Tornado outbreak of March 13–16, 2025

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Tornado outbreak of March 13–16, 2025
Map of tornado warnings and confirmed tornadoes during the outbreak from March 13–16
Meteorological history
DurationMarch 13–16, 2025
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes118
(Record for largest outbreak in March)
Maximum ratingEF4 tornado
Duration3 days, 20 hours, 51 minutes
Highest windsTornadic – 190 mph (310 km/h)
(Diaz, Arkansas EF4 on March 15)
Highest gustsNon-tornadic – 95 mph (153 km/h) in the San Augustin Pass on March 14[1]
Largest hail2.75 in (7.0 cm) – 3 different locations in Missouri, Kentucky and Georgia on March 14 and 15
Winter storm
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion32 in (81 cm) near Bear Valley, California
Extratropical cyclone
Lowest pressure975 hPa (mbar); 28.79 inHg[2]
Maximum rainfall7.84 inches (19.9 cm) near Frankewing, Tennessee
Overall effects
Fatalities42 total (22 tornadic, 20 non-tornadic)[3]
Injuries247+
DamageUnknown
Areas affected Midwestern, Southern United States, Eastern United States
Power outages>670,000
Part of the Tornadoes of 2025 and the 2024–25 North American winter

From March 13 to 16, 2025, a widespread and deadly tornado outbreak, the largest on record for the month of March, affected much of the Midwestern into the Eastern United States,[4][5][6] with additional severe weather and impacts on the East Coast.[7] On March 13, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk for severe weather for portions of the Midwest and Southeast. On March 14, several strong to violent tornadoes developed, striking communities in south-central Missouri and northern Arkansas.[8] One prompted the issuance of a tornado emergency for Van Buren and Fremont,[9] an EF2 tornado struck Villa Ridge, Missouri followed by another EF2 tornado in the Greater St. Louis area, a strong tornado struck Cherokee Village, Arkansas, a low-end EF4 tornado struck areas southwest of Franklin, Arkansas, a high-end EF4 tornado caused catastrophic damage to a neighborhood northwest of Diaz, Arkansas,[10] a low-end EF3 tornado killed one person after ripping through a trailer park near Poplar Bluff, Missouri,[11][12] and an early morning EF2 tornado caused significant damage in Elliott, Mississippi. Overall, at least 10 people were killed in Missouri and at least three in Arkansas.[13][14]

The SPC issued a moderate risk of severe weather for portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida panhandle, and a high risk area, driven by the probability of tornadoes, for portions of Mississippi and Alabama for March 15.[15] This was the third issuance of a Day 2 high risk (with the previous two valid for April 7, 2006 and April 14, 2012). On March 15, PDS tornado watches were issued for parts of Louisiana and nearly all of Mississippi and Alabama[16] as a tornado outbreak featuring "significant tornadoes, some of which could be long-track and potentially violent," was expected throughout the afternoon and evening.[17] In the early afternoon, a tornado emergency was issued for parts of Walthall, Lawrence, Marion, and Jefferson Davis counties in Mississippi as a large, violent EF4 tornado tracked through the area.[18][19] Tornadoes continued in Mississippi and Alabama throughout the afternoon and evening, including one that struck Taylorsville, Mississippi, and another EF2 tornado that went through Gordo, Alabama, just to the northwest of Tuscaloosa.[20]

At least 43 people were killed by tornadoes and other weather-related impacts across eight states.[3][21][22] With a total of 118 confirmed tornadoes, the outbreak became the largest ever in the month of March, and received a score of 150 on the Outbreak Intensity Score (OIS), classifying it as a "historic" outbreak.

Meteorological synopsis

Background

As early as March 7, 2025, the

Mississippi Valley and for March 15 over the South.[24] These areas were both upgraded to a 30% risk for severe weather on March 10, as multiple forecast models began to come into agreement on an all-hazards threat (of wind, hail, and tornadoes), including a supercell-focused mode potentially evolving into a QLCS threat.[25] An outlook on March 11 described the March 14 system as "anomalously intense upper cyclone", with a second upper-level trough expected to produce severe weather on March 15.[26]

On March 13, the SPC upgraded the risk for March 14 into a moderate (4/5) risk over parts of the Middle Mississippi valley, including much of Illinois and Missouri, alongside small parts of Iowa, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Tennessee. This risk was described as a "regional outbreak of severe storms", driven by the risk of storms producing swaths of damaging winds potentially in excess of 65 kn (75 mph; 120 km/h) over the region, with areas further south expected to be conducive to the development of strong tornadoes later in the day.[27] The outlook for March 15 was also upgraded to a moderate (4/5) risk as an environment more conducive for significant tornadoes as favorable wind profiles alongside moderate instability produced the conditions necessary for "robust updrafts and intense supercells". A conditional risk was also highlighted further north into Ohio and Kentucky, which were expected to face a primarily non-severe event, reliant on the intensity of convection further south that could stabilize the atmosphere.[28]

At the 1730Z Day 2 outlook on March 14, a high (5/5) risk was introduced over parts of Mississippi and Alabama, driven by the risk of a tornado outbreak.[29] This has been the third time that the Storm Prediction Center issued a high risk for its Day 2 outlook since 2006, the other two occurring on April 7, 2006 and April 14, 2012.[30]

March 14

The SPC Day 1 convective outlook for March 14, 2025 at 2000Z, showing the widespread risk of severe weather across the Mississippi Valley and Southeastern United States.

The states of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi were under a moderate risk for severe weather, as a strong negatively-tilted upper-level shortwave trough detected on satellite that morning was expected to produce an intense mid-level jet that followed its parent shortwave and move towards the center of the continental United States. These features produced strong ascent, which, alongside a powerful surface cyclone expected to form and move from the central High Plains towards the Upper Midwest, produced the conditions necessary for the development of significant severe weather. Over much of the middle Mississippi Valley, strong diurnal heating was expected to occur, which, alongside a low-level jet to aid boundary-level moisture, allowed for the development of surface-based storms, which were expected to produce a single fast-moving band of convection that was expected to produce gusts up to 80–100 mph (130–160 km/h) over the region.[31]

Further to the southeast over Missouri, forecasters outlined the risk of more discrete thunderstorms developing on the northern edge of a more concentrated area of low-level moisture. These storms were expected to form into at least semi-discrete supercells due to the presence of strong upper-level flow and strong deep-layer shear. The HRRR model suggested that widespread supercells could develop late in the afternoon, potentially as far south as the border of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee, with soundings of other forecast models, including the NAM model, favoring the development of intense supercells capable of producing large hail of 2–3 in (5.1–7.6 cm) and potentially significant or intense tornadoes.[31]

Throughout the lower Mississippi Valley, lesser forcing was expected to preclude any possibility of widespread severe weather, but forecasters noted that the atmosphere were capable of producing supercells, some of which had the hazard for large hail, damaging winds, or tornadoes, for any supercells that sustain themselves.[31]

A violent tornado in Diaz, Arkansas on the night of March 14

The first complex of storms had emerged by 10:25 a.m. Central Daylight Time (UTC–5) over southern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma, which moved into a region of high atmospheric stability and strong convective inhibition, with a minimal severe hazard risk expected to be limited to small hail up to 1.25 in (3.2 cm).[32] The Storm Prediction Center was expecting the formation of an intense squall line to initiate between 3 and 5 p.m. that afternoon.[33] In the evening, a PDS tornado watch was issued for an area in the Mississippi Valley, with severe thunderstorms expected to develop in conditions primed for supercells capable of producing strong, long-track tornadoes.[34] As forecast, numerous supercells began developing across the main risk area, and numerous tornadoes occurred, some of which were long-tracked, and strong to violent.[35]

March 15

A map of the United States, with different colors indicating different risk levels
The Storm Prediction Center Day 1 convective outlook issued March 15, 2025 at 1300Z, indicating a high risk for severe weather across parts of Mississippi and Alabama.

A large warm sector had developed over much of the Gulf Coast states, producing widespread dew points in the upper 60s to lower 70s Fahrenheit. That morning, storms had begun developing across the northern edge of the area of elevated moisture. Temperatures to the south and east of these storms were expected to rise to the upper 70 °F (21 °C)s, with multiple bands of convection expected to initiate between 12 and 2 p.m. CDT. Moderate levels of instability, ranging from 1500–2500 J/kg, and elongated hodographs, forecasted to produce 400–500 m2/s2 storm-relative helicity in the first kilometer of the atmosphere, was expected to "favor the rapid development of intense supercells", and alongside strong Significant Tornado Parameter (STP) values of 5–10, were expected to produce numerous tornadoes, some of which may be long-track or violent, as the day progressed.[17]

A large hardwood tree snapped by an EF3 tornado near Plantersville, Alabama.

Further north, across northern Alabama and south central Tennessee, the consolidation of storms was expected to bound stronger tornadoes to an area further south, with the northern structure highlighted as a potential area for bowing segments and embedded supercells, prompting the SPC to highlight an area of higher wind risk over these areas. Across parts of Georgia and western South and North Carolina, a weakly unstable air mass alongside intense mid-level flow was expected to produce an environment capable of supporting supercell and line structures, with a risk highlighted for severe wind and tornadoes in the region. Storms from the previous day over the Ohio Valley was expected to continue east as the day progressed, producing a risk for hail and wind, but as the day progressed, forecasters noted the uncertainty of potential airmass recovery that could be conducive for a severe risk over Indiana and southern Michigan later that evening, with models only showing weak instability below 500 J/kg that morning. Soundings from Louisiana and Mississippi indicated that the warm sector included steep lapse rates of 7–8 degrees Celsius from the 700 to 500 millibar layer. A 125 kn (144 mph; 232 km/h) jet at 250 millibars was expected to strengthen the region's wind profile, which, in conjunction with a lower-level jet moving east throughout the day, produced an environment capable of all hazards, including the threat of strong tornadoes.[17]

Confirmed tornadoes

See also: List of tornadoes in the outbreak of March 13–16, 2025
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 20 53 30 12 3 0 118

Gamaliel, Arkansas/Bakersfield–Frankville, Missouri

Gamaliel, Arkansas/Bakersfield–Frankville, Missouri
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 9:16 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration42 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds145 mph (233 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities3
Injuries4

This large, long-tracked, intense tornado first touched down at 8:34 p.m. CDT in the town of Gamaliel, Arkansas in Baxter County. It moved northeastward along AR 101 at EF1 intensity, damaging a post office and a fire station.[36] Continuing northeastward, the tornado snapped or uprooted dozens of trees as it approached and crossed the Arkansas-Missouri border into Ozark County, Missouri.[36] The tornado would then begin to rapidly intensify as it moved into the southern part of Bakersfield partially destroying multiple homes and structures along County Road 585.[37] Northeast of there, the tornado snapped more trees before intensifying further to EF3 strength as it crossed Route AR on the south side of Bakersfield. One home was swept away while another one had its roof removed and some exterior walls knocked down. A large tank was lofted and thrown near the destroyed home as well. The tornado then reached its peak intensity as it turned to the east-northeast and crossed County Road 589, where a home was unroofed and had multiple exterior walls knocked down, and nearby trees were snapped and uprooted with some ground scouring noted. Winds at this location were estimated to be at 145 mph (233 km/h). The outer circulation of the tornado also impacted Bakersfield itself, damaging more homes and the First Baptist Church,[38] destroying the town's baseball and softball complex, and uprooting and snapping trees.[39]

Home completely swept from its foundation in southeast Bakersfield, Missouri.

Moving east-northeast, the tornado struck the Zastrow Hill area on the east side of Bakersfield, where multiple block-foundation mobile homes were rolled and destroyed and another home was leveled and swept away; debris from these homes was strewn across a nearby hill and along a treeline. Three people were killed and another person was injured in one of the mobile homes.[40] Vehicles from the homes in this area were mangled and flattened, with some missing parts of their wheel structure,[41] and cars were "rolled 50 to 100 yards."[39] After crossing Route 142 northeast of Bakersfield, the tornado uprooted large swaths of trees with entire groves of trees being debarked and shredded, with some low-lying vegetation also debarked and denuded.[42] The tornado then weakened to high-end EF1 intensity leaving "cyclonic" patterns in the forest as it crossed into Howell County.[36] North of the community of Leota, the tornado restrengthened and obliterated a mobile home at high-end EF2 intensity, injuring three people. Several homes nearby suffered significant roof damage, with large sections of their roofs removed along with an exterior wall or two knocked down.[36]

Low-end EF3 damage to a brick home near Bakersfield.

The tornado continued east-northeastward at EF2 intensity, leveling an old milk barn along Route FF with only the roof structure being left intact. Numerous trees nearby were uprooted in a cyclonic pattern and another outbuilding suffered roof damaged.[36] The tornado destroyed another cinderblock-foundation mobile home along County Road 6810 before weakening to EF0 intensity as it crossed Route E, causing only minor to moderate tree damage as it continued east-northeastward. The tornado regained EF1 intensity to the west of China, where several roof decks were ripped off of homes along County Road 6450, with moderate tree damage also being noted.[36] Multiple outbuildings along Route JJ were severely damaged, another home had roof damage and its roof deck removed, and several trees were uprooted.[36] The tornado briefly intensified to mid-range EF2 intensity after crossing Route 17 near Cottbus. A two-story brick home was significantly damaged, with portions of the roof removed and parts of the paneling walls collapsing. Another home nearby had most of its roof deck removed and an outbuilding was destroyed.[36] The tornado then struck Frankville at EF1 intensity, inflicting heavy roof damage to a warehouse along US 63.[36] The last area of damage that was found from this tornado occurred along US 160 east of West Plains, where trees were uprooted at EF0 intensity. The tornado then dissipated as it crossed the highway at 9:16 p.m. CDT.[36]

The tornado traveled 35.74 miles (57.52 km), and reached a maximum width of 1,200 yards (1,100 m) during its 42-minute lifespan. Three fatalities would occur from this tornado, with four reported injuries.[43][36][44] After the tornado, FEMA set up a relief shelter at the Bakersfield School.[39]

Fifty-Six–Blanchard Springs–Larkin–Ash Flat, Arkansas

Fifty–Six–Blanchard Springs–Larkin, Arkansas
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 10:11 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration1 hour
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds170 mph (270 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities0
Injuries4

This large, long-tracked, violent tornado touched down 1 mile northeast of Alco, and around 8 miles southwest of Fifty-Six in Stone County at 9:12 p.m. CDT,[36][45] Initially, the tornado stayed mainly at EF1 intensity, snapping and uprooting several softwood trees and inflicting minor damage to home. The tornado quickly intensified to low-end EF3 intensity as it struck the small town of Fifty-Six. Along AR 14, a double-wide mobile home was obliterated and lofted hundreds of yards downstream. Nearby, some cabins were shifted off their foundation and destroyed and a free-standing garage was demolished.[46][47][36][48] After moving away from Fifty-Six, the tornado moved through the Blanchard Springs Recreational Area, a Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) possibly observed an extreme wind-speed of 151 mph (243 km/h). Several trees across the meadow bluff were snapped and uprooted at high-end EF2 intensity, a falling tree injured a camper. Near the intersection of Stone County Road 52 and Green Road, an estimated 1,000 yd (910 m) of uprooted trees were noted here, as well as a well-defined convergent pattern. Many more trees were blown down on a hillside as it crossed AR 5.[49][36][50]

The tornado then crossed the White River into Izard County, downing several more trees along the river and near Boswell were uprooted at low-end EF2 intensity. The tornado passed through the south of the community of Boswell before moving through areas just north of Jumbo. Hundreds of trees were snapped and downing power lines, and causing additional structural damage.[51] The tornado maintained low-end EF2 intensity south of Knob Creek, Numerous large hardwood trees were blown down as the tornado continued to track east-northeastward through mainly rural areas, crossing La Crosse Road between Violet Hill and Larkin.[52][53][54]

A two-story home swept away near Larkin, Arkansas at low-end EF4 intensity.

The tornado abruptly intensified to low-end EF4 intensity northwest of Larkin. A well-built home was destroyed and swept away at 170 mph (270 km/h), leaving an extensive debris field downstream. A vehicle nearby was lofted and thrown into a pond behind the property.[36] The tornado quickly weakened to low-end EF2 intensity as it crossed Larkin Road. A small home experienced a collapse to their exterior walls and a couple of outbuildings were destroyed. After the slight weakening, the tornado rapidly intensified to EF4 strength. A well-anchored two story home was demolished and swept away, with the main level floor still attached to the foundation. The double doored garage and a large covered porch likely contributed to the home collapsing as they faced the south side of the home, where the tornadic winds and its storm motion were hitting the most.[36] An outbuilding sustained major roof damage and a nearby metal building was severely damage, with most of its internal structure intact. The tornado continued tracking through rural areas, severely damaging another home and metal building along Ebi Quarry Lane. Passing through areas south of Franklin, the tornado restrengthened to low-end EF4 intensity for the third time. A home along Easy K road was completely destroyed, with half of it subfloor structure torn away from the foundation, likely from wind entering through the basement windows.[36] Trees nearby sustained major debarking by the tornado and heavy debris strike from the home, several vehicles were heavily damaged, and a nearby metal shop building was also completely demolished. Two residents of the home survived but were severely injured.[36]

The tornado then moved into Sharp County and crossed US 167/AR 56 south of Ash Flat at mid-range EF2 intensity, inflicting significant damage to a home and demolishing an outbuilding. Along US 167; a well-anchored outbuilding was blown off sideway, multiple trees were snapped and uprooted, several homes sustained moderate damage, and a camper trailer was demolished. Along the intersection of Game Reserve road and Liberty Hill road, the tornado restrengthened to high-end EF2 intensity. A home was shifted off shifted off its foundation, with nearby trees being snapped and uprooted. The tornado dissipated west of the Harold E. Alexander Wildlife Management Area at 10:11 p.m. CDT.[36] The tornado traveled 53.64 miles (86.33 km), and reached a maximum width of 1,400 yards (1,300 m) during its 60-minute existence.[36] AR 14 in Fifty-Six was closed due to the damage caused by the tornado.[55] According to preliminary information from the National Weather Service Little Rock, Arkansas, over 25% of Fifty-Six sustained damage from the tornado.[36]

Cushman–Cave City–Reyno–Corning, Arkansas

Cushman–Cave City–Reyno–Corning, Arkansas
Meteorological history
FormedMarch 14, 2025, 10:16 p.m.
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 11:51 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration1 hour, 35 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities3
Injuries5+

This intense, very long-tracked tornado touched down east of the White River, southwest of Cushman initially damaging trees as it moved northeastward. The tornado then damaged numerous homes and obliterated a double-wide mobile home before it entered Cave City. Here numerous homes were either damaged or destroyed, and scores of trees were uprooted or debarked. A double-wide mobile home was rolled on its side as it exited town, and additional tree damage was noted. Later, the tornado moved through the Reyno, destroying a power pole and six empty grain bins before weakening and causing scattered tree damage. It overturned a center irrigation pivot, snapped power poles, and damaged an outbuilding near US 67, spreading debris into a nearby field. The tornado then produced minor tree and structural damage before lifting just south of the Missouri state line. Preliminary information.[36][56][57][58][59]

Three people were killed by the tornado, while at least five others sustained injuries. This was the longest-lived tornado by track and duration of the outbreak, being on the ground for over an hour and a half, with a total path length at 81.83 miles (131.69 km). It reached a maximum width of 700 yards (640 m), while preliminary damage surveys indicate the tornado peaked at high-end EF3 intensity with winds of 165 mph (266 km/h).[36]

Ozark Acres–Ravenden Springs, Arkansas/Fairdealing, Missouri

Ozark Acres–Ravenden Springs, Arkansas/Fairdealing, Missouri
Meteorological history
FormedMarch 14, 2025, 10:21 p.m.
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 11:24 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration1 hour, 3 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds155 mph (249 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities0
Injuries1

After the long-tracked Fifty-Six EF4 tornado dissipated, the same parent supercell produced this even longer-tracked EF3 tornado 10 minutes later. It first touched down on the south side of Ozark Acres in Sharp County, Arkansas. The tornado moved northeastward and crossed US 412/US 62/US 63, destroying outbuildings and pushing a house off its foundation. The tornado continued to damage trees and outbuildings before moving into Randolph County and striking Ravenden Springs as it moved along AR 90, where more trees were snapped or uprooted. East of the town, more trees along with a couple of homes were damaged. The tornado then crossed the Eleven Point River and AR 93 south of Dalton, continuing to cause mainly tree damage. It then passed near Hamil as it reached its peak intensity along AR 231, damaging several structures and destroying many outbuildings and a home. The tornado then continued northeastward and crossed AR 251 between Warm Springs and Palestine uprooting and snapping many trees, while also damaging or destroying more outbuildings and a mobile home.[36]

The tornado then passed near Brakebill and crossed AR 115 causing mainly tree damage before crossing into Ripley County, Missouri southeast of Poynor snapping more trees at high-end EF1 intensity. Just after crossing the state line, a manufactured home was overturned from its foundation at EF2 strength. The person inside sheltered inside their bathtub and survived with only minor injuries. The tornado then continued northeastward as it approached and passed near Pulaski after crossing Route 142 at EF1-EF2 intensity, inflicting roof damage to homes, damaging or overturning mobile homes, destroying an outbuilding, damaging and snapping power poles, downing large swaths of trees, including trees that fell on and caused additional damage to outbuildings and homes. The tornado then abruptly turned due east and passed through Fairdealing, snapping and uprooting trees at EF1 intensity. The tornado then reintensified to EF2 intensity as it moved into Butler County, Missouri and turned back toward the northeast, inflicting severe damage to multiple homes in and east of Fairdealing, which suffered severe damage, with their roofs being partially or completely destroyed. The tornado snapped and additional trees and wooden power poles before abruptly dissipating as it approached County Road 480.[36][60]

The tornado was on the ground for just over an hour, traveling 58.42 miles (94.02 km) and reaching a width of 800 yards (730 m) at its peak, with estimated winds of 155 mph (249 km/h).[61][36] No fatalities were reported.

Macks–Diaz–Campbell Station, Arkansas

Macks–Diaz–Campbell Station, Arkansas
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 11:36 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration23 minutes
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds190 mph (310 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities0
Injuries2

This very large, violent tornado first touched down at 11:17 p.m. CDT on March 14 in the small community of Departee near Departee Creek Road, initially snapping tree limbs off of trees.[36] The tornado quickly intensified to low-end EF2 intensity, snapping several power poles along Buzzard Roast Road. Along Meadow Lake, several poultry homes were extensively damage and multiple trees were snapped at high-end EF1 intensity before the tornado crossed Departee Creek into Jackson County.[36]

The tornado grew in size and intensity as it traversed through rural areas. As the tornado crossed AR 14 east of Macks, the tornado became violent as it impacted Jones Farm. A well-built office building was leveled at low-end EF4 intensity with estimated windspeeds of 170 mph (270 km/h). Across the property; A one-story home in front of the office building was mostly leveled, with the bathroom remaining, another home sustained similar devastation, four soy bean silos were destroyed, a farming equipment building was mangled, with its two metal pillars yanked out of the ground, a large metal tank was thrown and mangled by the tornado and several large metal buildings were leveled and swept away.[36] Large hardwood trees were also severely debarked and denuded and a trailer was thrown 100 yd (91 m) onto a home, causing an injury a resident sheltering in the home. The tornado reached its peak width of 1,760 yards (1,610 m) as it was impacting this neighborhood.[36]

A large, well-anchored home destroyed and partially swept clean off of foundation near Diaz at high-end EF4 intensity.

Moving northeast, the tornado weakened to mid-range EF3 intensity. Several trees along the White River were snapped and severely debarked at 150 mph (240 km/h). Nearby, multiple metal truss towers were heavily damaged and mangled by the tornado at EF3 intensity. After crossing the river, the tornado made an abrupt north-northeast turn as it weakened down to EF1 intensity, grazing the southern side of the town of Jacksonport.[36] Extensive amount of pecan trees were uprooted as the tornado shifted back to a northeast direction. Narrowing in size, the tornado restrengthened to high-end EF2 intensity. Numerous trees and powerlines were snapped and uprooted along The Cut Off oxbow lake. As the tornado neared the community of Fitzgerald northwest of Diaz, the tornado explosively intensified to its peak intensity of high-end EF4, with estimated wind speed of 190 mph (310 km/h) as the tornado plow through a neighborhood along AR 17. A large, anchor bolted home was levelled and partially swept off its foundation. Multiple metal buildings were obliterated near the home, several trees were debarked and denuded, several vehicles and a dump truck were thrown 75–200 yards (69–183 m), heavily damaging most of them. Another home nearby sustained extensive damage to their exterior walls on the south side of the home.[36]

After crossing AR 17, the tornado weakened to low-end EF3 intensity as another metal building was destroyed, with a home nearby sustaining severe roof damage. The tornado weakened slightly more to high-end EF2 intensity, inflicting significant roof damage to a home and extensively snapping trees as the tornado began scouring the bare soil on the ground.[36] The tornado struck the city of Campbell Station at low-end EF3 intensity, collapsing a microwave tower along Campbell Lane. Several homes in the city sustained significant roof damage, an SUV was thrown from one of the damaged homes into a field. A large steel tank was thrown 3,000 feet (910 m) and landed along AR 367.[36] Several trees along Jackson 43 were snapped and uprooted before the tornado eventually dissipated southeast of Tuckerman along Village Creek south of AR 37 at 11:35 p.m CDT.[36] Despite the intensity, no fatalities were reported from this tornado, although two people did sustain injuries as a result, including a police officer who was seriously injured when his patrol car was set aloft by the tornado and tossed.[62][63] It was on the ground for 23 minutes for a total of 18.62 miles (29.97 km) and reached a maximum width of 1,760 yards (1,610 m). The tornado peaked at high-end EF4 intensity with winds of 190 mph (310 km/h).[36]

Poplar Bluff, Missouri

Poplar Bluff, Missouri
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 14, 2025, 11:47 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration20 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds145 mph (233 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Injuries3

This intense tornado touched down northeast of Fairdealing along County Road 462 at 11:27 p.m. CDT and moved generally east-northeastward, uprooting trees and inflicting minor damage to homes. After crossing Route M, the tornado strengthened to EF1 intensity, snapping and uprooting trees. As it approached Poplar Bluff, the tornado quickly strengthened EF3 intensity along County Road 450, sweeping away a block-foundation home and shifting an older home off its foundation, leveling it. One person was killed in the latter house. The tornado then continued east-northeastward at EF1 intensity, snapping or uprooting trees and flipping a mobile home onto its side. The tornado then re-intensified to EF2 strength, removing the roof and some of the siding off of a brick home. The tornado then impacted a group of duplex homes at low-end EF3 intensity, removing the roofs and knocking down the exterior walls of some of them.

Poorly-anchored home swept away at EF3 intensity

The tornado then approached and crossed

US 67 Business damaging apartment buildings, businesses, and vehicles, and snapping trees and power poles. It continued to snap trees and power poles as it moved through neighborhoods in the northern part of Poplar Bluff, which included trees falling on homes.[36]

The tornado then crossed US 60, exited Poplar Bluff, and turned northeastward at EF1 intensity, uprooting dozens of trees and damaging the roof of a home. As it passed west of Rombauer, the tornado re-intensified to EF3 intensity, destroying a large portion of a shop-home, inflicting heavy roof and exterior wall damage to other homes, and uprooting more trees. The tornado then steadily weakened, ripping the roof off of a barn and uprooting numerous trees before dissipating at 11:47 p.m. CDT after traveling for 18.65 mi (30.01 km). It was on the ground for 20 minutes, had a peak width of 350 yd (320 m), and caused the aforementioned fatality.[36][64]

Kentwood, Louisiana/Society Hill–Tylertown-Carson, Mississippi

Kentwood, Louisiana/Society Hill–Tylertown-Carson, Mississippi
UTC–05:00
)
DissipatedMarch 15, 2025, 1:39 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration1 hour, 22 minutes
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds170 mph (270 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities5+
Injuries3+

This large, long-tracked violent tornado first touched down at 12:19 p.m. CDT just to the northeast of

MS 575, the tornado intensified to EF2 strength along Climmons Road, obliterating a mobile home. A nearby home was unroofed and had severe exterior wall damage, a trailer was overturned and destroyed, and more trees were snapped with debris being scattered into the tree line. The tornado then continued northeastward, unroofing and knocking down the exterior walls of more homes, damaging mobile homes, and downing large swaths of trees.[65]

A well-anchored two-story home swept away at low-end EF4 intensity near Tylertown, Mississippi.

The tornado then crossed into Walthall County, maintaining EF2 intensity as it struck the Paradise Ranch RV resort. Several mobile homes and RV trailers were obliterated other trailers were overturned, multiple cabins were damaged, and swaths of trees were snapped or uprooted. More trees were knocked down as the tornado crossed MS 48; three homes were also damaged, including one that was unroofed. The tornado then snapped and uprooted more trees as it continued northeastward before abruptly becoming violent and reaching low-end EF4 intensity as it crossed US 98 west of Tylertown. A well-built two-story home was leveled and swept from its foundation with the debris left in a pile behind it. A nearby well-strapped-down mobile home was obliterated and swept away, and trees were stubbed. Two injuries occurred in this area.[65] Beyond this point, the tornado continued northeastward at EF2 intensity, unroofing a home, shifting a mobile home off its foundation, and snapping or uprooting more trees. The tornado continued to damage homes, heavily damage or destroy outbuildings, and snap or uproot trees as it approached and crossed MS 583. Another area of low-end EF3 damage occurred as the tornado moved along Old Holmesville Road at the Harveytown Road intersection. An unanchored home was mostly destroyed, and a metal building system was destroyed. Other damage in the area included a poorly built mobile home that was tossed across the road and obliterated, another mobile home that was also completely destroyed, multiple homes that were unroofed, outbuildings, including chicken coops, that were heavily damaged or destroyed, and trees that were snapped or uprooted.[36] It was at this point that the Storm Prediction Center released a mesoscale discussion noting that weather radar observations from the WSR-88D system at KHDC in Hammond, Louisiana detected a rapidly intensifying tornadic circulation.[66] Rotation speeds exceeded 60 knots (31 m/s), with brief periods surpassing 90 knots (46 m/s). Additionally, a tornado debris signature was detected at altitudes over 25,000 feet, providing strong evidence of a significant tornado event in progress. Based on real-time radar analysis, the SPC classified the tornado as "intense to potentially violent.", estimating winds over 175 mph (282 km/h).[66] Around the same time, a tornado emergency was issued for imminent counties to the northeast due to the tornado.[18]

The tornado then struck the town Salem as it crossed MS 27. A church had its steeple knocked over, an outbuilding was overturned and left intact along a tree line, a house suffered roof damage, and more trees were snapped or uprooted.[36] Another small area of low-end EF3 damage occurred just northeast of there, where a well-built metal building system was heavily damaged.[36] More metal building systems northeast of there were heavily damaged or destroyed, metal power poles were knocked down, a mobile home was shifted off its foundation, and dozens of trees were snapped or uprooted.[36] The tornado reached EF3 intensity again northwest of Darbun near and along Darbun Road. Mobile homes, sheds, and outbuildings were demolished, a church and homes suffered heavy roof damage, and swaths of trees were stubbed, snapped, or uprooted.[36] North of Darbun Road along Bethlehem Loop Road, multiple mobile homes were obliterated and swept away, a metal outbuilding was flattened, homes suffered partial roof removal, vehicles were damaged, power poles were snapped, and trees were stubbed. Three fatalities were confirmed in this area, all in mobile homes.[36] It was noted that this was one of multiple areas in Walthall County where the tornado likely reached EF4 intensity, but the most severe damage in rural areas of the county was to manufactured homes, which can only receive a maximum rating of mid-range EF3 when they are destroyed. As a result, the flattened home near Tylertown was the only damage that could be rated EF4.[36] The tornado then continued to snap and uproot trees as it approached the Walthall–Marion County line.[36] Along the county line, a mobile home was destroyed, a home suffered severe roof damage, and trees were snapped or uprooted.[36]

A wooden home near Collins, Mississippi was swept away at low-end EF4 intensity.

After entering Marion County, the tornado produced significant EF2-EF3 damage to trees and homes, crossing through Whitebluff and crossing the Pearl River, and entering Jefferson Davis County, where it initially caused EF1-EF2 damage to trees.[36] After briefly weakening to EF1 intensity, the tornado passed near Society Hill, causing EF2 tree damage as it crossed MS 13. It also caused EF1 damage to three chicken houses. Northeast of Society Hill, the tornado crossed Storey Parkman Road, obliterating a mobile home at low-end EF3 intensity; two people were killed, and one other person was injured. Homes nearby suffered roof damage, and trees were damaged. The tornado then continued northeastward, causing widespread EF2-EF3 damage throughout its path through the rest of Jefferson Davis County. Prior to entering Covington County, the tornado underwent structural changes and significantly shrank in size; this initially caused the tornado to weaken slightly, but a more dramatic tightening to 100–150 yards (91–137 m) caused the vortex to spin faster and rapidly strengthen. The tornado reached EF3 intensity as it approached and crossed Blackjack New Chapel Road, unroofing and knocking down several walls of a brick home, obliterating a mobile home and wrapping its frame around two pine trees, shattering a large oak tree, and snapping and uprooting numerous other trees.[36]

The tornado then reached low-end EF4 intensity for a second time west of Collins, where a small home on Wilson Road was destroyed with its concrete foundation swept clean of debris. This building, while not showing signs of structural decay, was determined to have fewer anchor bolts than is typical of modern construction, which prevented surveyors from assigning a higher rating. Nearby, a tractor-trailer was overturned and pulled 30–40 yards (27–37 m) into the vortex, two mobile homes were destroyed, a large metal building system multi-car garage was destroyed with some of its beams thrown, and more trees were snapped or uprooted. After this, the tornado gradually weakened, causing some additional tree damage before dissipating at 1:39 p.m. CDT. The end of the damage path in the forested area would be crossed by an EF2 tornado about 41 minutes later.[67] This tornado was the deadliest of the outbreak, killing five people and injuring at least three others.[36][68] It was on the ground for a total of an hour and 20 minutes, with a length of 67.65 miles (108.87 km), and reaching a peak width of approximately 1,400 yards (1,300 m).[36]

Non-tornadic effects

The system responsible for the outbreak, seen centered over Kansas on March 14

Winter storm

California

Very heavy snow fell in the Sierra Nevada of California on March 12 and 13, with the highest snowfall being 32 inches (81 cm) at Bear Valley.[69] Multiple car crashes due to snow were recorded on I-80. Heavy rain caused mudslides in Southern California, with six rescues being conducted in San Jacinto.[70]

Minnesota

Following record-breaking high temperatures achieved the previous day, heavy snow and blizzard conditions were expected across much of Minnesota starting on March 15.[71] The heaviest snow was expected to occur on the northwestern quadrant of the cyclone, specifically across central and western Minnesota, where snowfall rates were expected to exceed 1 in (2.5 cm) per hour.[72]

Fire weather and dust storms

See also: 2025 Oklahoma wildfires
Widespread non-severe products, specifically wind advisories (dark beige), red flag warnings (magenta), and high wind warnings (bronze), were issued across the continental United States by the morning of March 14, 2025

An extremely critical risk for fire weather was issued over much of the Southern Plains, including much of western Texas, eastern New Mexico, and central Oklahoma, as the trough was expected to produce widespread sustained winds of 30–40 mph (48–64 km/h), including frequent gusts of 50–70 mph (80–113 km/h) and occasionally up to 80 mph (130 km/h), over an area of low relative humidity.[73] Leedey, Oklahoma was put under an evacuation notice due to a rapidly spreading wildfire.[74] Students at Oklahoma State University were told to shelter in place due to a wildfire.[1] Fires were reported in nine counties across Oklahoma, including Oklahoma County and much of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.[75] One person in the state was killed in a car crash due to smoke, and at least 170,000 acres of land have been burned.[76] In total, 142 injuries and four fatalities were reported due to fires and high winds.[77]

Four people were killed and multiple people were injured in car crashes near Amarillo, Texas as a dust storm hit the area.[78] Over 100,000 power outages were reported in Texas and Oklahoma.[79]

Another dust storm caused a multiple-vehicle collision on I-70 between Colby and Goodland, Kansas, when visibility was reduced to "near zero". At least 71 vehicles were involved, eight people were killed, and at least thirty were injured. I-70 was temporarily closed while crews removed debris from the area.[80][81][82]

Dust and smoke caused particularly poor air quality in Kansas City, Missouri.[83]

Impacts and aftermath

Casualties by state
State Deaths[3] Injuries
Alabama 3 "multiple"[84]
Arkansas 3 ≥32[85]
Kansas 8 ≥30[82]
Mississippi 6 29[86]
Missouri 12 "several"[87]
Oklahoma 4 142[77]
Texas 4 "multiple"[88]
North Carolina 2 8[89]
Total 43+ 247+

The "Wearin' of the Green" parade in Baton Rouge, Louisiana was postponed by one day due to the expected severe weather.[90] Due to high non-thunderstorm winds, over 400 flights were cancelled at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. Around 20% of flights at Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport were also canceled.[91]

In

Chicago Metropolitan Area on the overnight of the 14–15, with over 500,000 Commonwealth Edison customers losing power. 99% of these outages were resolved by 7:30 p.m. on the 15th.[94]

In Mississippi, widespread tornado damage occurred, with Governor of Mississippi Tate Reeves stating that "Grenada County was the hardest hit", with major damage occurring in Elliott and Gore Springs.[95]

On March 17, days after the outbreak, ABC reported that the office of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma, which had provided forecasts throughout the outbreak, was listed as a property to be terminated by the Department of Government Efficiency, an executive branch entity headed by Elon Musk. Tom Cole, the Republican representative for Oklahoma's 4th congressional district, stated that he had intervened in the matter and the office would not be closed; despite this, the office still appeared on the list of properties facing lease termination.[96]

See also

Notes

References

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  69. ISSN 0362-4331
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  70. ^ Karina Tsui; Mary Gilbert (March 13, 2025). "Powerful storm causes mudslides in California, threatens outbreak of tornadoes and wildfires across US this week". CNN. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
  71. ^ Del Rosso, Adam (March 15, 2025). "Blizzard conditions Saturday for parts of western Minnesota, gusty winds expected in metro". WCCO-TV. Retrieved March 15, 2025.
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  73. ^ Moore (March 14, 2025). "Storm Prediction Center Day 1 Fire Weather Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
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