Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Pakistan |
Afghanistan |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul | Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad |
Envoy | |
Ambassador Mansoor Ahmad Khan | Charge d'Affaires Mohammad Shokaib[1][2] |
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral ties between
Shortly after Pakistani independence, Afghanistan materially supported the failed
Diplomatic relations were cut off between 1961 and 1963 after Afghanistan supported more armed separatists in Pakistan, leading to
In 2017, the Pakistani military have accused Afghanistan of sheltering various terrorist groups which launch attacks into Pakistan,[18] while Afghan authorities have blamed Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI, for funding warlords and the Taliban, and for basing terrorist camps within Pakistani territory to target Afghanistan.[19][20][21] There is considerable amount of anti-Pakistan sentiment in Afghanistan,[22] while negative sentiment towards the Afghan refugees is widespread in Pakistan,[23][24][25] even in Pashtun-dominated regions.[26] Border tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan have escalated to an unprecedented degree following recent instances of violence along the widely known 'Durand Line'.[27]
However, former Afghan President
Historical context
Southern and eastern Afghanistan is predominately
The Durand Line border was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between
Shortly after the demarcation of the Durand Line, the British began connecting the region on its side of Durand line to the vast and expansive Indian railway network. Concurrently, the
Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement after its
Shortly after Pakistan gained independence in 1947, Afghanistan crafted a two-fold strategy to destabilize the
The Afghan government denounced the merger of
Afghanistan's policies placed a severe strain upon Pakistan–Afghan relations in the 1960s, up until the 1970s, when the Pashtunistan movement largely subsided as the population came to identify with Pakistan. The Pashtun assimilation into the Pakistani state followed years of rising Pashtun influence in Pakistani politics and the nation's bureaucracy, culminating in
Confederation proposal
In order to solve the disputes, mainly centered around the borders issue with the Durand line,
Afghan scholar
President Zia-ul-Haq too was for such confederation. "Charles Wilson recalled a map that Zia had also shown to him in which overlay indicated the goal of a confederation embracing first Pakistan and Afghanistan and eventually Central Asia and Kashmir. Zia further explained about the Pakistan-Afghanistan confederation in which Pakistanis and Afghans could travel freely back and forth without passports."[50] General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, considered Zia's right-hand man and more importantly the DG-ISI (1979–1987), himself a Pashtun, "also shared Zia’s vision of a post-Soviet "Islamic Confederation" composed of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir and even the states of Soviet Central Asia."[51]
Even more than a confederation, recently declassified CIA documents point out that, in 1954, the Afghan government approached the US in order to have a merger with Pakistan, being threatened by the Soviet Union's economic envelopment. Pakistan's then Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra was skeptical of a total merger, but the idea of a confederation in itself, on the other hand, was already floating around, as "the CIA report hinted that there had been some talk in Afghan and Pakistani official circles of some sort of confederation."[52]
Some analysts have noted that present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan have already been amalgamated into a single geographical unit during the
Contemporary era
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (April 2022) |
Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan began deteriorating again in the 1970s when Afghanistan hosted Pashtun-Baluch militants operating against Pakistan under the leadership of National Awami Party led by Abdul Wali Khan
During the 1980s, the
Following the
Although the victorious mujahideen formed a government in 1992 through the
In late 1996, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan emerged and established close relations with neighbouring Pakistan. However, the relations began to decline when the Taliban refused to endorse the Durand Line despite pressure from Islamabad, arguing that there shall be no borders among Muslims.[74] A discussion over the Durrand Line between the-then Taliban leader Mohammed Omar and Naseerullah Babar ended abruptly. Omar called Babar, who was an ethnic Pashtun, a traitor for saying that "all problems would be resolved" should the Durrand Line be recognised by the Taliban government.[75]
When the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was toppled and the new Afghan government was formed, President Hamid Karzai began repeating the previous Taliban statement.[76]
"A line of hatred that raised a wall between the two brothers."
The
The Durand Line border has been used in the last decade as the main supply route for
In 2007, Afghan intelligence captured Muhammad Hanif, the Taliban spokesman. During his interrogation which was recorded, Hanif claimed that the Taliban leader was being kept in Quetta under the protection of the ISI.[77] Pakistan denied the claims.[78]
Relations have become more strained after the Afghan government began openly accusing Pakistan of using its ISI spy network in aiding the Taliban and other militants. Pakistan usually denies these allegations but has said in the past that it does not have full control of the actions of the ISI. There have been a number of reports about the
After the May 2011
After the
In 2015,
After the Afghan Taliban
In April 2022, Islamabad urged Kabul "to secure Pak-Afghan Border region and take stern actions against the individuals involved in terrorist activities in Pakistan",[98] and Pakistan Air Force conducted air raids across its border with Afghanistan, claiming to strike TTP militants operating in the porous border regions.[99] In late 2022, Pakistan's embassy in Kabul came under attack with gunfire wounding a Pakistani security guard, IS-K claims responsibility for the attack, Pakistan asked the attack to be thoroughly probed by the Taliban authorities.[100]
On September 6, 2023, two military posts located close to the Afghanistan border in Chitral district's area of Kalash were attacked by Pakistani Taliban (TTP) in which two Pakistani soldiers and twelve militants were killed.[101][102] Pakistan claimed that TTP militants crossed the Afghan border to attack those posts within Pakistan. A firing incident occurred near Torkham border crossing resulted in closure of the border. Pakistan claimed that Afghanistan is building unlawful structures on the border which violates Pakistan's territorial sovereignty.[103][104] On October 6, 2023, Pakistan announced the deportation of 1.7 million undocumented Afghan immigrants. A deadline of Nov.1 was announced for people to leave or face forcible expulsion.[105][106] Around 1.3 million Afghans are registered refugees in Pakistan and 880,000 more have legal status to remain, according to the latest United Nations figures.[107] On November 10, 2023, Pakistan announced that it has extended the legal residence status of registered Afghan refugees till December 31, 2023, who have Proof of Registration, or PoR, cards[108] issued by the Government of Pakistan.[109]
Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement
In July 2010, a
In November 2010, the two states formed a joint chamber of commerce to expand trade relations and solve the problems traders face.[113][114] The APTTA agreement has taken effect after several Afghan trucks delivered fruits from Afghanistan to the Wagah border with India in June 2011. With the completion of the APTTA, the United States and other NATO states are planning to revive the ancient Silk Road. This is to help the local economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan by connecting South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East.[115] The APTTA is intended to improve trade between the two countries but Pakistan often delays Afghan-bound containers,[116] especially after the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan.
In July 2012, Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to extend APTTA to Tajikistan in what will be the first step for the establishment of a North–South trade corridor. The proposed agreement will provide facilities to Tajikistan to use Pakistan's Gwadar and Karachi ports for its imports and exports while Pakistan will enjoy trade with Tajikistan under terms similar to the transit arrangement with Afghanistan.[117] Trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan is expected to reach $5 billion by 2015.[118] Afghanistan's economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. A 2012 World Bank report added, "In contrast, Afghanistan’s economy grew robustly by about 11 percent mostly due to a good harvest."[119]
Towards the end of the same year, both the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan drafted plans to talk to the Taliban.[120]
Cooperation between the two countries includes possible defence cooperation
See also
- List of ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan
- Afghanistan–Pakistan sports rivalries
- Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier
- Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
- Anti-Afghan sentiment
- AfPak
- Durand Line
- Khyber Pass Economic Corridor
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Further reading
- Abbas, Hassan. The Taliban Revival: Violence and Extremism on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier (Yale UP, 2014)
- Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, and Tara Vassefi. "The forgotten history of Afghanistan-Pakistan relations." Yale Journal of International Affairs 7 (2012): 38+ online
- Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan (Ashgate, 2005), excerpt
- Nadiri, Khalid Homayun. "Old Habits, New Consequences: Pakistan's Posture toward Afghanistan since 2001." International Security 39.2 (2014): 132–168. online
- Paliwal, Avinash. "Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations Since 2001." in Pakistan at the Crossroads ed by Christophe Jaffrelot; (Columbia UP, 2016) pp. 191–218.
- Rashid, Ahmed. Pakistan on the Brink: The future of Pakistan, Afghanistan and the West (Penguin, 2012).
- Raza, Muhammad Amjad, and Ghulam Mustufa. "Indo-Afghan Relations: Implications for Pakistan." Central Asia 84.Summer (2019): 53–79. online
- Shahrani, M Nazif, ed. Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War (Indiana UP, 2018)
- Siddique, Abubakar. The Pashtun Question The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan (Hurst, 2014)
- Zahab, Mariam Abou, and Olivier Roy. Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection (Columbia UP, 2004)
- Former British Commander Cautions Taliban May Get Control of Pakistan Nuclear Weapons
- Pakistan-Afghanistan Nuclear Sectarian Policy emerges after Benazir Bhutto Nuclear Sectarian policy with Iran leaks
- Pakistan Ranked 1st in Muslim Countries Nuclear Business
- Afghanistan, Pakistan as chef, logistics driver for drugs
- Afghanistan-Pakistan Drug Trafficking and Aviation Business
- Afghanistan-Pakistan Drug Sales in International Airports