of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly Number II/MPRS/1960 [on the Broad Outlines of the First Stage National Overall Planned Development Plan 1961–1969], appendix A, segment I, number 6.

There were also significant changes to the relationship during the

atheists.[33] As a result, citizens were required to carry personal identification cards indicating their religion. The policy resulted in a mass conversion, with most to Catholicism and Protestantism. Chinese Indonesians, who were mostly Confucianists, also faced similar circumstances. Because Confucianism was not one of the state-recognised religions, many converted to Christianity.[34]

Majority religions

Islam

Main article: Islam in Indonesia
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh
regency of Indonesia

Sunni Islam

The history of

Maulana Malik Ibrahim (also known as Sunan Gresik, originally from Samarkand, at the time part of the Persian empire) in Sumatra and Java and Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho, from China) in north Java, as well as campaigns led by sultans that targeted Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities, with each trying to carve out a region or island for control. Four diverse and contentious sultanates emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Kalimantan. The sultans declared Islam as a state religion and pursued war against each other as well as the Hindus and other non-Muslim infidels.[28]

Indonesian Muslim men wearing songkok and sarong standing in salah
Perlon Unggahan — a slametan ritual for ancestors of Javanese Muslims in Pekuncen, Banyumas on last Friday before Ramadan

Subsequently, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist communities and unbelievers bought peace by agreeing to pay jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others began adopting Islam to escape the tax.[37] Islam in Indonesia is in many cases less meticulously practised in comparison to Islam in the Middle East. In some regions, people retained and continued their old beliefs. They adopted a syncretic version of Islam, [38] while others left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend, for example, Hindus of western Java moved to Bali and neighbouring small islands.[39] While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centres were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European powers arrived.[39] The archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch empire, which helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and slowly began the process of excavating, preserving and understanding the archipelago's ancient Hindu and Buddhist period, particularly in Java and the western islands.[40]

The vast majority of Indonesian Muslims (about 99%) practice

Shafi‘i school. Smaller numbers follow other schools (madhhabs),[20][41] and the Salafi movement.[42] The main divisions of Islam in Indonesia are traditionalism and modernism. Both are supported by Indonesia's two largest Islamic civil society groups Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, respectively.[43] the orders of Sufism are considered essential.[44]

Concerning the political expansion of Islam after the resignation of Suharto, political parties were again permitted to declare an ideology other than Pancasila. Several Islamist parties formed with Sharia as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party (PBB) came in sixth place in the 1999 elections. However, in 2009 elections, the PBB ranked only 10th, while parties characterised by moderate and tolerant Islamic interpretations had more significant success, such as the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) coming in 4th with nearly 8% of total votes.[45]

Shia Islam

Main article: Shia Islam in Indonesia

Hadhrami people.[48] The main organisation is "Ikatan Jamaah Ahlulbait Indonesia" (IJABI).[49]

Ahmadiyya

Main article: Ahmadiyya in Indonesia

The earliest history of

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, known as Gerakan Ahmadiyah-Lahore Indonesia (GAI) in Indonesia, has existed in Java since 1924 and had only 708 members in the 1980s.[50]

Christianity

Main article: Christianity in Indonesia

The government officially recognises the two main

Catholicism and Protestantism
, as two separate religions.

Catholicism

Main article: Catholic Church in Indonesia
Statue of Mary, Mother of All Tribes in Jakarta Cathedral
regency of Indonesia

Governors of the Dutch East Indies. After the VOC collapsed and with the legalisation of Catholicism in the Netherlands starting around 1800, Dutch Catholic clergy predominated until after Indonesia's independence.[52][53] In present-day Flores, the royal house of Larantuka formed the only native Catholic kingdom in Southeast Asia around the 16th century, with the first king named Lorenzo.[54]

Other than Flores,

Frans van Lith, a priest from the Netherlands came to Muntilan in 1896. Initially, his effort did not produce a satisfying result until 1904 when four Javanese chiefs from Kalibawang region asked him to give them education in the religion. On 15 December 1904, a group of 178 Javanese were baptised at Semagung, Muntilan, district Magelang, Central Java, near the border of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[55]

As of 2022[update], 3.06% of Indonesians are Catholics, nearly half the number of Protestants at 7.43%.[1] The practitioners mostly live in West Kalimantan, Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. The province of East Nusa Tenggara, where the island of Flores and West Timor are located, is the only province in Indonesia where Catholics are the majority (about 54.14% of the total population). However, Catholics may be found in smaller numbers spread throughout the country. In Java, next to Javanese, Catholicism also spread to Chinese Indonesians.[52][56] In the present day, Catholic traditions close to Easter days remain, locally known as Semana Santa. It involves a procession carrying statues of Jesus and the Virgin Mary (locally referred to as Tuan Ana and Tuan Ma respectively) to a local beach, then to Cathedral of the Queen of the Rosary, the Diocese of Larantuka, Flores.[57]

Protestantism

Main article: Protestantism in Indonesia
Church in Bukit Doa Getsemane Sanggam, Unjur, Samosir, North Sumatra
regency of Indonesia

Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[58] The Dutch Reformed Church was long at the forefront in introducing Christianity to native peoples and was later joined by other Reformed churches that separated from it during the 19th century.[52] The VOC regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.[59] Although these two branches are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.[60]

Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen who is known as the apostle to the Batak people and started the Batak Christian Protestant Church (HKBP), [61][62][60] which is the largest Lutheran church in Asia.[63]

Anglicanism is present in Indonesia since 1819, during the British Invasion of Java, when church services were provided towards interdenominational English speaking communities in Java.[64] In 1822, Singaporean-based London Missionary Society purchased a land in Batavia (now Jakarta) and in 1829 constructed of what is now known as All Saints Church.[64][65] The organization become affiliated with Church of England and is an autonomous part of Anglican Communion since 1857 [66] and is oldest English-speaking institutions in Indonesia.[67] In 1993, Anglican Diocese of Singapore established "Deanery of Indonesia".[68] In 1998, Gereja Anglikan Indonesia (lit. Anglican Church of Indonesia) was founded to provide better services to native Indonesians. As of 2022, the congregation is present in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Batam, Medan, Nunukan, Pontianak, Ambon, and Tarakan.[69]

Orthodoxy

Eastern Christianity operates in Indonesia under the label "Kristen" together with Protestants.

Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia),[70] and then comes under the unified spiritual leadership of the Diocese of Singapore (Russian Orthodox Church)
.

In addition, there are communities of

Coptic Orthodox Church (Indonesian: Gereja Kristen Ortodoks Koptik di Indonesia).[71]

Other Christians

Other branches of Christianity also exists in Indonesia, such as; Mormonism (since 1969) [72] and Jehovah's Witnesses (since 1930).[73] Previously banned due to the refusal to salute Indonesian flags and refusal to participate in politics,[73] Jehovah's Witness was officially registered to the Ministry of Religious Affairs in March 2002.[73] Meanwhile for Mormonism, Russell M. Nelson, the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) visited Vice Presidential Palace of Indonesia in November 2019, where he officially met Ma'ruf Amin, the Vice President of Indonesia.[74]

Chinese Indonesians are also a significant part of the Protestant population, scattered throughout Indonesia with the majority concentrated in major urban areas. In 2000, approximately 35% of ethnic Chinese were Christian, and there is a continuous increase among the younger generation. In some parts of the country, entire

Salvation Army (Bala Keselamatan) depending on the success of missionary activity.[60]

Indonesia has three Protestant-majority provinces,

Madura practice Islam. Adherents of Protestantism mostly live in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, North Maluku, Maluku (province), West Papua (province), Papua (province).[75]
[60]

The Communion of Churches in Indonesia is the sole umbrella for most Protestant churches.[76]

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism in Indonesia
See also: Balinese Hinduism and Hinduism in Java
The Mother Temple of Besakih, on the slopes of Mount Agung in eastern Bali, is the most important, the largest and holiest temple of the Balinese Hindus.
regency of Indonesia

Hindu culture and religion arrived in the archipelago around the 2nd century CE, which later formed the basis of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms such as Kutai, Mataram, and Majapahit. Around 130, a Sundanese kingdom named Salakanagara emerged in western Java. It was the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago, created by an Indian trader following marriage to a local Sundanese princess.[77] The largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, Prambanan, was built during the Majapahit kingdom by the Sanjaya dynasty. The kingdom existed until the 16th century when Islamic empires began to develop, this period known as the Hindu-Indonesian period.[78]

Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a distinct tone from other parts of the world.

scriptures, laws and beliefs.[80][82] In many areas on Java, Hinduism and Islam have heavily influenced each other, in part resulting in Abangan and Kejawèn (Kebatinan) traditions.[83]

According to the 2018 data, Hindus numbered 4.69 million (1.69% of Indonesians).

Greater Jakarta area. The Tamil Indonesians in Medan represents another important concentration of Hindus.[18]

There are

Toraja.[88]

There are also some international

Sathya Sai Organization,[18] Chinmaya Mission, Brahma Kumaris, Ananda Marga, Sahaja Yoga, and Haidakhandi Samaj.[89]

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism in Indonesia
regency of Indonesia
Buddha statue at Borobudur temple, Magelang, Central Java

Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia, arriving around the sixth century. The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to that of Hinduism, as some empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period. The Indonesian archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as Shailendra dynasty, Srivijaya and Mataram Empires. The arrival of Buddhism was started with trading activities that began in the early first century on the Silk Road between Indonesia and India. According to some Chinese sources, a Chinese monk on his journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based in Sumatra. The empire also served as a Buddhist learning centre in the region. Some historical heritage monuments can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and statues or prasasti (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires.[90]

Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s and the mandatory policy of having a religion,[91] founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. He was also backed up with the history behind the Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient Javanese texts, and the shape of the Borobudur Temple.[92]

According to the 2018 data, roughly 0.73% of Indonesians are Buddhists, which takes up about 2 million people.[1] Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, although other provinces such as Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan also have a significant number of practitioners. However, the figures are likely higher, since practitioners of Confucianism and Taoism, the latter of which is not considered an official religion, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census. Today, most Buddhists are Chinese Indonesians and, to a lesser extent, among the Javanese and Balinese.[citation needed] Among the Indonesian Buddhists, the major Buddhist schools are Mahayana, Vajrayana, and Theravada. Most Chinese Indonesians follow a syncretic combination of Chinese beliefs, such as the three teachings (Tridharma) and Yiguandao (Maytreya).[93]

Confucianism

Main article:
Confucianism in Indonesia
regency of Indonesia
A Chinese temple of Sanggar Agung, in Surabaya, East Java

Confucianism originated in China and was brought to Indonesia by Chinese merchants as early as the 3rd century AD. Unlike other religions, Confucianism evolved more into loose individual practices and belief in the code of conduct, rather than a well-organised community with a sound theology—akin to a way of life or social movement than a religion. It was not until the early 1900s that Confucianists formed an organisation, called Khong Kauw Hwe (THHK) in Batavia.[94][95][96]

After the Indonesian independence in 1945, Confucianism was affected by several political conflicts. In 1965, Sukarno issued Presidential Decree No. 1/Pn.Ps/1965, recognising that six religions are embraced by the Indonesian people, including Confucianism. In 1961, the Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia (PKCHI) (now the Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) had declared that Confucianism is a religion and Confucius is their prophet.[97][96]

During the

Chinese Indonesians had a large amount of wealth and power, despite consisting only 3% of the population.[97][96]

In 1969, Statute No. 5/1969 was passed, restoring the official total of six religions. However, it was not always put into practice. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs issued a directive asserting there are only five religions, excluding Confucianism. On 27 January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting decided that Confucianism is not a religion. Another Minister of Home Affairs directive in 1990 re-iterated the total of five official religions in Indonesia.[97][96] Therefore, the status of Confucianism during the New Order regime was never clear. De jure, there were conflicting laws, because higher laws permitted Confucianism, but lower ones did not recognise it. De facto, Confucianists were not recognised by the government, and they were forced to register with one of the original five official religions to maintain their citizenship. This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. Civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only five official religions.[97][96]

Following the fall of Suharto in 1998, Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as the country's fourth president. He rescinded the 1967 Presidential Instruction and the 1978 Home Affairs Ministry directive, and Confucianism once again became officially recognised as a religion in Indonesia. Chinese culture and activities were again permitted. [98]

Indigenous religions

Main article:
Aliran kepercayaan
See also: Mythology of Indonesia
Nias tribesmen moving and erecting a megalith, ca. 1915

A number of ancestral

indigenous religions (Austronesian and Papuan ethnic beliefs) are present, which were dominant throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Dharmic and Abrahamic religions. Some still exist in some parts of Indonesia as either pure or syncretic
. They include:

The non-official number of ethnic believers is up to 20 million.[16] The government often views indigenous beliefs as kepercayaan adat (custom) rather than agama (religion) or as a variant of a recognised religion. Because of this, followers of these beliefs such as Dayak Kaharingan have identified themselves as Hindu as a result to avoid pressure to convert to Islam or Christianity. Several native tribal beliefs such as Sunda Wiwitan, Toraja Aluk Todolo, and Batak Parmalim — although different from Indian-influenced Balinese Hinduism — might seek affiliation with Hinduism to survive, while at the same time also preserving their distinction from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by the Balinese. In many cases, some of the followers of these native beliefs might convert to Christianity or Islam, at least registered as such on their KTP while still upholding and performing their native beliefs.[100]

However, "the branches/flows of beliefs" (

aliran kepercayaan), including local new religious movements, are partly recognised according to a 2017 decision of the Constitutional Court. It rules that the law requiring people whose 'religion is not recognised', or followers of indigenous religions to leave the religion column on identity documents blank is contrary to the constitution.[15][16]

Kejawèn (Javanese beliefs)

Main article: Kejawèn
Kejawen, Sunda Wiwitan and Balinese Hinduism
religion

Kebatinan is an amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic — especially Sufi — beliefs. The beliefs are rooted in Javanese history and spiritualism with the tendency to syncretise aspects of different religions in search for a common ground. Kejawèn is generally characterised as mystical, and some varieties were concerned with spiritual self-control. Although there were many varieties circulating in 1992, Kejawèn often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artefacts, and grave sites of the important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a dukun or healer is sought. Kejawèn, while it connotes a turning away from the aggressive universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalised universalism. In this way, Kebatinan moves toward eliminating the distinction between the universal and the local, the communal and the individual.[101]

The Kejawèn have no certain prophet, a sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherent's internalised transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the supreme being. As a result, there is an inclusiveness that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in KTP, while still subscribe to their kebatinan belief and way of life. This loosely organised current of thought and practice was legitimised in the 1945 constitution and, in 1973, when it was recognised as Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (Believer of One Supreme God) that somewhat gain the status as one of the agama. President Suharto regarded himself as one of its adherents.[102]

The formal Kejawen/Kebatinan movements are

Pangestu, Perjalanan, Amerta, and others.[103]

Subud

Main article: Subud

Subud is an international spiritual movement that began in Indonesia in the 1920s as a movement related to Sufism and Javanese beliefs founded by Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo. (The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia.) The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the latihan kejiwaan, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force".[104][105]

Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion, but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000.[105]

Saminism

Main article: Saminism Movement

Indonesian social-religious

Dutch, was founded by Surosentiko Samin in north-central Java (Blora) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[106]

Other

Further information:
1998 East Java ninja scare
Dayak dukun (shaman).

sorcerers and masters of black magic. In common usage, the dukun is often confused with another type of shaman, the pawang. It is often mistranslated into English as "witch-doctor" or "medicine man". Many self-styled shamans in Indonesia are scammers and criminals, preying on gullible and superstitious people who were raised to believe in the supernatural.[107]

Other religions and belief systems

Judaism

See also:
Ashkenazim in Jakarta and Sephardim in Surabaya. The community decreased to 50 in 1963 and to 20 in 1997.[109]

Jews in Surabaya maintained a

Israel's assault on Gaza that year. It was later designated a heritage site by the Surabaya government, but was demolished in May 2013 without warning as part of a mysterious real estate deal.[110]

Since 2003, "Shaar Hashamayim" synagogue (unaffiliated) has been serving the local Jewish community of some 20 people in Tondano city, North Sulawesi, which is attended by around 8 Orthodox Jews. Currently, it is the only synagogue in Indonesia that provides services.[110][108] besides 6 home synagogues of a mixed jewish group run and supervised by the United Indonesian Jewish community across Indonesia

The organization "The United Indonesian Jewish Community" (UIJC) has been formed since 2009 and inaugurated in October 2010. It embraces all jewish streams (orthodox and egalitarian) members with 180 certified jews. UIJC has coverage of 8 areas across Indonesia from Sumatra to Papua[108] The first Indonesian Jewish Rabbi, Rabbi Benjamin Meijer Verbrugge (Dr. Benny Meijer) came from UIJC. He got his smicha/ordination as Para Rabbi by Rabbi Jonathan Ginsburg and Rabbi Steven Jules Peskind from Rodfei Kodesh Jewish Learning Institute Chicago in 2013, and he got his smicha/ordination as a full rabbi from Rabbi Joseph H. Gelberman Rabbinical Seminary International New York (Modern Chasidic) in 2015. The ordination took place at The Actors' Temple, officially named Congregation Ezrath Israel, is a non-denominational Jewish synagogue located at 339 West 47th Street, Manhattan New York, July 02nd, 2015.

In 2015, the group under AM Christian Denomination, claiming as a jewish community "Beit Torat Chaim", was inaugurated by the Religious Affairs Ministry as a Christian Church. It is located in Jakarta and will be led by Rabbi Tovia Singer. Tovia already left Indonesia.[111]

Bahá'í Faith

Main article:
Bahá'í Faith in Indonesia

According to the

Bahá'í Faith in Indonesia made up 0.01% of the population in 2020.[112]

The community is subject to a measure of government discrimination.[113][114] Since 2014, the situation has improved in the form of government plans for possible recognition (there was an erroneous opinion on already held the official recognition of the Bahai in 2014).[115][116]

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism in Indonesia
Shree Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji Sikh Gurdwara in Binjai, North Sumatra

Sikhs migration to Indonesia began in the 1870s (guardians and traders). There are several gurdwaras and schools in Sumatra and Java, for example, in Medan was built in 1911. In 2015, the Supreme Council for the Sikh Religion in Indonesia was founded.[117] Numbering between 10.000 and 15.000 in 2022[9]), Sikhs are not officially recognised by the government, resulting in adherents referring to themselves as Hindus on the KTP.[118]

Jainism

A small Jain community, Jain Social Group Indonesia (JSG Indonesia), exists in Jakarta among Indian Indonesians.[119]

Chinese folk religion

Main articles:
Shenism in Southeast Asia § Indonesia, and Chen Fu Zhen Ren

New religious movements

The most famous of the new religious movements in Indonesia are Theosophical Society,[120] Transcendental Meditation movement,[121] Falun Gong,[9] Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB),[122] and originated in Indonesia Subud[123] and Eden community (Jamaah Alamulla).[124]

Atheism

Main article:
Atheism in Indonesia
See also:
Discrimination against atheists in Indonesia

Although there is no specific law that bans atheism, legal cases in which atheists have been charged with blasphemy for publicly expressing atheist points of view have raised the issue of whether it is de facto illegal to do so according to Pancasila. Some clerics invoke the first Pancasila principle to argue that it is illegal, while legal scholars say that the principle was adopted as a compromise between secular nationalist, Muslim and non-Muslim founders, and not intended to ban atheism. Nonetheless, atheists as a group tend not to express their atheism publicly for fear of prosecution.[125][126]

In 2012, civil servant Alexander Aan was sentenced to 30 months in prison for writing "God doesn't exist" on his Facebook page and sharing explicit material about the prophet Muhammad online,[127][128] sparking nationwide debate.[129] Alexander's lawyers speculated that there were only around 2,000 atheists in Indonesia, but stated that it was difficult to estimate due to the threat of imprisonment for open atheism.[129]

Interfaith relations

Although the government recognises several different religions, inter-religious conflicts have occurred. During the New Order, President

Islamisation appeared, and the military split into two groups, the Nationalist and Islamic camps. The latter, led by General Prabowo Subianto, was in favour of Islamisation, while General Wiranto was in the former in favour of a secular state.[130]

During the New Order, the

Papua. It has received much criticism, being described as a type of colonisation by the Javanese and Madurese who also brought Islam to non-Muslim areas. Citizens in western Indonesia are mostly Muslims with Christians a small minority, while in eastern regions, the Christian populations are similar in size or larger than the Muslim population. This more even population distribution has led to more religious conflicts in the eastern regions, including Poso riots and the Maluku sectarian conflict communal violence since the resignation of President Suharto.[131]

The government has made an effort to reduce the tension by proposing the inter-religion cooperation plan. The Foreign Ministry, along with the most prominent Islamic organisation in Indonesia,

Nahdatul Ulama, held the International Conference of Islamic Scholars, to promote Islamic moderation, which is believed to reduce the tension in the country.[132] On 6 December 2004, the "Dialogue On Interfaith Cooperation: Community Building and Harmony" conference was opened. The meeting, attended by ASEAN countries, Australia, East Timor, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea was intended to discuss possible cooperation between different religious groups to minimise inter-religious conflict in Indonesia.[132]

Nevertheless, the 2010 report to the United States Congress by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom noted attacks against the Shia communities in Indonesia, particularly in East Java and Madura. In one incident in Madura, local villagers surrounded Shia houses and demanded they desist religious activities, but the crowd was dispersed by local leaders and clergy.[133] On the issue of the Ahmadiyya, Indonesia has failed to act and uphold their human rights. Several Ahmadi mosques were burnt in 2008. 126 Ahmadis have become refugees within their own country in the four years before 2012.[51]

There is, however, indications that religious conflicts regarding the building of places of worships have more to do with business interest than in religious issues. For example, the dispute over a Bethel Injil Sepenuh Church (GBIS) in Jakarta was due to land dispute dating back to 1957, while the

Indonesia Christian Church (GKI) Taman Yasmin dispute in Bogor was due to the municipal government plan to turn the church's area into a business district. The Taman Yasmin Church in Bogor has been upheld and protected by Supreme Court of Indonesia, but the mayor of Bogor refused to comply with the court ruling.[134][135] A positive form of relations has also appeared in society, such as the effort from six different religious organisations to help the 2004 tsunami victims. In 2011, the interfaith 'Indonesia Sunni and Shia Council' (MUHSIN) was established.[136]

In 2017, the blasphemy trial of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) received international attention. In 2016, at a campaign stop during the capital city's gubernatorial election, Ahok stated some citizens would not vote for him because they were being "threatened and deceived" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it. After a university lecturer, Buni Yani edited the video containing his speech, widespread protests against him ensued, culminating in his controversial imprisonment in May 2017.[137] The Joko Widodo administration responded by banning the Indonesian chapter of Hizb ut-Tahrir.[138] Subsequent government attempts, particularly by the country's intelligence agency (BIN), in curbing radicalism has been called an attack on Islam by some sectarian figures.[139][140]

Census data regarding religion

Religion was a census variable in the 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 and in various intercensal surveys. Being deemed divisive, the 1961 census data regarding religion was not published. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. The U.N. Demographic Yearbook 1979 only lists data collectively for all Christians. In the 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.[141]

Religion Data in Indonesia Census
(Population in millions and Percent)
  1971[142][143] 1980[144][145] 1985[146] 1990[146][147][148] 2000[146][149][150] 2005[146] 2010[151]
Muslim 103.58 87.51% 128.46 87.94% 142.59 86.92% 156.32 87.21% 177.53 88.22% 189.01 88.58% 207,18 87.18%
Protestant 8.74 7.39% 8.51 5.82% 10.59 6.46% 10.82 6.04% 11.82 5.87% 12.36 5.79% 16.53 6.96%
Catholic 4.36 2.98% 5.14 3.13% 6.41 3.58% 6.13 3.05% 6.56 3.07% 6.91 2.91%
Hindu 2.30 1.94% 4.76 3.26% 3.18 1.94% 3.29 1.83% 3.65 1.81% 3.70 1.73% 4.01 1.69%
Buddhist 1.09 0.92% 1.60 0.98% 1.84 1.03% 1.69 0.84% 1.30 0.61% 1.70 0.72%
Confucian[152] 0.97 0.82% 0.95 0.58% 0.57 0.32% 0.41 0.20% 0.21 0.10% 0.12 0.05%
Other 1.69 1.42% 0.24 0.11% 0.30 0.13%
Unstated 0.14 0.06%
Not asked 0.76 0.32%
Total[153] 118.37   146.08   164.05   179.25   201.24   213.38   237.64  

Note: the drop in the Catholic population between 1990 and 2000 was due to the secession of East Timor in 1999.

Religious composition by ethnic group (2010 Census)

Ethnic Group Muslims Christians Hindus Buddhists Confucians Others Total
Javanese 92,107,046 2,428,121 160,090 90,465 2,857 9,599 94,788,943
Sundanese 36,450,022 29,332 1,851 24,528 4,854 155,308 36,665,892
Malay 8,643,370 8,484 1,031 19,848 1,243 242 8,751,218
Batak 3,738,660 4,707,658 1,476 9,190 315 6,305 8,463,604
Madurese 7,157,518 7,695 368 435 32 43 7,166,091
Betawi 6,607,019 151,429 1,161 39,278 1,805 252 6,800,943
Minangkabau 6,441,071 1,822 179 1,255 49 44 6,459,420
Buginese 6,348,200 35,516 26,102 957 47 2,395 6,413,217
Bantenese 4,634,374 4,810 101 2,680 70 242 4,642,277
Banjarese 4,108,104 15,775 994 1,396 62 410 4,126,741
Balinese 127,274 49,385 3,736,993 10,378 142 473 3,924,645
Acehnese 3,398,818 403 70 1,028 7 4 3,403,961
Dayak 1,016,697 2,017,870 12,140 17,502 568 154,219 3,218,996
Sasak 3,153,671 5,540 4,555 10,682 7 439 3,174,894
Chinese 131,682 1,211,692 3,552 1,388,829 94,005 1,114 2,830,874
Others 23,057,923 12,436,323 63,909 73,027 9,422 117,848 35,758,452
Total 207,121,449 23,359,556 4,005,337 1,691,478 115,485 296,864 236,590,169
Source:[154]

In 2022, based on

Confucians and 0.04% others.[1]

Freedom of religion

In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom by the US organization Freedom House.[155] In the same year, the country was ranked as the 33rd most difficult place in the world to be a Christian by Open Doors.[156]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Indonesia.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
  2. ^ Da Costa, Agustinus Beo (12 October 2019). "Indonesia urges public to report civil servants over 'radical' content". Reuters. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  3. ^ Hosen 2005, pp. 419–40; Intan 2006, p. 40; Seo 2013, p. 44; Ropi 2017, p. 61 etc.
  4. ^ a b Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1993). Indonesia: A Country Study, Chapter Islam.
  5. ^ Gross 2016, p. 1.
  6. ^ Prinada, Yudi (2 December 2020). "Beda Isi Piagam Jakarta dan Pancasila Sejarah Perubahannya". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  7. ^ Lindsey & Pausacker 1995; Intan 2006, p. 18.
  8. ^ "Indonesia Negara Ketuhanan" (PDF). mkri.id. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d US State Dept 2022 report
  10. ^ Pringle 2010, pp. 154–55; Buehler 2016.
  11. ^ Federspiel 1970; Sidel 2006; Solahudin 2013; Buehler 2016; Baskara 2017.
  12. ^ Article 29 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia  – via Wikisource.
  13. ^ a b c Penjelasan atas Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1965  [The explanatory memorandum for Article 1 of Presidential Edict No 1 of 1965 on the Prevention of Abuse and/or Blasphemy of Religion] (in Indonesian) – via Wikisource.
  14. ^ Hosen 2005, pp. 419–40; Shah 2017; Marshall 2018, pp. 85–96.
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  141. ISBN 978-981-230-218-2
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  142. OCLC 16991809
    .
  143. OL 4602999M
    . The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87.1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). The rest are Hindu (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.1%) and other religions which are not included in the above classification.
  144. ^ Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008, p. 216.
  145. OCLC 72673205
    ., which contains 1980 census data.
  146. ^
    ISBN 978-602-96257-1-4. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 25 April 2012.. Cites BPS-Statistics Indonesia for intercensal population survey 1985, census 1990, census 2000, and intercensal population survey 2005
  147. ISBN 978-0-8047-4480-5
    . The 1990 census recorded 156.3 million Muslims in Indonesia, 87.2 per cent of the population and the largest Muslim population of any nation in the world. This was a steady percentage, having been 87.1 per cent in 1980. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) totalled 17.2 million, 9.6 per cent of the population, whereas in 1971 the figure was 7.5 per cent and in 1980 it was 8.8 per cent. So Christianity was still growing. In the large cities of Central Java in particular, Christians constituted nearly 20 per cent of the population. The rising tide of religiosity was also reflected in the much smaller communities of Hindus (3.3 million, 1.8 per cent of the population in 1990) and Buddhists (1.8 million, 1.0 per cent of the population).
  148. ^ Intan 2006, p. 6.
  149. OCLC 173373970
    .
  150. ISSN 1553-8133
    . Retrieved 8 November 2011. Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
  151. ^ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion] (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2011. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian,, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.
  152. ^ In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism. Hence Confucianism appears in the 1971 census data, but not in 1980 or 1990. In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorize Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. This is not listed as a separate category in the U.N. data. Utomo, Ariane J. (March 2003). "Indonesian Census 2000: Tables and Reports for AusAID Explanatory Notes" (PDF). Prof. Terence H. Hull. The Australian National University: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. The six categories for religion were Islam, Catholicism, Protestant, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Other. The decision to have a separate category for Confucianism (Kong Hu Cu) occurred during the enumeration process itself, hence it was not printed in the actual form of the L1. The data on the number of Confucians is only available for certain provinces. However, the number seems much smaller than expected due to the abrupt process of including it in the questionnaire. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  153. ^ Totals and lefthand column per year are in millions of persons.
  154. ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.
  155. ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  156. ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08

Bibliography

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Indonesia&oldid=1220683502"