Durio graveolens

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"Yellow durian" redirects here. For the fruit in general, see Durian.

Durio graveolens
Durio graveolens 'Suluy Z' at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami
Durio graveolens 'Suluy Z' at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Durio
Species:
D. graveolens
Binomial name
Durio graveolens
Becc., 1889[2]
Fruit and leaves of D. graveolens
Fruit and leaves of D. graveolens
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy152 kcal (640 kJ)
 
Dietary fiber21.5 g
6.2 g
Saturated1.9 g
Trans0.9 g
Monounsaturated2.5 g
Polyunsaturated1.8 g
1.8 g
2.6 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin C
12%
10.4 mg
Copper
78%
0.7 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
6%
27 mg
Manganese
17%
0.4 mg
Phosphorus
3%
43 mg
Potassium
18%
529 mg
Zinc
5%
0.59 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water66.7%
Cholesterol0 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[5] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[6]
Source: (Hoe & Siong 1999)[3] (Nasaruddin, Noor, & Mamat 2013)[4]

Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian,

Durio (most notably Durio dulcis) have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has a mild scent.[12][13]
It is native to Southeast Asia.

D. graveolens is an edible durian,

congener Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide.[citation needed
]

Names

This species should not be confused with the popular durian clones from Malaysia known as 'Red Flesh' (D164) and 'Red Prawn' (D175), as both of those belong to D. zibethinus.[17]

However, D. graveolens does have one registered variety, 'DQ2 nyekak (DK8)'.[17] The color of the fruit's flesh denotes other varieties–an orange-fleshed, a red-fleshed one, and yellow-fleshed. These varieties may be different species, but currently there is no consensus.[12][16] The yellow-fleshed kind is sometimes called durian simpor.[12][8][7]

In the scientific name Durio graveolens,

National Research Council, as "odorless".[13]

In Malay, the fruit is called durian burong, durian burung[7] (literally "bird durian"), durian rimba ("jungle durian"),[15] durian kuning[7][19][12] ("yellow durian"),[4] durian merah ("red durian"),[7][16][12][14] or durian otak udang galah[19][12] ("crayfish brain durian").[8] In Iban, it is durian isu.[8] The Bidayuh call it durian umot.[8] Among the Kenyah and Dayak peoples, it is known as durian anggang ("hornbill durian"),[15] durian ajan, pesang,[15] tabela or ta-bela,[15] tabelak,[12][7] taula,[15][12] tuala, tuwala.[8] On Sumatra, the Batak call it tinambela.[15][12][8] In Karo, it is called meraan.[20] In Thailand, it is referred to as thurian rak kha (Thai: ทุเรียนรากขา) or thurian khua tit (ทุเรียนขั้วติด; sources differ on which name refers to this species, with the other being attributed to D. kutejensis).[21][22] In Aceh Tamiang Regency, it can be called durian batu ("stone durian"), and elsewhere in Sumatra, it known as durian adjan.[15][12] Other regional names include durian dalit[16][12][23] (but this can apply also to Durio oxleyanus[24]) alau, dujen, durian alau, durian daun dungoh, durian hutan[12] ("forest durian"), durian pipit, lai bengang, merang kunyit, pasang, and tongkai.[8]

A natural hybrid of D. graveolens and D. zibethinus is called durian siunggong or durian suluk.[7][8][12] It has the texture and flavour of the popular D. zibethinus and the burnt caramel overtones of D. graveolens.[8][7]

After its initial description in 1889 by

D. conicus. British botanist John Wyatt-Smith combined it all under D. dulcis in 1953. Indonesian botanists André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo separated D. graveolens back to its own species in 1958.[25]

Distribution

Wild D. graveolens grows in Peninsular Malaysia[8][15][7][14] (states of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu), Indonesian Islands of Borneo[8][15][7][14] and Sumatra,[15][14][7][8] Palawan,[7] and Southern Thailand.[26] It is cultivated in Brunei,[7] Sarawak, Sabah,[8] and the Northern Territory of Australia.[14] In Brunei, its popularity outshines D. zibethinus,[19] which is not cultivated in the country.[27]

It is occasionally grown outside the tropics. In Florida, it has been seen to survive two consecutive nights at 0 °C (32 °F), albeit shrouded in cloth.[28]

Description

Durio graveolens trunk

D. graveolens is a large tree, sharing many features with D. dulcis.[2] It inhabits the upper canopy, growing up to 50 m (160 ft) tall.[8][15] The trunk is 85–100 cm (33–39 in) in diameter and can have no branches until about 25 m (82 ft) high.[8] The trunk will be smooth or flaky, grey/mauve to ruddy brown with steep buttress roots.[8] The buttresses reach 3 m (9.8 ft) and extend out 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in).[15]

Durio graveolens leaves

The oblong leaves are 10–26 cm (3.9–10.2 in) long without the

midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top.[2] The leaf stipules are caducous (drop early).[8] Leaves have 10-12 lateral veins per side (with some smaller ones intermixed), which are tiny and superficial above and more distinct, but still barely visible.[2] The petiole is very large, 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) long, and tumescent (swollen) from the middle up.[2]

Flowers grow on the branches

colpus (or furrow) and pore.[30] The pollen grains are monad and do not cluster.[30]

The fruits are up to 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in diameter,

valves (sections)[8][14][31] with 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) thick walls.[2] Typically the fruit opens on the tree,[8][14] but some varieties do not until they are on the ground or harvested. There are 2 bulbous or chestnut-shaped seeds per section, each completely enveloped by fleshy aril.[2][14][29] These glossy brown seeds are 2 cm × 4 cm (0.79 in × 1.57 in).[8][14][31] The pungent aril is the part consumed as food,[2] though some sources note the odor is sometimes very mild.[14][29][15] It ranges in color from light yellow[2] to orange to lipstick red.[8][7][14][29]

Taxonomy

D. graveolens is in the core clade

Durio.[29] It is most closely related to Durio kutejensis.[29]

Palatadurio

Ecology

Foliage of Durio graveolens
See also: List of durian diseases and pests

D. graveolens is a tropical plant species that needs high heat and humidity.

dipterocarp forests, frequently along riverbanks and swamps.[8] Because of its tolerance for wet habitats,[15] it is possibly resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora palmivora.[14][19] It can also be found on hillsides and shale ridges up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation.[8]

It is

pollinated by bats.[30] As it is one of the only species to naturally hybridize with D. zibethinus,[7][8][33] they are thought to share a pollinator, likely the cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea).[34][25] Pollen from both of these durian species has been found in cave nectar bat feces, and possibly in that of the long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus).[35]

After harvest, fruit can be set upon by fungi such as

Gibberella intricans, and Penicillium spp.[19]

The fruit is fed on by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),[20] Prevost's squirrels (Callosciurus prevostii), crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), black hornbills (Anthracoceros malayanus), possibly viverrids[31] and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus).[36] Black hornbills are also effective seed dispersers for the tree,[31] and this is referenced in a few of the regional names for the tree (see § Names).

Biochemistry

The

decanoic acid (1.62%), and lauric acid (1.31%).[4] Unsaturated fats include oleic acid (22.18%), palmitoleic acid (13.55%), linolelaidic acid (12.39%), γ-linolenic acid (12.23%), linoleic acid (4.95%), elaidic acid (2.50%), and myristoleic acid (1.89%).[4]

Uses

The fruit's pulp is typically eaten raw and has the fragrance of roasted almonds

sayur (a traditional Indonesian vegetable stew).[8]

The seeds can also be ground into flour (tepung biji durian dalit), which then can be used to make, for example, fish crackers.[23]

The tree is also harvested for lumber in Sarawak.

tisane of mature bark, as they believe it strengthens the skin.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Durio graveolens". IUCN Red List. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  2. ^
    OCLC 880509632
    . Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  3. PMID 24393732. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  4. ^
    OCLC 857479186. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  5. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  6. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-86320-405-7. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  8. ^
    S2CID 253915304
    .
  9. ^ "Durio graveolens". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2017. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Streptophytina; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Euphyllophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Mesangiospermae; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Malvales; Malvaceae; Helicteroideae; Durio
  10. ^ "Durio". The Plant List. 1.1. England. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  11. ^ a b Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017. graveolens graveolens graveolens strong smelling graveolens graveolent adj strong smelling; rank Ruta graveolens L.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gasik, Lindsay (May 2013). "Durio graveolens". Year of the Durian. yearofthedurian.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  13. ^
    ISBN 9780894991868
    . Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  14. ^
    OCLC 38412745. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2017. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  15. ^
    OCLC 4142407. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  16. ^ a b c d e "Wild durians of Borneo". Daily Express. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: Sabah Publishing House Sdn. Bhd. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Varieties Registered For National Crop List". Plant Variety Protection Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. pp. 15–6, 52. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017. D164 Durian Durio zibethinus Linn. D175 Durian Durio zibethinus Linn. DQ2 Durian Sarawak Durio graveolens Becc Nyekak (DK8)
  18. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  19. ^
    S2CID 37024997
    .
  20. ^
    ISSN 0003-3472
    .
  21. ^ "ชื่อพรรณไม้ เต็ม สมิตินันทน์". Forest Herbarium (in Thai). Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  22. ^ Songpol Somsri (1999). "Interspecific Hybridization of Durian". Thai Agricultural Research Journal (in Thai). 17 (3): 294–302.
  23. ^
    OCLC 973237888
    .
  24. ^ Ng, Murphy (19 December 2012). "Red and Orange Durians of Sabah". MySabah.com. Sabah, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Durian Dalit (Orange-flesh Durian), Species: Durio oxleyanus The husk of Durian Dalit is green color, with long and thick thorns outside. Durian Sukang (Red-flesh Durian), Species: Durio graveolens When ripe, the husk of Durian Sukang turns yellow, with short and sharp spines.
  25. ^
    OCLC 38754437
    . Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  26. ^ "Durio graveolens Beccari, 1889". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  27. OCLC 723476105. Archived
    from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 10 November 2017. In Brunei Darussalam, D. zibethinus does not occur locally. The people in Brunei prefer the other species, such as D. graveolens, D. kutejensis and D. oxyleyanus. These species are quite commonly distributed in the country and together with other species like D. testudinarium and D. dulcis, represent rich genetic diversity.
  28. OCLC 22610361
    .
  29. ^
    OCLC 199110722
    .
  30. ^
    S2CID 42391364
    .
  31. ^
    S2CID 82212472
    .
  32. PMID 10948003
    . Wet masses of fruits recorded in Lambir Hills National Park were as follows: D. graveolens, 757. 5 g;... (T. Yumoto, unpublished data)
  33. OCLC 956468165. Retrieved 12 November 2017. Four hybrid seedlings were obtained in the crosses between D. zibethinus and D. graveolens, whereas no fruit set was observed in the crosses between D. zibethinus and D. oxleyanus, and between D. oxleyanus and D. graveolens. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  34. OCLC 918436212. Archived
    from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  35. OCLC 476102040
    .
  36. ISSN 1095-8312. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2018. Durio graveolens Bombacaceae S fr Tree

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durio_graveolens&oldid=1208369985"