Royal tours of Canada
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Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian royal family have been taking place since 1786[1]—when the future King William IV became the first member of the royal family to visit Canada—and continue into the 21st century, either as an official tour, a working tour, a vacation, or a period of military service by a member of the royal family. In 1939, King George VI became the first reigning monarch to tour the country.
Purpose and organization
Originally, official tours were events predominantly for Canadians to see and possibly meet members of their royal family, with the associated patriotic pomp and spectacle. However, nearing the end of the 20th century, such occasions took on the added dimension of a theme; for instance, the 2005 tour of Saskatchewan and Alberta by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was deemed to be a vehicle for the Queen and Canadians to honour "the spirit of nation builders"[2] and the couple's tour in 2010 was themed "honouring the Canadian record of service—past, present, and future."[3][4]
Between 1951 and 2018, 24 members of the royal family toured the country; at least one per year from 1957 to 2018.[5] Queen Elizabeth II undertook the most tours of any member of the royal family: 22 between 1951 and 2010,[6] followed by her son, Charles, who conducted his first in 1970.[7]
Official royal tours have always been vested with civic importance, providing a regionalised country with a common thread of loyalty.[8] The Saskatchewan Office of Visual Identity and Protocol states that, "royal visits lend the prestige of the royal family to worthy causes such as health care, education, the arts, the disabled, multicultural groups, and the volunteer sector. And they attract national and international attention to Saskatchewan's resources, industry, culture, and tourism."[9]
Royal tours can take more than a year to organize. The planning is coordinated by the
Badges
Beginning with the royal tour undertaken by Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II) in 1951,[12] unique badges were created for Elizabeth's official tours of Canada. Though none were produced between 1951 and 1970,[13] one was devised for each of the Queen's tours thereafter, until her last in 2010.[14] The same was done for tours carried out by Elizabeth's consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, beginning in 1985,[15] and by their children; the first for Prince Charles was designed in 1975,[16] the first for Princess Anne in 1979,[17] the first for Prince Andrew in 1985,[18] and the first for Prince Edward in 1987.[19] The initial badge for tours by the Queen Mother was produced in 1979,[20] and those for Princess Margaret and Princess Alexandra both came in 1980;[21][22] the first for Prince William was devised for his royal tour in 2011.[23]
The badge for Princess Elizabeth consists of a gold maple leaf surrounded by a gold circle bearing the words a mari usque ad mare (the official motto of Canada), along with "Canada" and the year, 1951.[12] Since the 1970s, the designs commonly employ the royal person's royal cypher (typically the initial of their Christian name surmounted by the appropriate heraldic crown or coronet) along with a maple leaf, rendered in various styles, on a particular background shape and combination of colours.[13] Only Charles's badges differed by using the Prince of Wales's feathers in place of a cypher and a maple leaf as its own element; the sole exception is the badge for his tour to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee in 2022, which was shaped to match the Canadian jubilee emblem.[24] For the two royal tours conducted by Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, Duchess of York, in 1987 and 1989, the cypher used was their initials intertwined.[25][26] For the 1976 tour of Canada by Queen Elizabeth II, during which she opened the Summer Olympics in Montreal, the badge design included the Olympic Rings.[27]
The badges were initially conceived by
Walkabouts
During the royal tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1939, the Queen initiated the tradition of the "royal walkabout",[29] though her brother-in-law, the former King Edward VIII, had often met ordinary Canadian people in 1919, when Prince of Wales; as he said, "getting off the train to stretch my legs, I would start up conversations with farmers, section hands, miners, small town editors, or newly arrived immigrants from Europe."[30]
18th century
As an officer in the Royal Navy, Prince William Henry (later King William IV) was the first member of the royal family to visit the Newfoundland Colony, the colony of Nova Scotia, and the Province of Quebec (later Lower and Upper Canada), arriving halfway through 1786[31] and remaining until 1788,[32] with a posting to the Caribbean and a return to the United Kingdom in between.[32]
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn became the second member of the royal family to tour the Canadian colonies and the first to live there for an extended period of time.[33] He arrived in Quebec City in 1791[34] and resided there, also visiting Upper Canada in 1792, until departing for the Martinique in 1794.[35]He then lived in Halifax until 1800, [36] with a brief return to the United Kingdom in 1799.
19th century
The 19th century saw the beginning of modern royal tours in the country, with travel becoming easier and faster due to technological innovations such as the steamship, and rail transports. The mid-18th century marked the final time a member of the royal family made a transatlantic crossing by sailing ship; as royal family members began to travel by steamship in the late-19th century. While travelling through Canada, multiple modes of transportation were used when touring within Canada, including rail, on foot, and various-sized water vessels.
1860 royal tour
On 14 May 1859, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada petitioned Queen Victoria, and other members of the royal family to visit Montreal for the opening of Victoria Bridge.[37] Unwilling to leave London in the hands of rivaling politicians, Victoria instead accepted the Canadian invitation on behalf of her son, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII).[37] The Prince of Wales undertook a two-month tour of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and the Province of Canada in 1860. This first official royal tour of British North America was considered a success and helped lead to the unification of the colonies seven years later by confirming a common bond between their inhabitants.[38] The Prince of Wales' royal tour was used as the standard model for future royal tours for the next century.[37]
Newfoundland and the Maritime colonies
The Prince of Wales reached St. John's, Newfoundland in 1860,[39] receiving the typical welcome of an official address, a levee, and a formal ball.[39] During his time there, he attended the St. John's Regatta and was gifted a Newfoundland dog on behalf of Newfoundlanders.[39][40]
Travelling from St. John's he arrived in Halifax on 2 August
He landed at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, on 10 August. Along with formal ball and levee, the Prince toured the countryside around Charlottetown and visited Province House.[43]
Province of Canada
The Prince of Wales was formally welcomed into the Province of Canada by a Canadian delegation, who came aboard HMS Hero near
Following his visit to Quebec City, the Prince of Wales proceeded towards Montreal aboard HMS Hero, joined by several members of the Legislative Assembly near
At Ottawa, the Prince laid the foundation stone of the parliament buildings, canoed on the Ottawa River, and rode a timber slide on the Chaudière Falls.[46][47] Travelling towards Toronto aboard the steamer Kingston, visits were planned for Belleville, and Kingston, although anti-Catholic demonstrators from the Orange Order prevented the Prince from disembarking. In an attempt to not embroil the Prince in a controversy, Henry Pelham-Clinton, the Under-Secretary of State who joined the Prince on his tour, informed mayors that they would not disembark until the demonstrators were dispersed.[48] Sailing further west, the Prince visited Cobourg, Rice Lake, and Peterborough, where he received a reception from the Mississaugas. He then proceeded to Port Hope, re-boarding Kingston to sail on to Toronto.[49]
During a levee in Toronto, the Prince received a delegation from Belleville and Kingston, tending apologies for the early incident.
In the peninsula, he visited
Completing his royal tour of the Province of Canada in late-September, the Prince of Wales departed for the United States from Windsor, Ontario.[55] Taking a month-long personal tour of the United States, he travelled under the pseudonym "Lord Renfrew," in an attempt to not attract attention to himself.[55] The Canadian co-premieres saw-off the Prince's during his departure from Canada, and again from the United States, travelling to Portland, Maine, on 20 October 1860 to see the Prince off.[55]
1861–1883
In 1861,
From 1869 to 1870, Prince Arthur was stationed in Canada as a British Army officer in the Rifle Brigade's Montreal detachment. Arriving in Halifax, he undertook a two-month royal tour of the colony of Prince Edward Island, and the newly formed Dominion of Canada, before returning to military duty in Montreal.[57] In the same year, the Six Nations of the Grand River conferred the title of chief to Prince Arthur. In a formal ceremony, the chief of the three "clans" of the Mohawks received The Prince, and conferred upon him the name "Kavakoudge," meaning "the sun flying from east to west under the guidance of the Great Spirit."[58] Although the title of chief was bestowed as an honorary title to a number of individuals, Arthur underwent the necessary rituals to formalize the title in Mohawk society.[58]
During his time in Canada, Prince Arthur became the first member of the royal family to attend the opening of the Canadian parliament, in February 1870.[59] Prince Arthur, along with his regiment, was present at the Battle of Eccles Hill, a raid conducted by the American-based Fenian Brotherhood, on 25 May 1870.[59] The Prince was awarded the Canada General Service Medal for his participation in the Fenian raids.[60] Returning to the United Kingdom in 1870, Prince Arthur would return to Canada on two more occasions, the latter visit as the Governor General of Canada.
Other members of the royal family were also in Canada as a part of their military service during the late-1870s and early-1880s. Prince Alfred was stationed at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax from time to time between 1878 and 1883, as Commander of the Royal Navy's North Atlantic Squadron.[40] Prince George of Wales (later George V) was stationed in the Maritimes in 1882 as a midshipman on HMS Cumberland. During his time there, he drove the last spike into Newfoundland's first railway, the Harbour Grace Railway.[61]
Princess as the viceregal consort (1878–1883)
In 1878, Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, requested the Marquess of Lorne be appointed the next Governor General of Canada, with his wife, Princess Louise, to be viceregal consort. Disraeli's nomination of Lord Lorne was largely motivated by his desire to see a member of the royal family reside in Canada for an extended period.[62] Prior to his appointment as the Canadian governor general, Lord Lorne was virtually unknown to the public, with little concrete record of public service. The attraction for appointing Lord Lorne to the office was having his spouse, Princess Louise, reside in Canada.[63]
Arriving in Canada on 23 November 1878, the viceregal couple was greeted by Prince Alfred, who was a Royal Navy officer stationed in Halifax.[62] Lord Lorne was formally sworn in as the Governor General in Province House, Halifax, before they proceeded towards the capital, in Ottawa.[62] Arriving in Ottawa on 2 December, the head of the Canadian ministry, John A. Macdonald, was not present at the viceregal welcome reception. Macdonald's absence from the welcome reception was depicted as a purposeful insult to the princess by the opposition Liberal Party.[64] They took a private trip to Niagara Falls in January 1879, before returning to Ottawa to open the 4th Canadian Parliament, on 13 February 1879.[65]
They undertook an official tour of
On 14 February 1880 in Ottawa, Princess Louise was injured when her horse-drawn sleigh turned over. Hitting her head on the metal frame of the sleigh, Louise suffered from neuralgia after the incident. The public was not made aware of the event, with the aide-de-camp to the Governor General downplaying the incident to the press. She did not make another public appearance until April 1880.[69] While recovering, she was visited by her brother Prince Leopold. Louise and Leopold privately toured Quebec, Ontario, and the American city of Chicago until 31 July 1880, when both returned to the United Kingdom.[69]
During Lord Lorne's 1881 tour of the
Louise returned to Canada until 4 June 1882, although rumors of a
Louise was visited by another member of the royal family, Prince George of Wales, in April 1883.[73] Shortly before the end of his fifth year as Governor General, Lord Lorne declined an option to serve the position for another year. His decision to turn down an additional year in office was questioned by some, with Queen Victoria suspecting that Lord Lorne was jealous of Louise's popularity with Canadians, in contrast to his own.[73] The Marquess and Princess Louise concluded their term in Canada with a farewell tours in Montreal, and Toronto, leaving for the United Kingdom from Quebec City on 27 October 1883.[68]
1884–1900
In 1890, Prince Arthur conducted another tour of Canada, arriving in British Columbia from his earlier service with the British Army in the British Raj. During this tour, he travelled east towards the Maritimes, primarily by railway, before continuing on to the United Kingdom.[58]
Princess Marie Louise arrived in Canada in 1900 to tour the country, however controversy surrounding her spouse, Prince Aribert of Anhalt forced her to return to the United Kingdom shortly after her arrival. After Prince Aribert was found in bed with another man, his father, Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt, accused Marie Louise of indecency, claiming that his son was denied his conjugal rights. Marie Louise was at Rideau Hall when the Governor General gave her two telegrams instructing her to return to the United Kingdom immediately.[74][75] Her marriage with Prince Aribert was annulled in December 1900, with his father using his prerogative as a reigning Duke of Anhalt to annul the marriage.
Early 20th century (1901–1950)
1900s
1901 royal tour
The first royal tour after the death of Queen Victoria was conducted by the second son of the reigning king, Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York (later George V), his spouse,
The Canadian portion of the tour was originally planned to begin in British Columbia, proceeding eastward through the country. However, after South Africa was added onto the royal tour, the decision was made to begin to the royal tour in Quebec City, and conclude it in Halifax.[76] As the period of court mourning for Queen Victoria's death had not yet expired during their time in Canada, public balls, banquets, and levees planned for the royal tour were cancelled, with only official dinners, concerts, receptions, and reviews taking place.[78] During the tour, Prince George kept a methodical record of his activities, recording that he shook the hands of 24,855 people at official receptions; received 544 addresses; laid 21 cornerstones; gave 100 speeches; and presented 4,329 medals.[79]
The Canadian portion of the 1901 royal tour began 16 September 1901, when the RMS Ophir arrived in Quebec City.[76] The royal party – which consisted of 22 people, landed at Quebec City on 16 September. During his time in Quebec City, Prince George invested Lieutenant Richard Ernest William Turner with the Victoria Cross for his conduct during the Battle of Leliefontein in a ceremony at the Plains of Abraham, and spoke to students at the Université Laval.[80] Moving west of Quebec City by railway, the group made stops to Montreal, and Ottawa.[81] Throughout the royal tour, Prince George placed an emphasis on praising the creation and expansion of the country during his own lifetime, giving a speech about the country's development and growth in Ottawa and Winnipeg.[82]
In Ottawa, Prince George dedicated the Alexandra Bridge in Ottawa, rode a timber slide, and watched the lacrosse final for the Minto Cup, a match he enjoyed so much he kept the ball that was used.[61] Departing from Ottawa, they passed through Ontario, creating "incredible excitement seldom seen since the visit of his father in 1860."[40] The Duke and Duchess arrived in Manitoba where the former opened the new science building at the University of Manitoba, and then to Regina in the North-West Territories.[70] In Calgary, they met with First Nations chiefs and viewed exhibitions, before concluding their western-leg of their tour in Vancouver and Victoria. They group then turned back again towards Banff, where the Duchess went to Tunnel Mountain and Lake Louise, while the Duke went to Poplar Point.
After passing back through Regina,[70] they reunited in Toronto, welcomed by the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir, and attended concerts at Massey Hall. They proceeded to tour throughout Southern Ontario, before returning to Montreal, where the Duke opened the newly rebuilt Victoria Bridge. The Canadian tour ended with a trip through Saint John, and their departure from Halifax.[83][84] Following their departure from Halifax, the global royal tour proceeded towards Newfoundland, a separate colony not associated with Canada at the time.[79]
Tercentenary of Quebec City (1908)
In 1908 the Canadian government asked King Edward VII to preside over the
1910s
Several members of the royal family toured Canada during the 1910s. In 1913, Prince Albert (later George VI) conducted his first royal tour of the Canada, as well as Newfoundland, while serving aboard the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Cumberland.[86]
Prince Arthur as governor general
From 1911 to 1916, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was Canada's Governor General, with the
The Duke and Duchess conducted his first tour as Governor General in 1911, proceeding to Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston, and finally Montreal on 27 November 1911. Further tours with the Duke, and Princess Patricia, were undertaken in May 1912, to Winnipeg, and the Maritimes.[88] On 28 August 1912, the Duke, Duchess, and their daughter conducted a tour of the west, visiting Sault Ste. Marie, Saskatoon, Prince Albert, Edmonton, Calgary, Banff, Vancouver, Prince Rupert, and Victoria, where they inspected personnel of the Royal Canadian Navy at Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard. They then proceeded towards Medicine Hat, Regina, and Brandon, before concluding their tour in Toronto and Ottawa.[89]
While serving as the Governor General, the Duke inaugurated the Saskatchewan Legislative Building, and laid the cornerstone for the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Regina,[90][91] and for the new Provincial Library at the British Columbia Parliament Buildings.[92] The Duke returned to Banff on two occasions, in August 1914, and May 1916.[93] In addition to Canada, he also visited Newfoundland, a separate dominion of the British Empire in 1914.[93]
In January 1913, the Duchess was hospitalized as a result of her declining health, with the viceregal family returning to London, UK, in March 1913. During this period, the Duke, continuing to serve as Governor General, received regular correspondences from Borden through telegraph.[87] After the Duchess recovered, the family returned to Canada in October 1913.[87] During World War I, the Duke was involved in recruitment, and raising the morale of soldiers.[94] Princess Patricia worked for the Canadian Red Cross, and continued working for a Canadian hospital in Orpington, UK, after her father's term as Governor General ended in 1916.[87] Several months after Centre Block on Parliament Hill was ravaged by a fire, the Duke laid the memorial cornerstone for its replacement on 1 September 1916. The Duke's tenure as Governor General ended on 16 October 1916.[95]
1919 royal tour
After the end of World War I in November 1918, Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) set out to develop his role as the
Arriving at St John' Newfoundland aboard
He then travelled to Regina, where he renamed a library the Prince of Wales Library. He then proceeded towards Vancouver, toured the area, attended a civic reception and military ball, as well as opening the New Westminster Exhibition.[92] The Prince also went on to Victoria, where he laid the foundation stone of a statue of Queen Victoria on the grounds of the British Columbia Parliament Buildings.[102] Of the Canadian west, Edward wrote, "the free, vigorous, hopeful spirit of westerners not only inspires me, but makes me feel happy and at home."[38]
1920s and 1930s
In 1923, the Prince of Wales was in Canada on a visit, and work on his privately owned ranch, E.P. Ranch. Arriving at Quebec City on 12 September, he made stops in Ottawa and Winnipeg before reaching his private ranch near Calgary, known as E. P. Ranch.[103] He made another private visit to his ranch in 1924, as well as touring as well various towns and cities; in the latter year, he stopped at Rideau Hall for various official functions and again frustrated his staff by disappearing for dancing and golf.[104]
In 1926, the brother to the Prince of Wales, Prince George (later Duke of Kent), arrived in Canada and actively took part in squash, badminton, and tennis games played in Rideau Hall's Tent Room;[105] the Governor General, The Marquess of Willingdon, said of the Prince: "Such a nice boy, but shy, & as mad on exercise as the P. of W."[106] Prince George, along with the Prince of Wales, conducted another royal tour of Canada in 1927. During the tour, the Prince of Wales and Prince George opened Union Station and the Princes' Gates in Toronto.[107]
The
During another Canadian tour in 1985, Queen Elizabeth, then the Queen Mother, stated in a speech, "it is now some 46 years since I first came to this country with the King, in those anxious days shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. I shall always look back upon that visit with feelings of affection and happiness. I think I lost my heart to Canada and Canadians and my feelings have not changed with the passage of time."[110]
1940s
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, resided in Canada from June 1940 to April 1946 as the viceregal consort of Canada; accompanying her spouse, Alexander, Earl of Athlone, who was sworn in as the Governor General of Canada on 21 June 1940.[111]
Another royal relative, Alastair, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, resided in Canada from 1940 as the aide-de-camp to the Governor General. On 23 April 1943, Alastair was found dead on the floor of his room at Rideau Hall. He had died from hypothermia.[112] Newspapers at the time cited the cause of death as "natural causes."[113]
In 1941,
By 1945, Sir Alan Lascelles, the private secretary of George VI, and Sir Shuldham Redfern, Secretary to the Governor General of Canada, were discussing the idea of the King making regular flights to Canada to open parliament and perform other constitutional and ceremonial duties. The notion was eventually forgotten.[115]
Late 20th century (1951–2000)
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II conducted 20 official tours of Canada from 1951 to 2000. She first toured Canada in 1951, as Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh.[116] In her subsequent tours of the country, she toured it as the Queen of Canada. In addition to official tours, in the 20th century, the Queen had made nine stopovers in Canada, in order to refuel the aircraft she was travelling on.[117]
1950s
Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, made their first appearance in every Canadian province (including Newfoundland, the newest) in 1951, on behalf of her ailing father.[116] In Toronto, she took in a Toronto Maple Leafs game at Maple Leaf Gardens and greeted Ontarians at numerous official functions. In New Brunswick the Princess and Duke arrived at Fredericton's Union Station on 6 November, greeted by both Lieutenant Governor David Laurence MacLaren and hundreds of well-wishers,[118] and moved on to tour the University of New Brunswick, Christ Church Cathedral, and the Legislative Assembly Building.[119] It was then on to Saint John, where the royal couple travelled in a motorcade watched by some 60,000 people, visited a veterans' hospital, and attended a civic dinner at the Admiral Beatty Hotel, where the silver flatware designed specifically for the 1939 visit of the King was used. After an overnight on the royal train, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh made whistle-stops in Moncton and Sackville before departing the province.[120] The National Film Board of Canada produced a documentary film Royal Journey, chronicling the 1951 royal tour.[citation needed]
In 1953, during a brief stop-over for refueling in Gander, Newfoundland, the Queen decided, after being roused from sleep at 3:20 am by their singing of "For She's a Jolly Good Fellow", to address the crowd gathered outside.[121]
Elizabeth returned to Canada in 1957, there giving her first ever live television address, appointing her husband to
Two years later, the Queen returned and toured every province and territory; Buckingham Palace officials and the Canadian government opted to dub this a "royal tour", as opposed to a "royal visit", to dispel any notion that the Queen was a visiting foreigner.
One of the most important events of this trip was the official opening of the
The Queen returned to New Brunswick, at the end of her pan-Canada tour. The sovereign presided over a
Unknown to all involved, the Queen was pregnant with her third child. Prime Minister Diefenbaker urged her to cut the tour short after her disclosure to him at Kingston, Ontario, but the Queen swore him to secrecy and continued the journey, leaving the public announcement of the upcoming birth until she returned to London.[126]
Once the news was released, criticism of the tour that had simmered during its progress unleashed in full: Diefenbaker was blamed for pushing the Queen to carry on a grueling continent-wide trip, and the brevity of stops necessary to complete such a journey, combined with the formality and inaccessibility of events, led to calls for a cease to that format of royal tour. The Albertan stated: "The fact is that royalty has no roots in Canada. And if roots must be put down, they certainly should be of a different kind than those which are historically proper for Britain."
Successes were also noted, especially in the Crown's assistance in entrenching the newly emerging Canadian identity; the Queen ensured that the Red Ensign (then Canada's de facto national flag) was flown on the royal yacht, and she stood to attention for the duration of each playing of "O Canada", the country's then still unofficial national anthem, sometimes even joining in the singing.[135]
1960 to 2000
Queen Elizabeth II also celebrated the centennial of the Confederation Conferences in Charlottetown on 6 October 1964.[136] On 10 October, as she was touring the streets of Quebec City, a turbulent riot occurred and opposed anti-monarchist Quebec nationalists with the police. Since then, the event has been known as Samedi de la matraque ("Truncheon Saturday").[137]
In 1971, the Queen was in British Columbia to celebrate the centennial of the province's entry into Confederation.[116] She toured Alberta and Saskatchewan in July 1973, to celebrate the centennial of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, opening the new RCMP museum building in Regina,[70] and in 1978, to open the Commonwealth Games in Edmonton.[138] In Saskatchewan, she dedicated Queen Elizabeth Court, in front of Regina's city hall.[70]
From 28 June to 6 July 1976, Prince Charles, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward joined the Queen and Prince Philip for the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal. Princess Anne was a member of the British equestrian team competing in the Olympics in Montreal. The royal family also stopped by Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during the visit. The Queen arrived at Fredericton, New Brunswick, on 15 July, after which she travelled to Woolastook Provincial Park to visit the Boy Scout Jamboree campsite, picnicked with 3,500 schoolchildren, toured the Kings Landing Historical Settlement,[139] and attended a provincial dinner with fireworks following.[140] The Queen's second day in New Brunswick brought her to the Miramichi area, where she attended a provincial lunch, visited Chatham and Newcastle, and toured the Burchill Laminating Plant in Nelson-Miramichi.[141]
The Queen also journeyed to New Brunswick to celebrate the province's bicentennial in 1984, touching down, along with Prince Philip, at Moncton airport on 24 September, from where the royal party travelled to
The Queen undertook a royal tour of Canada from 30 June 1992 to 3 July 1992 in order to preside over commemorations for the 125th anniversary of Canadian Confederation and her ruby jubilee.
The Queen opened the University of Northern British Columbia in 1994.[116]
The Queen and Prince Philip visited
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,
The Duke of Edinburgh visited Canada on two occasions to open two
Charles, Prince of Wales
Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III) made 12 official tours of Canada from 1970 to 2000.[117] His first official tour of Canada was in July 1970, touring Ottawa,[117] prior to joining The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne's official tour of Manitoba, to celebrate the centennial of Manitoba's entry into Confederation.[150]
The Prince and his first wife, the Princess of Wales attended the bicentennial in 1983 of the arrival of the first Empire Loyalists in Nova Scotia,[151] and also visited Newfoundland to mark the 400th anniversary of the island becoming an English colony.[152] In 1986, the Prince and Princess of Wales toured British Columbia, visiting Vancouver to open Expo 86 (on 2 May 1986), as well as Victoria, Prince George, Kamloops and Nanaimo.[116]
In 1991, the Prince and Princess of Wales toured Ontario; in Toronto, the princess was joined on board the
Other royal family members
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,
Elizabeth II's sister, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, conducted seven official tours of Canada, as well as three private working tours of Canada from 1951 to 2000[117] Two of her private working tours were conducted in relation to her role as patron of the Princess Margaret Hospital.[117] Official tours include tours of Nova Scotia and British Columbia in 1958.[151] In BC, the princess opened the new floating bridge in Kelowna, with two plaques marking the ceremony.[102] She also presided over the celebrations of the 75th anniversary of Saskatchewan's entry into Confederation.[70]
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, conducted three official tours of Canada, as well as four private working tours of the country from 1951 to 2000.[117] She toured Canada for its centenary in 1967, and also arrived in Halifax in 1973 to mark the bicentennial of the arrival of the Hector, the first ship to land at Nova Scotia with Scottish colonists.[151]
Anne, Princess Royal, conducted over six official tours of Canada, as well as seven private working tours from 1951 to 2000.[117] Princess Anne presided over the 1970 celebrations of the centennial of Manitoba's entry into Confederation alongside her brother, the Prince of Wales.[150]
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, conducted five official tours of Canada, as well as 10 private working tours from 1951 to 2000.[117] His first official tour was conducted in 1976, whereas his first private working tour was conducted in the following year,[117] after attending a semester of secondary school at Lakefield College School, in Selwyn, Ontario.[155] He undertook his first official tour of Nova Scotia in 1985, during which, amongst other activities, he visited Halifax and skippered Bluenose II.[151]
Other members of the royal family that conducted either official, or private working tours of Canada in the second half of the 20th century include
21st century
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II conducted three official tours of Canada in the 21st century. In 2002, Elizabeth II toured the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and the territory of Nunavut, for her Golden Jubilee.
In 2005, the Queen was in Alberta again to mark the province's 100th birthday, where she attended, along with an audience of 25,000, a kick-off concert at
In 2010, Elizabeth II visited Ontario and Manitoba. Arriving in Ottawa 30 June, she toured the Canadian Museum of Nature and met with Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The following day, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh joined the festivities for Canada Day on Parliament Hill. The royal tour ended as the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh departed for New York on 6 July, following visits to Toronto and Waterloo.[159]
Charles III
Since 2001, Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III), has conducted five official tours in Canada as the Prince of Wales; in April 2001, November 2009, May 2012, May 2014, and June–July 2017. He was accompanied by his spouse,
In 2001 he toured through Ottawa, where his interactions with the crowds kept Prime Minister
William, Prince of Wales
In 2016, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, along with their children,
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal has conducted seven private working tours, and one official working tour of Canada since 2001. She conducted private working tours in August–September 2003, June 2004, June 2007, February 2010, April 2010, October 2013, and February 2015; and one official tour in November 2014.[117]
The Princess Royal's private tours to Canada are typically conducted in association with her honorary role as the colonel in chief of six units in the Canadian Forces. In April 2010, she visited St. John's to celebrate the anniversary of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, as well as Regina, to celebrate its centennial.[70] The Princess Royal also a visit to Barrie on 22 October 2013 to commemorate the opening of park with military significance and to visit the Grey and Simcoe Foresters, for which she their current colonel-in-chief.[168]
The Princess Royal and her husband
Edward, Earl of Wessex
Since 2001,
In 2003, Prince Edward opened two parks in Saskatchewan, the Prince Edward Park in Melfort and the Queen's Golden Jubilee Rose Garden in Moose Jaw.
The Countess has accompanied her husband, Prince Edward on a number of tours to Canada. Their tour of Canada in 2002 marked the Countess' first tour outside of the United Kingdom.[171][172] In 2009, the Countess of Wessex opened the Air Force Museum of Alberta in Calgary, spending some hours visiting its displays.[173] The Countess of Wessex has also conducted private working tours of her own, as was the case in November 2015.[117]
Other royal family members
In the 21st century, Prince Philip has conducted three official tours alongside Queen Elizabeth, in October 2002, May 2005, and June 2010. In addition to official tours, he has conducted three private working tours, in October 2001, April 2004, and April 2013.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, has conducted 17 of private working tours in Canada since 2001. His first tour in the 21st century was in January 2001, whereas his latest tour in Canada occurred in May 2019.
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, has conducted two private working tours of Canada, in April 2010, and October 2012. During her 2010, she visited Toronto and Victoria to attend the 150th anniversary ceremonies for the establishment of
Since 2001, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, has visited Canada on two private working tours, on 26 June 2007, and from September–October 2008. Both visits were conducted for military exercises at
See also
- List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)
- List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)
- List of royal visits to Hamilton, Ontario
- List of royal visits to London, Ontario
- Royal visits to Saskatchewan
- Royal and viceroyal transport in Canada
References
- ^ a b "Royal Visits from 1786 to 1951". Government of Canada. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
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Sources
- Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1989). Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-065-X.
- Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (2002). Fifty Years the Queen: A Tribute to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on Her Golden Jubilee. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-5500-2360-2.
- Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (2010). Royal Tours 1786-2010: Home to Canada. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-4597-1165-5.
- Buckner, Phillip (2005). "The Last Great Royal Tour: Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Tour to Canada". In Buckner, Phillip (ed.). Canada and the End of Empire. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0915-3. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0310-6. p. 8–9
- Tidridge, Nathan (2013). Prince Edward, Duke of Kent: Father of the Canadian Crown. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-4597-0790-0.
Further reading
- Cartwright, Thelma; Clay, John; Hall, Edna (1977). The Silver Jubilee: Royal Visit to Canada. Ottawa: Deneau & Greenburg. ISBN 0-88879-002-3.
- Fleming, Rae (2002). The Royal Tour of Canada: The 1939 Visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Lynx Images. ISBN 1-894073-37-1.
- Lanctot, Gustave (1964). The Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939. Toronto: E.P. Taylor Foundation.
- MacDonnell, Tom (1989). Daylight Upon Magic: The Royal Tour of Canada, 1939. Toronto: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7715-9229-9.
- Radforth, Ian (2005). Royal Spectacle: The 1860 Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada and the United States. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8699-3.
External links
- Official website - Government of Canada
- Royal Family - National Film Board of Canada
- The Monarchy - CBC Digital Archive
- The Royal Presence in Canada - A Historical Overview