Wars of national liberation
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Wars of national liberation, also called wars of independence or wars of liberation, are conflicts fought by
The term "wars of national liberation" is most commonly used for those fought during the
When the nation is defined in ethnic terms, wars fought to liberate it have often entailed ethnic cleansing or genocide in order to rid the claimed territory of other population groups.[5][6][7]
Legal issues
Strategies and tactics
These strategies explain why they are quite successful against foreign regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Foreign regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast, an indigenous regime has no place to which they can retreat, and will fight much harder because of the lack of alternatives. Moreover, foreign regimes usually have fewer active supporters in the theater, and those that exist can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to identify their targets. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are often not easily recognized as such, making it much harder to conduct operations against them without also causing harm to neutral parties.
History
Decolonization period
The
Ongoing wars defined as national liberation conflicts
The
The following current conflicts have sometimes also been characterized as wars or struggles of national liberation (such a designation is often subject to controversy):
- Many Chechens and foreign observers consider the First and Second Chechen Wars to be wars of national liberation against Russia.[14][15][16]
- Some Iraqi insurgent groups, and certain political groups believe that the coalition.
- Many Kurds believe the Kurdish people in Turkey.
- The Sahrawi people. The hostilities are frozen since the 1991 cease-fire following the settlement plan agreement.
Conflicts
Conflicts which have been described as national liberation struggles:
- The Swedish War of Liberation (1521–23).
- The Eighty Years' War.
- The Khmelnytsky Uprising.
- The American Revolutionary War.
- The Irish Rebellion of 1798.
- The Irish Rebellion of 1803.
- The Peninsular War against Napoleon's occupation of Spain and Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars.
- The Haitian Revolution.
- The German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's occupation of German lands during the Napoleonic Wars.
- The Spanish American wars of independence.
- The Norwegian War of Independence.
- The Greek War of Independence (1821).
- The Serbian Revolution.
- The Dominican War of Independence (1844–1856).
- The Italian Wars of Independence (1848-1866)
- The Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865).
- The Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878).
- Explicit wars of decolonization:
- The Philippine Revolution
- The Việt Minhagainst Japanese invasion of Vietnam.
- The Vietminhagainst French colonial rule in Indochina
- The Indonesian National Revolution
- The Tamil resistance to Sri Lankan colonization in Tamil-speaking territories and discrimination against the Tamil people.
- The Madagascar revolt against French colonial rule in 1947.
- The Algerian War against France (1954–1962).
- The Portuguese Colonial War in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique against Portugal (1961-1974).
- In Cameroon, by the UPC against France.
- In South Yemen by the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY).
- The Mau Mau Rebellionagainst British rule in Kenya.
- The Rhodesian Bush War in white-ruled Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), led by ZANU and ZAPU.
- In Western Sahara, by the Moroccan Army of Liberation against Spain & France, and by the Polisario Front against Moroccan & Mauritanian occupation.
- In Namibia, by the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) and SWANU against apartheid South Africa.
- The Dhofar Rebellion in Muscat and Oman.
- The Dervish War in Somalia.
- The Brunei Revolt.
- The Estonian War of Independence.
- The Latvian War of Independence.
- The Lithuanian Wars of Independence.
- The Ukrainian War of Independence.
- The Turkish War of Independence.
- The National Liberation War of Yugoslavia within World War II, by the Yugoslav Partisans (National Liberation Army) against Axisoccupators and their collaborators.
- The Italian War of Liberation of 1943–1945 in which forces of the Kingdom of Italy and the Italian resistance movement fought against occupying forces of Nazi Germany and forces of the Italian Social Republic during the Italian campaign of World War II and the simultaneous Italian Civil War
- In China, the Chinese Civil War (1945–1949).
- In North Korea, the Korean War against South Korea.
- The Vietnam War, with South Vietnam and the United States against North Vietnam, China, Soviet Union and communist bloc.
- The Eritrean War of Independence against Ethiopia.
- The Bangladesh Liberation War against West Pakistan.
- In Afghanistan, against the occupying Soviet Army.
- In Ireland, the Irish War of Independence and The Troubles in Northern Ireland; also, the Provisional IRA insurgency against the United Kingdom, aimed at creating a socialist republic within a united Ireland, from 1969 until 1998.
- In Cambodia, against the occupying Vietnamese Army and People's Republic of Kampuchea during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
- The Ogaden War of 1977 with Somalia against Ethiopia
- In Nicaragua, by Augusto Sandino's forces against the occupying U.S. Marines.
- In Chad, by FROLINAT against the Tombalbaye dictatorship
- In Umkhonto we Sizwe and Azanian People's Liberation Army.
- The First and Second Chechen Wars, by the Chechen peoples against Russia
- In Bougainville, by the Bougainville Revolutionary Army against Papua New Guinea
- The Chiapas conflict by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation against Mexico has been considered a national liberation movement.
- The Croatian War of Independence
- The Slovenian War of Independence
- The Bosnian War of Independence
See also
- 14 Pointsespecially V & XII
- African independence movements
- American War of Independence
- Clausewitz's On War
- chronology of colonialism
- First Nagorno-Karabakh War
- Hukbalahap
- counter-insurgency
- Minzu jiefang
- Portuguese Restoration War
- Decolonization of the Americas
- War of Independence
- Western Sahara War
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of decolonized nations
- List of historical separatist movements
- List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- List of wars of independence
- Separatism
- Stateless nation
- List of sovereign states by date of formation
References
- ^ ISBN 0-691-07790-8.
- McNamara, Robert S. (1965-08-30). "Buildup of U.S. Forces in VietNam, Statement by Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, Before the Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on August 4, 1965". Department of State Bulletin: 369. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ISBN 0-7567-7867-0.
- ^ Little, Wendell E. (1980). "Wars of National Liberation—Insurgency". Air University Review (September–October). Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-3038-5.
- S2CID 232725375.
"Rendering an area ethnically homogenous by using force or in- timidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group" seems, in fact, an essential element in the program of many state builders and national liberation movements.
- S2CID 189900927.
- ^ a b c d Malanczuk, 1997, p. 336.
- ^ Higgins, Noelle (April 2004). "The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Wars of National Liberation" (PDF). Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ISBN 9780465003112.
- ^ Shultz, 1988, p. 100.
- ^ Wilson, 1990, p. 119.
- ^ Boczek, 2005, p86.
- ISBN 1-84331-164-X, 9781843311645
- ISBN 978-0-8157-2498-8
- ISBN 978-0-521-63619-3
Bibliography
- Boleslaw Adam Boczek (2005). International law: a dictionary. Scarecrow Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8108-5078-1.
- Malanczuk, Peter Autor (1997). Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11120-1.
- Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). Native vs. settler: ethnic conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31357-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-8711-4.
- Wilson, Heather A. (1990). International law and the use of force by national liberation movements (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825662-5.
External links
- Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) THE STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND THEIR USE OF ARMED FORCE
- Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers - The status in International Law of National Liberation Movements
- A reversal of International Law