Crypto-Hinduism
Crypto-Hinduism is the secret adherence to Hinduism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Hindus" (from Greek kryptos - κρυπτός, 'hidden'). Crypto-Hinduism was observed during a period of forced religious conversions in South Asia, as well as suspected against Hindus who were forcibly converted to the religion of the invaders or colonizers. Many crypto-Hindus were arrested for practicing Hinduism after professing to have converted to Christianity, some sentenced to death for being a crypto-Hindu such as in colonial Portuguese Goa.[1][2]
Islamic sultanates
Some Hindus who joined official positions in
Goa Inquisition
Crypto-Hinduism by
Like the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition before it, the original targets behind the creation of the Goa Inquisition were falsely-converted Sephardic Jews and North African Muslims who had emigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula, while lying about being Catholic. These two communities were perceived as a security threat due to their established reputation for joining forces to overthrow Christian rulers in the Iberian peninsula.[8] Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam.[9]
A compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition reveal that a total of 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.[10]
Pakistan
During the
Indonesia
Many followers of Kejawèn, a syncretic tradition that contains animistic, Buddhist, Hindu and Sufi traditions, had officially identified as followers of Islam on government issued ID cards prior to the recognition of the faith in 2018. The faith maintains some characteristics of Esoteric Buddhist and Hindu traditions.[17]
References
- ISBN 90-04-12080-7.
- ISBN 978-1-107-14024-0.
- ISBN 90-04-05674-2.
- ISBN 978-0-19-564464-7.
- ^ Anthony D’Costa (1965). The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567. Bombay: Heras Institute.
- ISBN 978-93-5118-095-1.
- ISBN 978-1-62032-315-1.
- ^ Roth, Norman (1994), Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in medieval Spain: cooperation and conflict, Leiden: Brill
- ^ Delgado Figueira, João (1623). Listas da Inquisição de Goa (1560-1623). Lisbon: Biblioteca National.
- ^ de Almeida, Fortunato (1923). História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV. Porto: Portucalense Editora.
- ^ Khalid, Haroon. "To escape Partition violence in Lahore, these Hindus and Sikhs converted to Christianity". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ Khalid, Haroon. "To escape Partition violence in Lahore, these Hindus and Sikhs converted to Christianity". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
- ^ "Pakistani Hindus to miss Holi celebrations". Zee News. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ Bhuyan, Devashish (2016-10-04). "Here's What Happened When Ajit Doval Lived As Muslim In Pakistan & Someone Identified Him!". RVCJ Media. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ "- YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
- ^ "Indonesians Fight to Keep Mystical Religion of Java Alive | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-01.