User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Ki (cuneiform)
rewrite it to present the subject from an encyclopedic point of view. |
Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 π ) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAΕ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAαΈͺ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "Γ©", and "Γ" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qΓ©-(18), qΓ-(62), and KI-(288).
Cities of the ancient Near East
The
Architectural organization
Examples
Sortable table of archaeological sites
π
ki |
Arabic )
|
π
eβ |
π
diΕir |
---|---|---|---|
Eridu π£π eridugki |
Tell Abu Shahrain
|
Eabzu ππͺπ eβ.abzu |
Enki πππ den.ki |
Tell al-Lahm | Nergal ππ§ππ dnergalβ(kiΕ‘.abg) | ||
Ur πππ urimβki |
Tell el-Muqayyar
|
Ekishnugal ππ§π‘π eβ.kiΕ‘.nu.Εalβ |
Nannar πππ dnanna |
Kesh πππ²π keΕ‘βki |
|||
Larsa πππ larsamki |
Tell as-Senkereh
|
Ebabbar πππ eβ.babbarβ |
|
Uruk ππ unugki |
Tell al-Warka | Eanna πππΎ eβ.an.na |
|
Bad-tibira π¦πΎππ badβ.tibiraki |
Tell al-Madain
|
Emushkalama ππΉπ¦π eβ.muΕ‘β.kalam.ma |
Lulal ππ½π dluβ.lalβ |
Lagash π’ππ·π lagaΕ‘ki |
Tell al-Hiba
|
E-engura πππ eβ.engur.ra |
Nanshe ππ dnanΕ‘e |
Girsu ππ’π Εirβ.suki |
Tell Telloh
|
||
Umma ππ΅π ummaki |
Tell Jokha
|
Ebursigsig πππ π eβ.bur.sigβ.sigβ |
Shara ππ dΕ‘araβ |
Zabala ππΉ zabalaβki |
Tell Ibzeikh
|
Inanna ππΉ dinana | |
Nippur ππ€π nibruki |
Tell Nuffar
|
Ekur ππ³ eβ.kur |
Enlil πππ€ den.lilβ |
Shuruppak π’π³ππ Ε‘uruppagki |
Tell Fara | Edimgalanna ππ΄π²ππΎ eβ.dim.gal.an.na |
Ninlil ππ©ππ€ dnin.lilβ |
Marad π«ππ marad.daki |
Tell Wannat es-Sadum
|
Eigikalamma ππ΄π²π¦π eβ.dim.gal.kalam.ma |
Lugal-Marad πππ«π dlugal.marad.da |
Adab ππ£π adabki |
Tell Bismaya
|
Emah ππ€ eβ.maαΈ« |
Ninhursag ππ©ππ―π dnin.αΈ«ur.saΕ |
Isin π π isinβki |
Ishan al-Bahriyat | Eshegmeshedu πππ¨π π eβ.Ε‘egββ.me.Ε‘eβ.duβ |
Nintinugga ππ©ππ·?π΅ dnin.tin.ugβ(ezenβαΈ«al).ga |
Eresh ππ ereΕ‘βki |
|||
Larak π·πππ la.ra.agki |
PabilsaΔ ππΊπππ dpa.bilβ.saΕ | ||
Kish π§π kiΕ‘ki |
Tell al-Uhaymir
|
Edub ππΎ eβ-dub |
Zababa πππ·π· dza.baβ.baβ |
Sippar πππ£π zimbirki |
Tell Abu Habbah
|
Egalmah ππ²π€ eβ.gal.maαΈ« |
Gula πππ² dguβ.laβ |
Akshak ππ akΕ‘akki |
|||
Akkad ππ΅ππ a.ga.deβki |
Emush ππΉ e.muΕ‘ |
Ama-uΕ‘umgal-ana ππΌπ²π dama.uΕ‘umgal | |
Tell Khafajah | Mami ππ πͺ dma.mi | ||
Eshnunna ππ£πΎπ eΕ‘β.nun.naki |
Tell Asmar
|
Esikil ππ eβ.sikil |
Ninazu ππ©πππ« dnin.a.zuβ |
Ahuti ππ·πΎπ a.αΈ«u.tiki |
|||
Ambar πΉπ ambarki |
|||
Arawa πΈπ uruΓaki |
|||
Arua ππππ a.ruβ.aki |
|||
Durum π¦π durumki |
Ninshubur ππ©ππ dnin.Ε‘ubur | ||
Irikug π·π¬ iri.kugki |
Bau πππ dba.uβ | ||
Karkar π π karkarki |
|||
Karzida πΌππ£π kar.zid.daki |
|||
Kasura ππ©π kaβ.sur.raki |
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Kian π ππ ki.anki |
|||
KieΕ‘a π ππ ki.eΕ‘βki |
|||
Kinunir π π‘πͺπ ki.nu.nirki |
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Mashkan-shapir π¦π·πΊπ π maΕ‘.ganβ.Ε‘abraki |
Tell Abu Duwari | ||
Mari π π·π ma.riβki |
Mer ππ¨π dme.ru | ||
Sirara ππ£ππ³π siraraβki |
|||
Tell Abu Salabikh |
Clickable map of archaeological sites
Population estimates
Measurement units and conversion
Acres | Hectares | |
---|---|---|
Square feet | 1 acre (44,000 square feet) | 1 hectare (110,000 square feet) |
Acres | 1 acre (1.0 acre) | 1 acre (0.40 hectares) |
Hectares | 1 hectare (2.5 acres) | 1 hectare (1.0 hectare) |
Square kilometers | 1 square kilometre (250 acres) | 1 square kilometre (100 hectares) |
Square miles | 1 square mile (640 acres) | 1 square mile (260 hectares) |
Population density
Author | Discipline | Publication year | Period covered | Region covered | People Per Hectare (pph) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chandler | Historian | 1987 | Ancient Near East | 75β200 | |
Hassan | Geoarchaeologist
|
1978 | Bronze Age Asia | 100 | |
Adams | Anthropologist | 1966 | Sumer | 100β200 | |
Modelski | Political scientist
|
1997 | Ancient Southwest Asia | 100β200 | |
Renfrew | Paleolinguist | Early Holocene Eurasia | 200 | ||
McEvedy | Demographer
|
1967 | Meghalayan | Old World | 250 |
Mallowan | Levantine archaeologist | 1967 | Bronze Age Iraq | 400β500 | |
Yadin | Judaic archaeologist
|
1963 | Ancient Levant | 600 | |
Bairoch | Economic historian
|
1988 | Ancient Mediterranean | 400β700 | |
Pettinato | Paleographer
|
1981 | Ancient Syria | 714 | |
Frankfort | Orientalist | 1948 | Early Dynastic Mesopotamia | 75β494 | |
Wright | Near Eastern archaeologist | 1981 | Northgrippian | Sumer | |
Nissen | Archaeologist
|
1972 | Bronze Age | Lower Mesopotamia | 100β200 |
Whitehouse | 1977 | Bronze Age Asia | 75β400 |
Estimated settlement sizes (in hectares)
Settlement | Nissen | Pettinato | Mallowan | Adams | Roux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 50β500 | ||||
Bad-tibira | 25 | 50β500 | |||
Larak | 50β500 | ||||
Sippar | 50β500 | ||||
Shuruppak | 100 | ||||
Kish | 84+ | 50β500 | |||
Uruk | 250 | 400 | 50β500 | ||
Ur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Nippur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Girsu | 50β500 | ||||
Lagash | 50β500 | ||||
Umma | 400 | 50β500 | |||
Kesh | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Adab | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Isin | 50β500 | ||||
Larsa | 50β500 | ||||
Zabala | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Akshak | 50β500 | ||||
Shekhna
|
100 | ||||
Nagar | 75β100 | ||||
Ebla | 56 | ||||
Anshan |
Estimated settlement populations
Settlement | Pettinato | Chandler | Whitehouse | Frankfort | McEvedy | Thompson | Modelski |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Bad-tibira | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Larak | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Sippar | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Shuruppak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β30,000 | 17,000 | ||||
Kish | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 25,000 | ||||
Uruk | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000β40,000 | 50,000 | |||
Ur | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 10,000 | ||||
Adab | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | 13,000 | ||||
Akshak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Isin | |||||||
Larsa | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000 | |||||
Girsu | 40,000β80,000 | ||||||
Lagash | 10,000β20,000 | 19,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 30,000β60,000 | 40,000 | ||
Umma | 10,000β20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 40,000 | 34,000 | ||
Eshnunna | 9,000 | ||||||
Tutub
|
12,000 | ||||||
Nippur | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ||||
Kesh | 10,000 | 11,000 | |||||
Zabala | 10,000 | ||||||
Assur | |||||||
Nineveh | |||||||
Akkad | |||||||
Mari | 40,000 | ||||||
Ebla | β€40,000 | 30,000 | |||||
Shekhna
|
20,000 | ||||||
Nagar | 10,000β15,000 | 15,000 | |||||
Tell Chuera | |||||||
Anshan | 10,000 | ||||||
Susa | 10,000β15,000 |
Lands of the ancient Near East
Lower Mesopotamia
Sumer
Hammar Marshes
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Euphrates | Uruk | Muthanna |
Zabala | Dhi Qar
| |
Umma | ||
Girsu | ||
Lagash | ||
Larsa | ||
Bad-tibira | ||
Kesh | ||
Ur | ||
Kuara
| ||
Eridu |
Gu-Edin
Qurna Marshes
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Dilbat | Al-QΔdisiyyah |
Mashkan-shapir | ||
Nippur | ||
Marad | ||
Isin | ||
Kisurra | ||
Shuruppak |
Hawizeh Marshes
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Pashime | Maysan
|
Akshak? | Wasit | |
Der | ||
Larak? | ||
Adab |
Central Mesopotamia
Akkad
Greater Syria
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Euphrates | Mari | Deir ez-Zor |
Baghdad Belts
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Tigris | Assur | Saladin |
Middle Euphrates | Kutha | Babil
|
Borsippa | ||
Sippar | ||
Sippar-Amnanum | ||
Kish | Baghdad | |
ΚΏAdhaim | Gasur
|
Kirkuk |
Diyala | Akkad? | Diyala |
Eshnunna | ||
Tutub
|
Central lands
Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin
Zagros Mountains forest steppe
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karun | Shimashki
|
Isfahan
|
Awan? | Lorestan
| |
Elam? | Ilam
|
Mesopotamian Marshes
Southern Iran
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karkheh
|
Susiana
|
Khuzestan
|
Marun | ||
Karun | Anshan | Fars
|
Upper Mesopotamia
Eastern Turkey
Eastern Anatolia
Sub-basin
|
Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Euphrates | Aratta? | IΔdΔ±r |
AΔrΔ± |
Northwestern Iran
Azerbaijan
Sub-basin
|
Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Great Zab | Aratta? | West Azerbaijan
|
Eastern Syria
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Khabur | Urkesh | Al-Hasakah |
Shekhna
| ||
Asnakkum
| ||
Kahat | ||
Tell Arbid | ||
Nagar | ||
Tell Hamoukar
| ||
Sikkan
| ||
Nabada |
Northern Iraq
Assyria
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Tigris | Nineveh | Nineveh |
Kurdistan
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Little Zab | Simurrum? | Sulaymaniyah |
Western Iran
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Diyala | Lulubum ?
|
Kermanshah
|
Hamazi? | ||
Awan? |
Northernmost regions described in the earliest writings
Lands and their (proposed) locations | Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact |
---|---|
Mediterranean Region, Turkey |
|
Iginimmashe AΚΎabak (Sumerian): π ππ πΊ πππ igi.nim.ma.Ε‘ea.ab.ba lit. 'Upper Sea' Mediterranean Sea | |
Mashu and the Cedar Forest (Sumerian): π³πππ» kur.ΕeΕ‘erin.kud lit. 'Mountains of Cedar-felling' | |
Eastern Anatolia Region |
|
Hurum Mountain (Sumerian): π―ππ π³πͺπ αΈ«ur.ru.umkur.ku.ra lit. 'Mountain Cave' Mount Ararat, IΔdΔ±r Province | |
Aratta πΆπ arattaki AΔrΔ± Province |
Westernmost regions described in the earliest writings
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Mari π π·π ma.riβki |
Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
Mariotes
|
Mariotic |
Sutium π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Raqqa Governorate |
Suteans π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Sutean π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Suhum | Homs Governorate | ||
Apum | Al-Hasakah Governorate |
Akkadian dialect | |
Armani | Aleppo Governorate |
Amorites π₯π mar.tu |
Amorite |
Amurru | Tartus Governorate | ||
Ebla π π·π eb.laki |
Idlib Governorate |
Eblaites
|
Eblaite
|
Easternmost regions described in the earliest writings
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People | Most commonly spoken and/or written language |
---|---|---|---|
Elam (Sumerian): ππ elamki (Southern, Western, and Central Iran) | |||
Southern Iran | Elamite π ΄ ππ π eme elam.maki (Language isolate) + Elamite cuneiform | ||
Khuzestan Province
| |||
Anshan ππΊππ an.Ε‘aβ.anki |
Fars Province
| ||
Central Iran | |||
Isfahan Province
| |||
Western Iran | |||
Elam ππ elamki |
Ilam Province
| ||
Awan ππΏππ a.wa.anki |
Lorestan Province
| ||
Kurdistan Province
|
Lullubi π»π»ππ lu.lu.biki |
Akkadian cuneiform
| |
Simurrum ππ¬πππ si.mu.ru.umki |
Kermanshah Province
|
||
Hamazi π©π π£π αΈ«a.ma.ziki |
Hamadan Province
| ||
West Azerbaijan Province
|
Gutian (Unclassified language) π ΄ππΎπ eme gu.ti.um | ||
Hurti π·π―πΎπ αΈ«u.urβ .tiki |
|||
Northwestern Iran
| |||
Aratta πΆπ arattaki |
East Azerbaijan Province
| ||
Eastern Iran | |||
Marhasi π₯π©π π mar.αΈ«a.Ε‘iki |
Sistan and Baluchestan Province
| ||
Western Pakistan | |||
Meluhha π¨ππ©π me.luαΈ«.αΈ«aki |
Balochistan, Pakistan |
Harappan
|
Harappan (Unclassified language) + Indus script |
Southernmost regions described in the earliest writings
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People(s) | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Sigtata AΚΎabak (Sumerian): ππ«π« πππ sig.ta.taa.ab.ba lit. 'Lower Sea' Persian Gulf | |||
Dilmun ππ dilmunki |
Eastern Province |
||
Magan π£πΆπ maβ.ganki |
Ad Dhahirah Governorate
|
See also
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119β145), 165 pages, Glossary, itti, p. 128
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign no. 461, p. 163, ki.
- ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)