Culture of Argentina

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Part of a series on the
Culture of Argentina
History of Argentina
Society
Topics
Symbols
flag Argentina portal

The culture of Argentina is as varied as the country

live music
of a variety of music genres.

An Argentine writer reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows:

With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in

La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the Patria Grande San Martín and Bolívar once imagined.

— Ernesto Sabato, La cultura en la encrucijada nacional (1976)[2]

Language

Main article: Languages of Argentina
See also:
List of indigenous languages in Argentina

The

endangered, spoken by elderly people whose descendants do not speak the languages.[3]

Spoken Argentine Spanish about the country's geography.

The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, also known as "Argentine Spanish", whose speakers are located primarily in the basin of the Río de la Plata. Argentines are amongst the few Spanish-speaking countries (like Uruguay, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras) that almost universally use what is known as voseo – the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú (Spanish for "you").

In many of the central and north-eastern areas of the country, the "rolling r" takes on a similar sound as the one both ll and y take in the more general Rioplatense dialect ('zh' – a voiced palatal fricative sound, similar to the "s" in the English pronunciation of the word "vision").

The Southern Quechua language is spoken by some 800,000 people, mostly Bolivians immigrants who have arrived in the last years. There are 70,000 estimated speakers in Salta Province. The language is also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, which has six dialects. It is classified as a Quechua II language, and is referred to as Quechua IIC by linguists.[3]

The

Guaraní language is also spoken, mainly near the border with Paraguay, and is an co-official language in the province of Corrientes.[4]

The Welsh language is the co-official language of the province of Chubut. This province was strongly influenced by Welsh migration and is home to the largest community outside the British Isles. The language is spoken in the Patagonian Welsh dialect.[5]

Another minority language that arrived with European migration but does not have co-official status is the German language, it is spoken mainly in the provinces of Entre Ríos, Santa Fe, Córdoba, La Pampa, Buenos Aires and Misiones.

Literature

Main article: Argentine literature
Argentine literary figures: Julio Cortázar, Victoria Ocampo, Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares

Argentina has a detailed literary history, as well as one of the region's most active publishing industries. Argentine writers have figured prominently in Latin American literature, since becoming a fully united entity in the 1850s, with a strong constitution and a defined nation-building plan.[6] The struggle between the Federalists (who favored a loose confederation of provinces based on rural conservatism) and the Unitarians (pro-liberalism and advocates of a strong central government that would encourage European immigration), set the tone for Argentine literature of the time.[7]

The ideological divide between gaucho epic Martín Fierro by José Hernández, and Facundo[8] by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, is a great example. Hernández, a federalist, was opposed to the centralizing, modernizing, and Europeanizing tendencies. Sarmiento wrote in support of immigration as the only way to save Argentina from becoming subject to the rule of a small number of dictatorial caudillo families, arguing such immigrants would make Argentina more modern and open to Western European influences, and therefore a more prosperous society.[9]

Argentine literature of that period was fiercely nationalist. It was followed by the

The Aleph
.

Some of the nation's notable writers, poets, and intellectuals include:

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Victoria Ocampo, Manuel Puig, Ernesto Sabato, Osvaldo Soriano, Alfonsina Storni, María Elena Walsh and Oliverio Girondo
.

Visual arts

Painting and sculpture

Main article: Argentine painting
The haystacks (1911) by Martín Malharro. He is considered the introducer of Impressionism in Argentina.[10]
Marta Minujín's Tower of Babel (2011)

Argentine painters and sculptors have a rich history, dating from both before and since the development of modern Argentina in the second half of the 19th century. Artistic production did not truly come into its own, until after the 1852 overthrow of the repressive regime of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Immigrants like Eduardo Schiaffino, Eduardo Sívori, Reinaldo Giudici, Emilio Caraffa, and Ernesto de la Cárcova left behind a realist heritage influential to this day.[citation needed]

post-impressionists such as Martín Malharro, Ramón Silva, Cleto Ciocchini, Fernando Fader, Pío Collivadino, Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós, Realism, and aestheticism continued to set the agenda in Argentine painting and sculpture, noteworthy during this era for the sudden fame of sculptor Lola Mora, a student of Auguste Rodin
.

As Lola Mora had been until she fell out of favor with local high society, monumental sculptors became in very high demand after 1900, particularly by municipal governments and wealthy families, who competed with each other in boasting the most evocative mausolea for their dearly departed. Though most preferred French and Italian sculptors, work by locals Erminio Blotta, Ángel María de Rosa, and Rogelio Yrurtia resulted in a proliferation of soulful monuments and memorials made them immortal. Not as realist as the work of some of his belle-époque predecessors in sculpture, Yrurtia's subtle impressionism inspired Argentine students like Antonio Pujía, whose internationally prized female torsos always surprise admirers with their whimsical and surreal touches, while Pablo Curatella Manes' sculptures drew from cubism.

muralists Berni, Castagnino, Colmeiro, Spilimbergo and Urruchúa.[11]

Becoming an intellectual, as well as artistic circle, painters like

Galerias Pacifico
arcade in Buenos Aires, towards 1933.

As in

naïve style into murals in numerous nations, as did Ricardo Carpani, though in a realist style.[citation needed
]

The vanguard in culturally conservative Argentina,

Conceptual artists
.

The emergence of avant-garde genres in Argentine sculpture also featured

Leon Ferrari
, one of the world's foremost artists in his genre, today. In the 1960s and 1970s, many of these figures' abstract art found their way into popular advertising and even corporate logos.

Generally possessing a strong sentimental streak, the Argentine public's taste for

watercolors, a circus atmosphere; and Gato Frías, childhood memories. Illustrator Florencio Molina Campos's tongue-in-cheek depictions of gaucho
life have endured as collectors' items.

To help showcase Argentine and Latin American art and sculpture, local developer and art collector

Eduardo Constantini set aside a significant portion of his personal collection, and in 1998, began construction on Buenos Aires' first major institution specializing in works by Latin American artists. His foundation opened the Buenos Aires Museum of Latin American Art
(MALBA) in 2001.

Graphic arts

Florencio Molina Campos, Argentine illustrator and painter.

In the 1920s, Buenos Aires was overflowing with creative drawings and design. Argentine illustrators and sketchers were attracting worldwide recognition, including artists such as

Jose Luis Salinas, called upon by King Features to create a comic strip of worldwide fame, Cisco Kid; and Florencio Molina Campos, the brilliant sketcher of the Alpargatas Almanacs of rural life (1930), who collaborated on three Walt Disney films
.

The culmination was the arrival, in 1927, of French painter, poster artist and sculptor Lucien Achille Mauzan, who was part of the artistic Art Deco movement. He settled in Buenos Aires and founded his own company Editorial Affiches Mauzan (Editorial Mauzan Posters) and created between 130 and 150 posters in the six years he spent in Argentina. He marks deeply in the poster art in Argentina,[12] where his reputation is enormous.[13] One of his well-known works is the amicably tortured head of Geniol.[14][15]

In the 1950s renowned Uruguayan-Argentine journalist, caricaturist Hermenegildo Sábat, portrayed political figures, as well as artists and other personalities. Many of his "Argentine cultural icons" are reproduced in ceramic tile in the Buenos Aires Underground.

Comics

Main article: Argentine comics

Argentine comics were living its "Golden Age" between the 1940s and the 1960s. Cartoonists and comic creators have contributed prominently to national culture, including Alberto Breccia, Dante Quinterno, Oski, Francisco Solano López, Horacio Altuna, Guillermo Mordillo, Roberto Fontanarrosa, whose grotesque characters captured life's absurdities with quick-witted commentary, and Quino, known for the soup-hating Mafalda, and her comic strip gang of childhood friends, the theorist Oscar Masotta synthesized its contributions in the development of their own models of action comics (Héctor Oesterheld, Hugo Pratt), humor comics (Divito, Quino) and folkloric comics (Walter Ciocca) and the presence of four great artists (José Luis Salinas, Arturo Pérez del Castillo, Hugo Pratt and Alberto Breccia).[16]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Argentina
The Barolo tower, arguably Argentina's best-known Art Nouveau building. Dolfines Guaraní skyscrapers in Rosario, the country's tallest outside Buenos Aires.

The

Spanish colonial architecture
in spite of their urban growth.

The simplicity of the

Cabildo
.

Italian and French influences increased after the

National Congress and the Colón Opera House, by Vittorio Meano
.

The Tucumán Government Palace is the executive office building of the Government of the Tucumán Province.

The architecture of the second half of the 20th century continued adapting French

Museo de Arte Hispano Fernández Blanco
, by Martín Noel.

Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscapes, and in recent decades, those around the world.

Rationalist architecture. Clorindo Testa introduced Brutalist architecture locally, César Pelli's and Patricio Pouchulu's Futurist
creations have graced cities, worldwide. Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s, in particular, made him one of the world's most prestigious architects.

Argentina cities have varied architecture. Commonly each house has an individual design, and is very rare to find any tract housing neighborhood.

Another example of Argentine architecture is the Curutchet House, located in La Plata, was designed by the Swiss-French architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret. In 2016 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Popular culture

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Argentina
Iconic Argentine actresses in the 1961 Berlin International Film Festival: Isabel Sarli, Olga Zubarry, Tita Merello and Mirtha Legrand

The

animated feature films were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist Quirino Cristiani, in 1917 and 1918.[18] Argentine cinema enjoyed a 'golden age' in the 1930s through the 1950s with scores of productions, many now considered classics of Spanish-language film. The industry produced actors who became the first movie stars of Argentine cinema, often tango performers such as Libertad Lamarque, Floren Delbene, Tito Lusiardo, Tita Merello, Roberto Escalada, and Hugo del Carril
.

More recent films from the "New Wave" of cinema since the 1980s have achieved worldwide recognition, such as

Mar del Plata Film Festival and the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema
.

The per capita number of screens is one of the highest in

Grammys, and is best known for the Mission:Impossible
theme.

Music

Main articles: Music of Argentina and History of folkloric music in Argentina
Carlos Gardel is the most famous representative of Tango.

Bajofondo, and the Gotan Project
.

Known as the "voice of the voiceless ones",[21] Mercedes Sosa was one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción.

Bersuit, Los Piojos, Catupecu Machu, Carajo and Callejeros
.

San Carlos de Bariloche
, and the multitudinous Amadeus in Buenos Aires.

Payada in a bar. Painting by Carlos Morel.

Argentine

Latin American music.[22] Today, Chango Spasiuk and Soledad Pastorutti have brought folk back to younger generations. León Gieco
's folk-rock bridged the gap between Argentine folklore and Argentine rock, introducing both styles to millions overseas in successive tours.

Theater

Main article:
Theater in Argentina
The interior of the Teatro Colón.

ballet dancers
of the modern era.

Cuisine

Main article: Argentine cuisine
The asado (1888), by Ignacio Manzoni. Asado is considered a national dish,[24] and is typical of Argentine families to gather on Sundays around one.[25]

Besides many of the

yerba mate, all originally indigenous Amerindian staples, the latter considered Argentina's national beverage. Other popular items include chorizo (a pork sausage), facturas (Viennese-style pastry), dulce de leche, a sort of milk caramel jam and the alfajor
.

The Argentine barbecue

sandwiches de miga, are also popular. Argentines have the highest consumption of red meat in the world.[26]

The

Province of Mendoza an ideal environment to successfully develop and turn itself into the world's best Malbec.[27] Mendoza accounts for 70% of the country's total wine production. "Wine tourism" is important in Mendoza province, with the impressive landscape of the Cordillera de Los Andes, and the highest peak in the Americas, Aconcagua
(6,952 m (22,808 ft) high) providing a very desirable destination for international tourism.

An event that changed the country's gastronomy was the Great European immigration wave to Argentina, millions of Italians, French, Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Irish, Russians, Welsh, Ukrainians and other groups arrived in the country. This caused gastronomy to change completely, the Fugazzeta, the Milanese, the Croissant, the Gnocchi, among other foods are now part of Argentine culture.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Argentina
The national sport of Argentina is the pato but the most popular sport is the football.
Lionel Messi is the football player with the most titles in history.

The official national sport of Argentina is pato,[28] although it is not very popular. It is played with a six-handle ball on horseback.

Football is the most popular sport in Argentina.[29] The national football team has won 25 major international titles,[30] including three FIFA World Cups, two Olympic gold medals and 15 Copa América.[31] Over one thousand Argentine players play abroad, the majority of them in European football leagues.[32] There are 331,811 registered football players,[33] with increasing numbers of girls and women, who have organized their own national championships since 1991, and were South American champions in 2006.

The Argentine Football Association (AFA) was formed in 1893, and is the eighth oldest national football association in the world. The AFA today counts 3,377 football clubs,[33] including 20 in the Premier Division. Since the AFA went professional in 1931, fifteen teams have won national tournament titles, including River Plate with 33 and Boca Juniors with 24.[34] Over the last twenty years, futsal and beach football have become increasingly popular. The Argentine national beach football team was one of four competitors in the first international championship for the sport, in Miami in 1993.[35]

International Basketball Federation
.

Emanuel Ginóbili
, one of the most recognized Argentine basketball players.

Argentina has an important

official world rankings.[36]

Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within Auto racing. Juan Manuel Fangio was five times Formula One world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time. Other distinguished racers were Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Juan Gálvez, José Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann.

World League and seven Champions Trophy.[37] Luciana Aymar
is recognized as the best female player in the history of this sport.

Argentina reigns undisputed in Polo, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.[38] The Argentine Polo Championship is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them Adolfo Cambiaso, the best in Polo history.

Other popular sports include

handball, boxing, volleyball and golf
.

The

Vamos vamos Argentina
chant is a trademark of Argentine fans during sporting events.

Values

Argentine values is a shared identity core that brings together actions and thoughts aimed at increasing social capital and fostering the common good among Argentines. As Rokeach state, "Values are the evaluative component of an individual's attitudes and beliefs. Values guide how we think about things in terms of what is right/wrong and correct/incorrect. Values trigger positive or negative emotions. Values also guide our actions "(Neuliep, 2009, p. 66).[39]
Argentine Values intends to create a community formed by all those who are convinced that Argentina is a great country. Argentina is a collective country where its values focus on diversity and solidarity.

In addition to being a collectivistic society. The Argentines are from traditional customs, but also kind and friendly. The greeting is a crucial element in the Argentine culture where we see that nobody leaves without being greeted; Men kiss women, Women kiss men, and other men kiss men on the cheek.

Another principal value for Argentines is the family. In Argentina, for example, it is prevalent for family members to visit traditionally on Sunday, meetings in which there are music, food, and games. But apart from these types of meetings, the family almost always meets for family events or gatherings such as births, weddings, and similar activities. For me that I had the experience of living three months in the country, it was very nice to see how generations come together, and "values are transmitted across generations" (Prioste, Narciso, Goncalves, & Pereira, 2017).[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Luongo, Michael. Frommer's Argentina. Wiley Publishing, 2007.
  2. ^ Sabato, Ernesto (1976). La cultura en la encrucijada nacional, Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, p. 17–18.
  3. ^ a b Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: Languages of Argentina, Retrieved on 2 January 2007.
  4. ^ Ley Nº 5598 Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Poder Legislativo de Corrientes, 28 September 2004 (in Spanish)
  5. ^ "Copia archivada". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  6. ISBN 978-9870403371
    .
  7. ^ a b c Wilson, Jason. Cultural Guide to the City of Buenos Aires'. Oxford, England: Signal Books, 1999.
  8. ^ e-libro.net. Free digital books. "Facundo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. (638 KB)
  9. ^ Levene, Ricardo. A history of Argentina. University of Noerth Carolina Press, 1937.
  10. ^ "Martín Malharro. Biografía". buenosaires.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  11. ^ "Historia de los murales". galeriaspacifico.com.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  12. ^ El Buenos Aires que se fue (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  13. ^ www.fabioares.com El Diseño No Se Mancha (in Spanish). Retrieved on 12 May 2015.
  14. ^ www.worldcat.org Mauzan, Achille 1883–1952 WorldCat Identities. Retrieved on 12 May 2015.
  15. ^ www.OldShopStuff.com History of Enamel Signs in Argentine, advertising (1898–1960). Retrieved on 12 May 2015.
  16. ^ Masotta, Oscar: (1970). La historieta en el mundo moderno. Barcelona: Paidós. p. 144–146.
  17. ^ "Buscar". Cinenacional.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  18. ^ "Giannalberto Bendazzi: Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator". Awn.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  19. ^ About Gavin Esler's Argentina diary news.bbc.co.uk 3 April 2006.
  20. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, Book of the Year (various issues): statistical appendix.
  21. ^ Singer Mercedes Sosa: The voice of the 'voiceless ones' outlasts South American dictatorships
  22. ^ Music: 'El Derecho de vivir en paz' from http://www.msu.edu/~chapmanb/jara/enueva.html
  23. ISBN 1-55868-529-4
    .
  24. ^ "El asado" [The asado]. Vía Restó.com (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Grupo Clarín. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012. Nacido en el centro de las costumbres gauchas, el asado se impuso como el plato nacional por excelencia.
  25. ^ "Gastronomía" [Gastronomy] (in Spanish). Argentina.ar. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Son muy comunes –casi mayoritarias- las reuniones en torno a la comida. [...] Las reuniones familiares en domingos generalmente son en torno a un asado o un buen plato de pastas.
  26. ^ "Choices Article – Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina". Choicesmagazine.org. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  27. ^ a b "AWPro". Awpro.wordpress.com. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  28. ^ "Pato, Argentina's national sport". Argentina.ar. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  29. ^ "Argentine sport". Argentina.ar. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  30. ^ "Argentina". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  31. ^ "Brazil is the Champion of America". South American Football Confederation. Retrieved 1 September 2009.[dead link]
  32. ^ "Argentine soccer players exported abroad". Argentina.ar. Archived from the original on 25 March 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  33. ^ a b "Argentina: country information". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  34. ^ "Primera División – Campeones". Argentine Football Association. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  35. ^ "History (of beach soccer)". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2009.As of October 2009, Argentina has earned the right to play the 2010 World Cup in South Africa for which it joins Nigeria, Korea Republic and Greece for qualifying in group B.
  36. ^ "World Rankings". irb.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  37. ISBN 978-1598843019
    .
  38. ISBN 978-1-85828-569-6
    .
  39. ^ Neuliep, J. W. (2009). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  40. ^ Ana Prioste, Isabel Narciso, Miguel M. Gonçalves & Cícero R. Pereira (2017) Values' family flow: associations between grandparents, parents and adolescent children, Journal of Family Studies, 23:1, 98–117, DOI: 10.1080/13229400.2016.1187659

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Argentina&oldid=1220883890"