Dassault Mirage F1

The Dassault Mirage F1 is a French fighter and attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was developed as a successor to the Mirage III family.

During the 1960s, Dassault commenced development of what would become the Mirage F1 as a private venture, alongside the larger

.

Development

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The Mirage F1 emerged from a series of design studies performed by French aircraft manufacturer

The Mirage F1 was of similar size to the

On 26 May 1967, an order for three Mirage F1 prototypes was placed, while the larger and more expensive Mirage F2 was formally abandoned.[4] These three pre-service aircraft, along with a static structural test airframe, soon joined the test programme. By late 1971, the construction of an initial batch of 85 production standard Mirage F1 had been authorised.^[2]

In order to comply with the French Air Force's requirement for an all-weather interceptor, the first production Mirage F1C was equipped with a

By October 1971, the Mirage F1 was under production at both Dassault's Bordeaux facility and at SABCA's own plant in Belgium, work at the latter having been performed under an industrial arrangement associated to Belgium's order for 106 Mirage 5 aircraft.^[8] The 79 aircraft of the next production run were delivered during the period March 1977 to December 1983. These were of the Mirage F1C-200 version, which featured a fixed refuelling probe, which required an extension of the fuselage by 7 cm.

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The Dassault Mirage F1 was a single-engine fighter aircraft, designed to function as both an interceptor aircraft and a ground attack platform.^[3] While officially developed for the French Air Force as an air defense aircraft, Dassault had placed considerable emphasis on developing the Mirage F1 for ground attack duties as a secondary role during its early design.^[2] Developed by the company to function as a successor to the successful Mirage III and Mirage 5 families, it drew heavily upon its predecessors as well, sharing the same fuselage as the Mirage III, while adopting a considerably different wing configuration.

The Mirage F1 used a shoulder-mounted swept wing, instead of the Delta wing of the Mirage III, which resulted in a more than 50% reduction in required runway lengths and increased internal fuel tankage for 40% greater combat range.^[3][2] The approach speed prior to landing is 25% less than the preceding Mirage IIIE. According to Dassault, the negative performance impact associated with the increased thickness of the Mirage F1's wing over the Mirage III's counterpart had been offset by improvements made to the propulsion system.^[2] The wing is fitted with both double-slotted trailing edge flaps and full-span leading edge slats, the latter being automatically operated to reduce the aircraft's turn radius during combat.^[2]

A key area of advancement on the Mirage F1 over its predecessors was in its onboard avionics.

In October 2007, three Mirage 2000s and three Mirage F1s were deployed at Kandahar Air Force Base, where they flew close air support and tactical reconnaissance missions in support of international forces in Southern Afghanistan.^[20][21]

The last French unit to be equipped with the Mirage F1 was the Escadron de Reconnaissance 2/33 Savoie, home-based at Mont-de-Marsan, which flew the latest version of the F1CR. The unit's primary mission was tactical reconnaissance, with a secondary mission of ground-attack; because of the unique missions of the 2/33, their unofficial motto among the pilots had become, "Find; Identify; and Photograph or Destroy." In accordance with a bilateral defense agreement between France and Chad, a pair of 2/33 F1CRs, along with 3 pilots, a photo interpreter, an intelligence officer and ground crews were always deployed to N'Djamena, Chad. The two 2/33 F1CRs operated with three Mirage 2000Ds, also based on rotation from France to Chad.^[22]

During March 2011, 2/33 Mirage F1CRs were deployed to Solenzara Air Base, Corsica and conducted reconnaissance missions over Libya (also a Mirage F1 operator) as part of Opération Harmattan.^[23] In 2013 2/33 F1CRs also participated in Operation Serval in Mali. On 10 January, launching from their base in N'Djamena in Chad, the first French air intervention mission against Islamist rebels in Mali, was undertaken by F1CRs and Mirage 2000Ds, supported by a French Air Force C-135 tanker. The 2/33 F1CRs provided valuable photo information for strike aircraft flying the next day from France. Later on 16 January, two 2/33 F1CRs, were deployed from Chad to Bamako, Mali. Both aircraft were fitted with extra long range 2,200 litre ventral tanks; and when operating over Mali also carried two 250 kg unguided bombs, plus their internal 30mm cannons, in case they were called on for close air support missions.^[24]

In order to replace the elderly F1CRs of ER 2/33, a number of Rafales were outfitted with an advanced reconnaissance pod. The Rafale's range, maneuverability and combat load is far superior to the F1CR that it replaces, as well as its reconnaissance capabilities: after the Rafale's pod has taken photographs, these can be almost instantly transmitted back to its base or where the imagery would be required if provisioned with compatible down link equipment.^[22] The French Air Force's last Mirage F1 fighters were retired from operational service on 13 June 2014. The last units in service, these being 11 single-seat Mirage F1CRs and three two-seat F1Bs were transferred to storage; six aircraft performed a final appearance in a flypast during Bastille Day celebrations over Paris prior to their disposal.^[25]

Between 1979 and 1980, Ecuador received 16 F1JAs (a variant of the F1E) and a pair of F1JEs. The Ecuadorian Air Force's (FAE) squadron of Mirage F1JAs (Escuadrón de Caza 2112) went into action in January–February 1981 during the brief

In 1995, during the

In 2011, all of the remaining Ecuadorian Mirage F1s still in service were retired after having flown more than 33,000 flight hours during their 32 years in active service; they were replaced by a squadron of Atlas Cheetah fighters bought from South Africa.^[38]

Greece operated 40 Dassault Mirage F1CG single-seat fighters. The F1CG was first ordered in 1974 and entered service with the

The Hellenic Air Force retired the remaining 27 Mirage F1CGs on 30 June 2003 after 28 years of service and 160,000 flying hours.^[39] A number of F1CG aircraft have been preserved, permanently grounded, for display. At least four are preserved in Tanagra Air Base (LGTG) (115, 124, 129 and 140).^[43][44] One more (134) is preserved at the HAF History Department, Delta Falirou.

Starting in 1977 and continuing through the 1980s, Iraq placed several orders for Mirage F1s.^[45] Although the first version, designated as the Mirage F1EQ, was quite similar to the original French Mirage F1C,^[46] those developed subsequently were increasingly modified with custom-tailored equipment (notably in the field of electronic warfare), according to the Iraqis' wishes.^[47] During this period, France was a major supplier of military equipment to the nation; in 1983, the former loaned five Super Étendards to Iraq while the latter was awaiting the delivery of the Exocet-capable Mirage F1EQ-5, which would not be available until September 1984.^[48] The Super Étendard had been strongly advocated for by Dassault, who had feared the potential cancellation of the sizable Mirage F1 order by Iraq if the request was not granted.^[49]

From 1983 onwards, Iraqi Mirage F1s were also used for ground attack.^[50] In this role, the Mirage F1 was used to replace Iraq's aging fleet of Hawker Hunters.^[51] In September 1985, an agreement was signed between Dassault and Iraq for the delivery of a further 24 aircraft, consisting of 18 Mirage F1EQ-6 fighters and 6 F1BQ trainers.^[52]

During the Iran–Iraq War, Iraq's Mirage F1EQs were used intensively for interception, ground attack and anti-shipping missions.^[53] The Mirage F1EQ allowed for Iraqi strikes to be conducted over a greater combat radius into Iran than had been previously possible.^[54] In November 1981, an Iraqi Mirage F1 accounted for the first Iranian F-14 Tomcat to be shot down, followed by several more in the following months, giving the previously timid Iraqi Air Force new confidence in air-to-air combat engagements with the Iranians.^[55] According to research by journalist Tom Cooper, during the war 33 Iraqi Mirage F1s were shot down by Iranian F-14s^[56] and two were downed by Iranian F-4 Phantom II units.^[57] Iraqi F1EQs claimed at least 35 Iranian aircraft, mostly F-4s and Northrop F-5E Tiger IIs, but also several F-14 Tomcats.^{[58][page needed]}

On 14 September 1983, a pair of

On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi Falcon 50 modified with elements of a Mirage F1^[60] fired a pair of Exocet missiles at the United States Navy (USN) warship USS Stark as it patrolled the Persian Gulf, causing extensive damage to the ship, killing 37 and wounding 21 members of Stark's crew. The exact motive and orders of the pilot remain unclear, although Iraq later apologized for the attack, referring to the incident as "a mistake" and blaming Iran.^[61]

Prior to the outbreak of the 1991

Coalition forces shot down several Iraqi F1s during the Gulf War, such as six F1EQs that were shot down by USAF F-15 Eagles. A pair of F1EQs, which were preparing to carry out an attack on Saudi oil facilities were shot down by a Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) F-15C.^[66][67] Of a pre-conflict force of 88 Mirage F1EQs, 23 were destroyed in the war, a further six were damaged, 24 were flown to Iran and interned; only 23 aircraft remained in service by the end of the Gulf War.^[3] Of the 23 destroyed Iraqi Mirage F1EQs, 9 were claimed to have been destroyed in aerial combat.^[51]

In December 1975, Morocco ordered 25 Mirage F1CH interceptors.^[68] In March 1977, an additional contract was signed, stipulating the delivery of five additional Mirage F1CHs, as well as 20 Mirage F1EHs (including six aircraft equipped with in-flight refuelling probes).^[69] The first deliveries to the Royal Moroccan Air Force (RMAF) took place in 1978.^[70] Moroccan Mirage F1s flew with three squadrons: Assad and Atlas, which were multi-role (interceptor and fighter-bomber) units, and Iguider, a specialised reconnaissance squadron.^[71] Comprising over a third of its fighter force, the Mirage F1 served as the primary air defence fighter of the RMAF for the next two decades.^[72]

Starting in October 1979, these aircraft were engaged in combat missions against the forces of the

To solve these issues, several measures were taken. The Moroccans started using bombs equipped with daisy cutter fuses, and later South African-made Jupiter airburst fuses.^[78] Moroccan Mirages also starting operating in hunter-killer teams, with one aircraft fitted with long-range cameras and/or ESM equipment guiding one or two low-flying Mirage F1s to attack the targets it detected. These tactics proved highly successful, and they became the principal way in which Moroccan Mirages operated for the remainder of the war.^[79] Moreover, the aircraft were modified with chaff/flare dispensers.^[80] Lastly, ECM pods were bought to increase the aircraft's survivability against SA-6s, and the first were delivered in 1983.^[81] All this, combined with better training of the Moroccan pilots (including during joint exercises with the French and the Americans), resulted in much improved effectiveness of operations against Polisario forces.^[82] In total, over the course of the war in Western Sahara, twelve Mirage F1s were shot down by the POLISARIO. Four pilots were killed, and five were taken prisoner.^[83]

On 17 August 2015, a Moroccan Mirage F1 crashed due to a bird strike; its pilot ejected successfully.^[84]

During 1971, South Africa commenced its search for a replacement for the Mirage III; as a result, it chose to purchase a licence to manufacture both the Mirage F1 and its engine with the intention of producing up to 100 Mirage F1s. However, this license was quickly cancelled as a consequence of the impending 1977 arms embargo. The SAAF proceeded to procure 16 Mirage F1CZs and 32 Mirage F1AZs, which were quickly delivered by Dassault prior to the embargo being implemented, the first of these deliveries occurring in 1975.

Both the F1CZ and F1AZ variants of the

In May 1982, an Angolan Mi-8 helicopter that the SADF believed to be carrying senior officers was located and destroyed in the Cuvelai area. The helicopter was located with rotors running on the ground by a pair of F1CZs and destroyed by 30mm cannon fire.^{[citation needed]}

Two F1AZs of 1 Squadron were lost over Angola. On 20 February 1988, while flying an interdiction sortie in F1AZ '245' against a road convoy during

Two F1AZs and a F1CZ were also damaged by enemy action, but were able to return to base. On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis were both hit by SA-3 Goa SAMs. The aircraft piloted by Du Plessis was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Pretorius's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.^[85] During the last phase of the Bush war 683 combat sorties were flown by the F1AZs, and more than 100 SAMs were fired at them.^{[citation needed]}

On 27 September 1987, during

The SAAF lost an additional six F1AZs and three F1CZs to various mishaps. F1CZ '205' caught fire after landing and was repaired using the tail section of F1CZ '206' (Piercy's aircraft).[85]

In June 1975, with tension growing with Morocco, Spain decided to strengthen its Air Force and bought 15 Mirage F1C that were allocated to Albacete AB. In mid-1976 there was still some tension with Morocco and Algerian and Libyan MiG-25 flights on the Mediterranean, which would lead the Spanish Air Force to purchase ten more Mirage F1C and two years later order 48 Mirage F1C and F1E.^{[citation needed]}

Some years later Spain also bought 12 F1EDA/DDA's retired from Qatar Air Force, which donated some equipment and weapons used by those Mirage F1s. In Spanish service the F1CE was known as the C.14A, the F1EE was the C.14B and the two-seater F1EDA as the C.14C.

They served mainly as Spain's primary air defence interceptors and interdiction as secondary role until they were superseded by Spain's

In October 1996, Thomson-CSF was awarded a FFr700 million (US$96m) contract to upgrade 48 F1C/E single-seaters and 4 F1EDA trainers to Mirage F1M standard (see below). Ex-Qatar Mirage F1s were left outside the upgrade, as it was a different version, and were the first ones to be retired.[88] As well as a service-life extension, this improved the avionics and added anti-shipping capability with a modernised Cyrano IVM radar and Exocet compatibility.

From July 2006 to November 2006, Spanish Mirage F1s were deployed to Lithuania as a part of NATO's Baltic Air Policing mission; during this deployment, they were scrambled twice to intercept undisclosed intruders. On 20 January 2009, a pair of Spanish F1s from the 14th Wing crashed near their base during a routine Spanish Air Force dogfight training mission, resulting in the deaths of all three crew members. The wreckage of the two jets, including the remains of the aircrew, was found about 3 km (1.9 mi) apart.^[89] By 2009, there were 38 F1M's in service with Escuadrón 141 (141st Squadron) "Patanes" and Escuadrón 142 (142nd Squadron) "Tigres" of Ala 14.^[87]

In 2013, the Spanish Air Force retired its fleet of Mirage F1s,

Libya procured 16 Mirage F1ED interceptors, 6 F1BD two-seaters, and 16 Mirage F1ADs to equip the Libyan Air Force. The F1AD model is a specialized strike variant that lacks the standard radar unit; it is instead outfitted with a retractable fuel probe mounted on the nose. Four F1ADs were subsequently upgraded into a multirole configuration.^[95]

Throughout the day of 18 August 1981, a total of 70 Libyan aircraft, including Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23s, MiG-25s, Sukhoi Su-22s, Su-22Ms and Mirage F1s, approached a US Navy carrier battle group as a show of strength. They were escorted until their withdrawal from its vicinity by McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs and Grumman F-14 Tomcats.^[96]

Even though they weren't involved continuously, Libyan Mirage F1s participated in the war in Chad intensively and proved their worth during the Libyan campaigns through the 1980s.^[97][98][99] From 1981, a detachment was deployed at Marten es-Serra in southern Libya. Both the F1AD and F1ED versions were used in this war.^[100] Even though the Mirage F1ED was designed foremost as an interceptor, it was mainly used for ground attack purposes like the F1AD, although some combat air patrols were flown as well.^[100][101] When operating in Chad, the Mirage F1AD's typical combat configuration consisted of a pair of 1.300 litre drop tanks and a pair of Belouga CBUs. Operations were performed almost exclusively during daylight hours and from high altitudes, which resulted in limited effectiveness.^[102] Together with Mirage 5s, MiG-23s, and Sukhoi Su-22s, Mirage F1s were instrumental in the success enjoyed during different campaigns against the Chadian troops in the early 1980s: operating over the open and barren desert terrain, they caused heavy damage, for no Mirage F1 losses in exchange.^[103]

Both Libyan Mirage F1 squadrons were staffed by some of the best pilots and officers in the Air Force, and the Libyans put extra care in the maintenance of these aircraft.^[104] Indeed, US Navy pilots involved in the 1981 encounters with Libyan fighters concluded that the Mirage F1 pilots were markedly superior to those flying Soviet-made aircraft.^[105]

The Mirage F1 fleet saw action during the

Single-seat ground-attack fighter aircraft, with limited daylight-only air-to-air capability. Fitted with lightweight EMD AIDA 2 ranging radar instead of Cyrano IV of other variants, with laser rangefinder under nose, retractible refuelling probe and more fuel.^[107][108]

• Mirage F1AD : Mirage F1A for Libya. 16 delivered 1978–1979.^[109]
• Mirage F1AZ : F1A for South Africa. 32 delivered 1975–1976.^[110]

The French Air Force also ordered 20 Mirage F1Bs, a two-seat operational conversion trainer; these were delivered between October 1980 and March 1983.^[111] The extra seat and controls added only 30 cm (12 in) to the length of the fuselage, but at the cost of less internal fuel capacity and the loss of the internal cannons.^[11]

The empty weight increased by 200 kg (440 lb),

In all other aspects the F1B is a combat-capable aircraft and it can compensate for lost capacity with cannon pods and drop tanks.

• Mirage F1BD : Export version of the Mirage F1D for Libya. Six delivered 1978–1979.^[109]
• Mirage F1BE : Mirage F1B for Spain, local designation CE.14A. Six delivered 1980–1981.^[112]
• Mirage F1BJ : Mirage F1B for Jordan. Two built.^[113]
• Mirage F1BK : Export version of the Mirage F1B for Kuwait. Two built.^[109]
• Mirage F1BK-2 : Multi-role two-seater for Kuwait, equivalent to F1Dl. Four built.^[109]
• Mirage F1BQ : Two-seat trainer for Iraq, some of which fitted with dummy flight refuelling probe. 18 ordered of which 15 were delivered between 1980 and 1989.^[114]

• Mirage F1C : Production interceptor version for the French Air Force
• Mirage F1C-200 : Designation for F1Cs fitted with refuelling probe.
• Mirage F1CE : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Spain, with local designation C.14A. 45 purchased in three batches, delivered between 1975 and 1981.^[112]
• Mirage F1CG : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Greece. 40 built, which were delivered between 1975 and 1978.^[26]
• Mirage F1CH : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Morocco. 30 built, delivered 1978–1979.^[115]
• Mirage F1CJ : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Jordan. 17 built.^[113]
• Mirage F1CK : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Kuwait. 18 built and delivered 1976–1977. Later upgraded to CK-2 standard.^[109]
• Mirage F1CK-2 : Nine multi-role aircraft, equivalent to the F1E, were sold to Kuwait as part of a follow-up order.^[109]
• Mirage F1CR : Tactical reconnaissance version for the French Air Force, bought to replace the Mirage IIIR.
• Mirage F1CT : Upgraded F1C-200 for the French Air Force to replace the Mirage IIIE in the close air support role.
• Mirage F1CZ : Export version of the Mirage F1C for South Africa. 16 delivered 1974–1975, with two further aircraft received to replace aircraft lost in a February 1979 collision.^[116]
• Mirage F1ED : Export version of the Mirage F1C for Libya. 16 built.

Two-seat training version, based on the Mirage F1E multi-role fighter, ground-attack aircraft.

• Mirage F1DDA : Export version of the Mirage F1D for Qatar. Two built.

• Mirage F1JA : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Ecuador. 16 built.
• Mirage F1EE : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Spain. 22 built.
• Mirage F1EH : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Morocco. 14 built, delivered between 1979 and 1982.^[70]
• Mirage F1EH-200 : Moroccan aircraft fitted with an in-flight refuelling probe. Six built.^[70]
• Mirage F1EJ : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Jordan. 17 built.
• Mirage F1EQ : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Iraq. 16 built.^[46]
• Mirage F1EQ-2 : Single-seat air defence fighter version for Iraq. 16 new-build and 16 upgraded F1EQs.^[46]
• Mirage F1EQ-4 : Single-seat multi-role fighter, ground-attack, reconnaissance version for Iraq. First Iraqi version fitted with a refuelling probe. 28 built.^[117]
• Mirage F1EQ-5 : Single-seat multi-role version for Iraq. First Iraqi Exocet-capable version thanks to a new Cyrano IVQ/C5 radar. Also capable of using laser-guided munitions. 20 built.^[118]
• Mirage F1EQ-6 : Single-seat multi-role version for Iraq, with new Sherloc digital RWR, new Cyrano IV-SP1 radar, and capable of carrying two Exocet missiles at once. 30 built.^[119]
• Mirage F1EDA : Export version of the Mirage F1E for Qatar. 12 built.

When it became clear that the Mirage F1 was becoming a successful production aircraft, Dassault began investigating the possibility of a dedicated reconnaissance version for its most important client, the French Air Force. However, the escalating cost of fighter aircraft meant that add-on pods for this purpose were a more economical alternative.

Many French Air Force aircraft, as well as those of some export clients (such as Iraq's Mirage F1EQ), did indeed have a variety of reconnaissance pods available, which were attached to the underside of the main fuselage. However, the development of a tactical reconnaissance aircraft for the French Air Force continued, and the first Mirage F1CR flew on 20 November 1981.^[120]

The Mirage F1CR carries reconnaissance equipment, internally and externally:^[121]

• A SAT SCM2400 Super Cyclope
  infrared linescan
  unit is installed in the space previously occupied by the port cannon.
• A space under the nose can be used for a Thomson-TRT 40 panoramic camera or a Thomson-TRT 33 vertical camera.
• The Cyrano IVM-R radar has extra ground- and contour-mapping modules.
• A variety of sensors can be carried in external pods carried under the fuselage centreline. These include the Raphaël TH Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR), the ASTAC
  ELINT pod and the RP35P optical reconnaissance pod.^[122]

A total of 64 Mirage F1CRs were ordered by the French Air Force.[111] The first air force unit equipped with the CR was Escadron de Reconnaissance 2/33 which became operational in September 1983.^[123]

The Mirage F1CT is a ground attack version of the Mirage F1C-200. Following their replacement in the air defence role by the

Mirage F1AZ and F1CZ

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The

The F1AZ has a laser-based rangefinder, permitting the highly accurate fusing and aiming of unguided munitions, such as bombs and rockets. Optical design was by the Optics (later ELOPTRO) division of Armscor in South Africa. The F1AZ features an integrated ground-attack system, comprising two on-board computers that can identify targets at a distance of 5 km. A laser range finder, situated below its conical nose, is connected to the computers to provide them with target info without emitting radar signals. After target identification and information gathering, bombs are automatically released at the right moment, known as CCRP, or 'Computer Controlled Release Point'.^{[citation needed]} While the range-finding ability of the EMD AIDA 2 radar permits the use of combat and visual interception missiles, the helmet-mounted sight element enables the pilot to make off-boresight engagements, without waiting until achieving an optimum firing position. The F1AZ is equipped with two internal DEFA 30mm cannons with 125 rounds each, and carries a wide variety of external ordnance, including various types of bombs, cluster munitions, missiles, and rocket launchers.^{[citation needed]}

The SAAF retired the F1CZs in 1992, followed by the F1AZs in 1997.^{[citation needed]}

Despite their retirement in 1997, the accuracy of the F1AZ's armament delivery is still considered classified information by the SAAF; analysis by informed news services (e.g.,

In 2004, up to 21 F1AZs were reported in storage at

AFB Hoedspruit, awaiting a possible buyer. In April 2006, it was reported that Aerosud

had purchased the surviving Mirage F1AZs and spares.

South Africa granted

JAS 39 Gripen

, the upgrade was technically successful.

On 17 August 2006, French news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that two upgraded ex-South African F1AZs had taken part in a fly-past over Libreville earlier that day in celebration of Gabon's independence day. The refurbishment and upgrade of the aircraft was carried out by Aerosud. Aerosud Group managing director Dr. Paul Potgieter confirmed his company's involvement, but declined to give numbers or cite figures.^{[citation needed]}

Mirage F1 M53

Developed for the participation in the "European" NATO fighter competition of early seventies, seeking to replace the F-104G. It was equipped with a more powerful engine, the SNECMA M53, and other improvements. Failed to succeed, the contest was eventually won by the General Dynamics F-16. The Mirage F1 came in second place.^[130]

Mirage F1M

The F1M upgrade (unrelated to the M-53 prototype) was applied to 48 Spanish F1CE/EE and four F1EDA trainers under a FFr700 million (US$96m) contract awarded to Thomson-CSF in October 1996.^[88] The prototype F1M flew in April 1998, and CASA delivered the remainder between March 1999 and 15 March 2001.^[88] The project included a revised cockpit with colour LCDs and a Smart HUD from Sextant Avionique, a Sextant inertial navigation system with GPS interface; NATO-compatible Have Quick 2 secure communications; Mode 4 digital IFF; a defensive aids suite; and flight recorders.^[88] The radar was upgraded to Cyrano IVM standard, adding sea search and air to ground ranging modes.

Mirage F1 MF2000

Main article: Royal Moroccan Air Force § Mirage F1 MF2000 ASTRAC

The

Sagem Thales pour la Rénovation d'Avions de Combat).^[132]

Operators

The Dassault Mirage F1 has been operated by fourteen air forces, with five of them still doing so. Out of these, three have been European, five Middle Eastern (with one still flying the type), and five African (four still operating it).

Current operators

 Congo, Republic of the

• Congolese Air Force two Mirage F1s in service as of December 2021.^[133]

 Gabon

• Gabonese Air Force six Mirage F1s in service as of December 2021.^[134]

 Iran

• Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force seized 24 F1BQs and F1EQs flown over from Iraq, during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.^{[citation needed]} As of December 2021, 12 Mirage F1EQs and 5 Mirage F1BQs were in service.^[135]

 Libya

• western 2019 offensive.^{[139][140][141]}

 Morocco

• Royal Moroccan Air Force received 30 F1CHs, 14 F1EHs and 6 F1EH-200s. 23 are still operational and 27 have been upgraded to ASTRAC standards.^[142]

Non-government/private military operators

 South Africa

• French Air Force Mirage F1B.^[143]

 United States

• Draken International has acquired 20 former Spanish Air Force Mirage F1Ms and 2 F1B aircraft for use in the Adversary Air role providing support to the United States Air Force. One plane was lost when it crashed on May 24, 2021.^[144]
• US Air Force.^[145][146] The intention is to have between 30 and 45 of them airworthy.^[147]
  • On 10 February 2022, an F1 crashed in an unpopulated area near Buckeye around 30 miles (48 km) west of Phoenix, Arizona, after the pilot ejected. The aircraft was operating from Luke Air Force Base, supporting the 56th Operations Group.^[148]

Former operators

 Ecuador

• Ecuadorian Air Force operated 16 F1JA & 2 F1JE. During their operational service, at least three of these aircraft were confirmed as lost in accidents. In February 2011, the remaining aircraft in the squadron were retired from service.^[149]

 France

• French Air Force received 246 aircraft. The last squadron flying the aircraft was officially disbanded on 13 June 2014.^[150]

 Greece

• Hellenic Air Force operated 40 F1CG.

 Iraq

• Iraqi Air Force received 106 F1EQ & 15 F1BQ between 31 January 1981 and 1989, with a further 4 EQs and 4 trainers undelivered due to Iraq's inability to pay and the UN arms embargo^[151] imposed following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait.^[114] In early 2011, the French government offered to update and refurbish 18 French-held Mirage F1s and sell these to the Iraqi Air Force.^[152]

 Jordan

• Royal Jordanian Air Force received 17 F1CJ, 17 F1EJ & 2 F1BJ. In 2010 it was reported that Argentina might lease twelve F1CJs and an F1BJ but nothing came of it.

 Kuwait

• Kuwait Air Force operated 2 Mirage F1BK, 4 Mirage F1BK-2, 18 Mirage F1CK, and 9 Mirage F1CK-2. These 33 Mirage F1s were delivered between 1976 and 1977.

 

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

• Libyan Air Force (1951–2011). Passed on to the successor government.

 Qatar

• Qatar Air Force ordered 12 F1EDA & 2 F1DDA in 1979,^[110] which were delivered to Qatar between March 1983 and July 1984.^[153] A further F1DDA was supplied later as an attrition replacement.^[110] 13 aircraft were sold to Spain.^[154]

 South Africa

• South African Air Force operated 32 F1AZ & 16 F1CZ.

 Spain

• Spanish Air Force received originally 45 F1CE, 22 F1EE & 6 F1BE. Also acquired 24 second-hand examples from France and Qatar in the early 1990s. Spanish F1s were deployed in 2006 for the Baltic Air Policing
  mission. Finally, Spain decommissioned its Mirage F1 fleet in February 2013.

Specifications (Mirage F1)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89,^[155]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 15.3 m (50 ft 2 in)
• Wingspan: 8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
• Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
• Wing area: 25 m² (270 sq ft)
• Empty weight: 7,400 kg (16,314 lb)
• Gross weight: 10,900 kg (24,030 lb) (clean take-off weight)
• Max takeoff weight: 16,200 kg (35,715 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 ×
  afterburning turbojet engine, 49.03 kN (11,020 lbf) thrust ^[156]
   dry, 70.6 kN (15,900 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

• Maximum speed: 2,338 km/h (1,453 mph, 1,262 kn) at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)[156]
• Maximum speed: Mach 2.2
• Combat range: 425 km (264 mi, 229 nmi) hi-lo-hi at Mach 0.75/0.88 with 14 × 250 kg (551 lb) bombs
• Ferry range: 3,300 km (2,100 mi, 1,800 nmi) with maximum external fuel^[157]
• Endurance: 2 hr 15 min (combat air patrol, with 2 × Super 530 missiles and centreline drop tank)
• Service ceiling: 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
• Rate of climb: 243 m/s (47,800 ft/min)
• Thrust/weight: 0.66^[158]

Armament

• Guns: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 553 cannons with 150 rounds per gun
• Hardpoints: 1 centreline pylon, four underwing and two wingtip pylons with a capacity of 6,300 kg (13,900 lb) (practical maximum load 4,000 kg (8,800 lb)), with provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Rockets: 8× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each
  • Bombs: various
  • Other: reconnaissance pods or Drop tanks
• Missiles: 2×
  AS-30L
  laser-guided missiles

See also

Related development

• Dassault Mirage III
• Dassault Mirage F2
• Dassault Mirage G
• Dassault Mirage 2000

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
• Northrop F-5E/F Tiger-II
• SEPECAT Jaguar

Related lists

• List of fighter aircraft
• List of military aircraft of France

References

Citations

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4. ^ ^{a b} Jackson World Air Power Journal Volume 17 Summer 1994, pp. 50–51
5. ^ Jackson World Air Power Journal Volume 17 Summer 1994, pp. 53–54
6. ^ ^{a b} Jackson World Air Power Journal Volume 17 Summer 1994, p. 56
7. ^ Jackson 1985, p. 85
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Ramsden Flight International 28 October 1971, p. 694
9. ^ Ramsden Flight International 28 October 1971, pp. 691, 694.
10. ^ Jackson 1985, p. 89
11. ^ ^{a b c} Jackson World Air Power Journal Volume 17 Summer 1994, p. 72
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  ISBN 978-1-91080-900-6
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dassault Mirage F1.

• Dassault Official Webpage
• Aircraft of the French Air Force