Wolframite
Wolframite | ||
---|---|---|
Specific gravity 7–7.5 | | |
Fusibility | 3–4 to magnetic globule | |
References | [1][2][3] |
Wolframite is an iron, manganese, and tungstate mineral with a chemical formula of (Fe,Mn)WO4 that is the intermediate mineral between ferberite (Fe2+ rich) and hübnerite (Mn2+ rich).[4] Along with scheelite, the wolframite series are the most important tungsten ore minerals. Wolframite is found in quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives.[5] Associated minerals include cassiterite, scheelite, bismuth, quartz, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite.
This mineral was historically found in
Properties
The wolframite series is mainly formed through magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with felsic magmas, namely skarns, or through metamorphic processes. In the more common granitic deposits, wolframite minerals can be found in both greisen and veins as its formation is tied to these two structures.[8]
Crystal structure
The wolframite series consists of two endmembers, ferberite (Fe2+ end member), hübnerite (Mn2+ end member), with Wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4 itself being a solid solution between the two endmembers.[4] These two end members can be present in any proportion within wolframite, from 100% ferberite to 100% hübnerite. Wolframite Contains the following percentages of its components, 60.63% W+6, 9.21% Fe+2, 9.06% Mn+2, 21.10% O−2.[9] Wolframite ore exhibits massive form with a dark grey to reddish black coloration.[5] Wolframite in its pure crystal form exhibits a monoclinic crystal system with a perfect cleavage of {010} and an iron black color. Wolframite in its crystalline form also displays lamellar and prismatic habit.[10]
Name
The name "wolframite" is derived from German "wolf rahm", the name given to tungsten by
World mine production and reserves
As of 2022, estimated world mine production was 84,000 metric tons of tungsten.[12] The foremost producer of Tungsten is China with an estimated 71,000 metric tons produced and as such world tungsten supply was dominated by China and Chinese exports. The next highest producers are Vietnam, Russia, Bolivia, and Rwanda with an estimated 4,800, 2,300, 1,400, and 1,100 respectively.[12]
As of 2022, the estimate world reserves of tungsten is 3,800,000 metric tons. Again China contains the greatest reserve at 1,800,000 metric tons of tungsten. The following countries have the next highest reserves: Russia, Vietnam, Spain, and Austria with an estimated reserve of 400,000, 100,000, 56,000, and 10,000 respectively.[12]
Use
Wolframite is highly valued as the main source of the metal tungsten, a strong and very dense material with a high melting temperature used for
Tungsten salts were used in the 19th century to dye cotton and to make stage costumes which were fire retardant. Additionally in the 19th century tungsten sulfides were sparingly used as lubrication for machining. Wolframite is also used to make tungstic acid which is used in the textile industry.[14]
A major modern day use of tungsten is as a catalyst for various chemical reactions. One such catalytic use of tungsten is as a hydrocracking catalyst which is used to improve the yield of organic components such as gasoline in hydrocarbon refinement as well as reducing harmful pollution and by products. Another catalytic use of tungsten is as a De-NOX catalyst which is used in the treatment of nitrogen oxide emissions to convert harmful nitrogen oxides into inert N2 gas.[14]
Another modern day use of tungsten is as a lubricant. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a lubricant with a dynamic coefficient of friction of ~0.03. Tungsten disulfide can be used at temperatures of 583 °C and 1316 °C in air and vacuum respectively. These characteristics allow this lubricant to operate in extreme conditions.[14]
Wolframite was considered to be a
See also
- List of minerals
- WW II
References
- ^ Barthelmy, Dave. "Wolframite Mineral Data". webmineral.com.
- ^ "Wolframite: Wolframite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org.
- ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ ISSN 0266-6979.
- ^ OCLC 1181840467.
- ^ "USGS Circular 930–O: International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten". pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Clean them up". The Economist. 19 August 2010.
- OCLC 1044727909.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISSN 0038-075X.
- ^ "Wolframite Mineral Data". webmineral.com. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ a b c Shedd, Kim B. (January 2023). "Tungsten" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ "Nazi Gold: Spain and Portugal". 2011-08-19. Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
- ^ a b c Christian, J.; Singh Gaur, R.P.; Wolfe, T.; Trasorras, J. R. L. (June 1, 2011). "Tungsten Chemicals and their Applications" (PDF). International Tungsten Industry Association. pp. 1–12. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ "Clean them up: Congo's conflict minerals". The Economist. Vol. 396, no. 8696. 21 August 2010. p. 41. Retrieved 24 August 2010.