Eochaid ab Rhun
Eochaid | |
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King of Strathclyde King of the Picts (possibly) | |
Issue |
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Father | Rhun ab Arthgal |
Mother | unknown daughter of Cináed mac Ailpin |
Eochaid ab Rhun (
Heir to the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde and a claimant to the Gaelic throne of Alba, Eochaid was of mixed-blood.
According to various sources, Eochaid and Giric were driven from the kingship in 889. The succeeding king,
Eochaid is not attested after 889. Likewise, nothing is recorded of the Kingdom of Strathclyde until the first quarter of the next century, when a certain
Ancestors
Simplified pedigree illustrating the kinship between Eochaid's family and the Pictish Alpínid dynasty.[7] The latter kindred is highlighted, and women are italicised.
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Eochaid was a son of
In 870, during the reign of Rhun's father,
Prior to its fall, the fortress of Al Clud served as the capital of Arthgal's Kingdom of Al Clud, and afterwards the capital appears to have relocated up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan[30] and Partick.[31][note 6] The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology. Until the fall of Al Clud, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress; whereas following the loss of the site, the Kingdom of Al Clud came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence to its reorientation towards Ystrad Clud (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde.[33] Either Arthgal or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule the reconstructed realm of Strathclyde.[34]
It is uncertain when Rhun's reign and life ended.[35] One possibility is that Rhun died in 876, when Custantín seems to have been slain by Vikings.[36] Custantín's death is dated to 876 by the Annals of Ulster.[37] The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba appears to locate his fall in Atholl,[38] whilst several king-lists locate his demise to a place variously called Inverdufat,[39] an otherwise uncertain location[40] that might refer to Inverdovat in Fife.[41][note 7]
Sources of the royal succession
It is uncertain who assumed the kingship of Strathclyde after Rhun.
According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, Eochaid succeeded Áed, and held the kingship for eleven years. The chronicle adds that it was further said that Giric also reigned during this period on account of the fact that he was Eochaid's alumnus
The chronicle reports that
Other than the chronicle, the only source to associate both Eochaid and Giric as kings is the twelfth-century
Relationship with Giric
Giric's familial origins are uncertain.[74] According to several versions of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba his father's name was Dúngal,[75] whereas certain versions of the Verse Chronicle equate his father's name to Domnall.[76] Although it is possible that Giric's association with kingship stems from an ancestral claim, the evidence for this is uncertain.[77] Giric need not have possessed any claim of his own,[78] and could have merely played the role of kingmaker, by orchestrating the removal of Áed, and installing Eochaid in his place.[79]
Nevertheless, there is also reason to suspect that Giric's patronym, "son of Dúngal", may actually refer to an early form of the Welsh Dyfnwal rather than the Gaelic Dúngal.
Giric's patronym may instead identify him as a son of Domnall mac Ailpín.[92] If such a parentage is correct, it would certainly mean that Giric possessed a strong claim to the Pictish throne.[93] The fact that Áed seems to have succeeded Custantín could indicate that Giric had been denied the kingship. Such a possibility could account for Giric's apparent killing of Áed. It could also reveal that Giric received or was reliant upon significant assistance from Eochaid—in this case his maternal kinsman[94]—which would in turn account for the evidence that Giric and Eochaid shared the Pictish kingship in some manner.[95]
Conversely, it could have been Eochaid who claimed the kingship by right of his maternal Alpínid ancestry.
It is conceivable that Eochaid ruled over both the Strathclyde Britons and Picts.[100] If so, he could have initiated his royal career as King of Strathclyde before succeeding as King of the Picts.[101] In fact, the evidence of shared kingship may merely mean that Eochaid ruled the British kingdom whilst Giric ruled the Pictish realm.[102] As such, it is possible that Giric was successful in imposing some form of authority over the Kingdom of Strathclyde during Eochaid's floruit.[103][note 11] If correct, the price for Eochaid's assistance may have been the preservation of the British realm from other descendants of Cináed.[105] The fact that Eochaid's grandfather died in 872 could indicate that, if his father died soon after, Eochaid may have succeeded to the kingship of Strathclyde as a youth.[106][note 12]
The remarkable uncertainty surrounding the Pictish kingship during this period means that it is also possible that Eochaid and Giric were rivals rather than allies.[108] An adversarial relationship between the two may well be evidenced by the Prophecy of Berchán which gives a negative account of the Britons during Giric's tenure.[109]
Expansion of the British realm
It is not until the turn of the tenth century before sources cast light upon the history of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.
Transformation of the Pictish realm
As for the Scottish kingdom, the succeeding king is identified as
For example, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies the Irish as Scottas up until the 890s.[133] By the 920s, this term came to be accorded to the people formerly regarded as Pictish[134] (and last recorded as such in the 870s).[135][note 16] As for the Irish annals—specifically the hypothesised Chronicle of Ireland—the terms Picti and rex Pictorum ("king of the Picts") are last accorded to the Picts and their kings in the 870s.[137] In fact, the last Pictish king to be styled thus was Domnall's uncle, Áed.[138] By the 900s, the terms fir Alban ("men of Alba") and rí Alban ("king of Alba") are utlilised for these people.[139] The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba last utilises the term Pictavia in the midst of Domnall's reign. Thereafter, the realm is called Albania.[140]
There is reason to suspect that the political and dynastic upheaval endured by the Pictish realm in the last quarter of the ninth century was the catalyst for a radically new political order based upon the reestablishment of the Alpínids in the kingship.[142] Alternately, the transformation could have taken place specifically during the floruit of Giric and Eochaid. For instance, it is conceivable that Giric gained the throne by seizing upon the upheaval caused by the incessant Viking depredations that assailed Pictavia. At an earlier date, the Gaelic realm of Dál Riata appears to have crumbled under such pressures, and it is possible that Giric drew military power from this broken polity to forcefully seize the Pictish throne. In any case, the accommodation of significant Gaelic aristocratic power in the wavering Pictish realm could account for the eventual transformation of Pictavia into Alba.[143][note 17]
The temporary exclusion of the Alpínids from the Pictish throne could well have meant that they endured exile in Ireland.
Furthermore, if the Pictish transformation indeed stems from the floruit of Giric and Eochaid, the new terminology could indicate that the Kingdom of Alba was envisioned to include Pictish, Gaelic, British, and English inhabitants.[151] Several king-lists allege that Giric subjugated Ireland and England during his reign,[152] an outlandish claim that could instead evince a multi-ethnic northern alliance under his authority. As such, there is reason to suspect that Alba—a term previously used for Britain—may have been meant to encapsulate a new political construction, a polity of "North Britain".[151][note 18]
Legacy
Although the apparent reigns of Eochaid and Giric are obscure and uncertain, Giric eventually came to remembered as a legendary figure, credited as the liberator of the Gaelic Church from the Picts,
Eochaid is unattested after his apparent expulsion in 889,[165] and the date of his death is unrecorded[166] and unknown.[167] According to various king-lists, Giric was slain at Dundurn.[168][note 20] Evidence of extensive burning at the site may relate to this event, and may mark the end of the fort's use.[172][note 21] If the accounts of Giric's downfall are to be believed, and if both he and Eochaid were allied together at the time, it is conceivable that both Eochaid and Giric fell together.[176] Alternately, Giric's killing could have contributed to Eochaid's ejection from the kingship.[177] Although it is unknown who was responsible for Giric's reported demise, one candidate is the succeeding Domnall.[178] Alternately, Domnall's path to throne could have been paved by magnates who afterwards sent for him.[179]
Certainly, nothing is recorded concerning the kingship of Strathclyde until the turn of the tenth century, when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba notes the passing of a certain Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde.[181] Dyfnwal's parentage is uncertain. On one hand, he could have been another son of Rhun.[182] On the other hand, he could have been descended from Eochaid:[183] either as a son[184] or grandson. Alternately, Dyfnwal could have represented a more distant branch of the same dynasty.[185] Eochaid may have also had a daughter, Lann, the wife of Niall Glúndub attested by the Great Book of Lecan version of the twelfth-century Banshenchas.[186] As such, if the Banshenchas is to be believed, a maternal grandson of Eochaid was Lann's son, Muirchertach mac Néill.[187][note 22]
Ancestry
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See also
- Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians, a probable member of Eochaid's kindred who could have reigned as either King of Strathclyde or King of Alba
Notes
- ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Eochaid various names in English secondary sources: Eochaid,[2] and Eochod.[3] Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Eochaid various patronyms in English secondary sources: Eochaid ap Rhun,[4] and Eochaid map Rhun.[5]
- ^ Eochaid is not the only British contemporary known to have possessed a genealogical connection with the Pictish elite. For example, the tenth-century Life of St Cathróe reports that Cathróe was related to both the kings of Alba and Strathclyde.[12]
- Proto-Celtic *ekʷos).[15] It was a very common Gaelic name.[16] In Dál Riata, the name may be associated with the Epidii. The name of this population group is derived from Proto-Celtic *Ekʷodii, meaning "horsemen".[15] According to the early mediaeval genealogical tracts Cethri prímchenéla and Míniugud senchasa fher nAlban, the ultimate ancestor of the leading kindreds of Dál Riata was a man named Eochaid.[17]
- ^ Arthgal's death is also reported by the reconstructed Chronicle of Ireland.[24]
- ^ This site—identified in local tradition as "Doomster Hill"—was destroyed in the nineteenth century.[28] The stepped sides of the hill are similar to those of some Scandinavian assembly sites in Britain and Ireland.[29]
- ^ Al Clud had evidently been the principal stronghold of the Strathclyde Britons since the fifth century.[32]
- Prophecy of Berchán also locates Custantín's death to a place name that may refer to Inverdovat.[42]
- child martyr who was executed with his mother, Julitta, in Tarsus.[63] This saint's name likely lies behind the historic Scottish place name of Lungyrg, now Kinneff and Catterline;[64] and of Ecclesgrieg, now known as St Cyrus.[65] The handful of known dedications to St Cyricus in England, Scotland, and Wales probably date to the eighth century.[66] It is possible that Giric regarded him as his patron saint.[67]
- ^ The Gaelic personal names Dúngal and Domnall are unrelated.[83] The latter is a cognate of the Welsh Dyfnwal,[84] which in turn corresponds to the Old Welsh/Cumbric Dumnagual,[85] and Dumngual.[86]
- ^ Alternately, if Giric's father was indeed named Dúngal, it could be evidence that he was a member of Cenél Loairn,[90] a Gaelic kindred which was ruled by a like-named king in the eighth century, Dúngal mac Selbaig. If this relationship is correct, Giric's actions could have been conducted in the context of a continuous rivalry between Cenél Loairn and Cenél nGabráin, a Gaelic kindred which later Alpínids were alleged to have descended from.[91]
- ^ The Prophecy of Berchán certainly hints that the Britons endured subordination during Giric's reign.[104]
- ^ Although the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba identifies Eochaid as a maternal grandson of Cináed, and numbers the years of his reign to eleven, the source abruptly ends Giric's patronym without actually naming a father ("Ciricium filium"). This could be evidence that the chronicle has erroneously attributed an Alpínid ancestral connection to Eochaid instead of Giric.[107]
- ^ Although it is sometimes claimed that Brut y Tywysogyon contains a passage dictating that the Strathclyde Britons were forced to relocate to Gwynedd in about 890,[112] the passage is actually derived from an early nineteenth-century forgery perpetrated by Iolo Morganwg.[113] The claim is otherwise not attested by any historical source.[114]
- ^ The expansion of the Cumbrian kingdom may be perceptible in some of the place names of southern Scotland and northern England.[121]
- ^ One version of the eleventh-century Lebor Bretnach alleges that the last Pictish king was a certain Custantín. This man appears to be identical to Custantín mac Cináeda, and the record itself appears to reveal that—by the eleventh-century at least—this monarch's demise marked the end of the Pictish realm. In fact, the Picts' final attestation by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to the Viking campaigning that evidently brought about Custantín's destruction.[136]
- ^ The last notice of the Dál Riata by a contemporary secular source is the Annals of Ulster's report of Conall mac Taidg's slaying in 807.[144]
- ^ There is reason to suspect that the new terminology is related to similar recently-adopted terminology employed in Ireland—such as rí Érenn and fir Érenn—which may have been employed to represent a territorial-based multi-ethnic authority.[153] Alternately, another possibility is that the recorded shift in terminology—from rex Pictorum and Picti to rí Alban and fir Alban—may merely be a translational shift from Latin to Gaelic.[154]
- ^ The fortress of Dundurn sits near Loch Earn.[157] The name of this body of water is derived from the Gaelic Éire or Éireann, which refer to Ireland.[158] This derivation could indicate that the claims of Giric's military conquest of Ireland actually refer to the region of Strathearn.[157] Another source that may cast light upon this era is the Dunkeld Litany. Although parts of this liturgical text date to the post-mediaeval period,[58] it is possible that others preserve an authentic contemporary core.[159] At one point, the litany implores God to protect Giric from his enemies and grant him a long life.[160]
- ^ The Prophecy of Berchán associates Giric with a "strong house" on the banks of the Earn. This might also refer to the fortress of Dundurn.[169] If the association of Giric with Dundurn is accurate, it would appear to demonstrate that the fortress was Giric's power base,[170] and served as a royal site.[171]
- ^ The destruction of Al Clud in the 870s marks the last time that this fortress appears on record until the thirteenth century.[173] One possibility is that the site was discredited by its fall, and came to be regarded as unsuitable to the ruling dynasty thereafter.[174] Such degradation may explain the apparent abandonment of Dundurn.[175]
- Ainbíth mac Áeda, King of Dál Fiatach.[188]
- ^ Although there are several pedigrees of outlining a paternal ancestry of Alpín, there is reason to suspect that they are unreliable.[191]
Citations
- ^ Hudson, BT (1998) p. 149; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29r.
- ^ Guy (2016); Broun (2015a); Broun (2015c); Broun (2015d); Evans (2015); Walker (2013); Clarkson (2012a); Clarkson (2012b); Oram (2011); Anderson, MO (2010); Clarkson (2010); Bartrum (2009); Charles-Edwards (2008); Jackson (2008); Downham (2007); Woolf (2007); Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006b); Bhreathnach (2005); Dennison (2005); Broun (2004a); Broun (2004c); Broun (2004d); Hicks (2003); Calise (2002); Davidson (2002); Hudson, BT (2002); Bruford (2000); Woolf (2000); Hudson, BT (1998); Macquarrie (1998); Ó Corráin (1998a); Ó Corráin (1998b); Duncan (1996); Hudson, BT (1996); Hudson, BT (1994); Lynch (1991); Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991).
- ^ Dumville, D (2000).
- ^ Clarkson (2010); Bhreathnach (2005); Calise (2002); Hudson, BT (2002); Hudson, BT (1996); Hudson, BT (1994); Hudson, BT (1990).
- ^ Snyder (2003); Macquarrie (1990).
- ^ ISBN 978-1-907909-02-3.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tabs. 1, 5; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab.; Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6; Woolf (2002) p. 35 tab.; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Lynch (1991) p. 487 tab.; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 5; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab.; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.
- ^ Guy (2016) pp. 6 tab. 1, 22–23; Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 23, 2 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, introduction ¶ 12, 2 ¶ 35; Broun (2004d) p. 117; Dumville, DN (1999) p. 110; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 134; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Downham (2007) p. 163; Bhreathnach (2005) p. 269; Broun (2004d) p. 127; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 55, 164 tab. 2a, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 3; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) pp. 286, 642; Clancy (2006b); Davidson (2002) p. 126; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 48; Woolf (2000) p. 147 n. 8; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 150; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 441; Skene (1867) p. 116; Colganvm (1645) p. 497 § xvii.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Oram (2011) ch. 2.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 62–63, 63 n. 32.
- ^ a b Koch (2006d).
- ^ Busse; Koch (2006); Ó Corráin; Maguire (1981) pp. 86–87.
- ^ Fraser (2009) p. 148.
- ^ Yorke (2009) p. 49.
- ^ Jorgensen (2017) 48, 48 n. 145; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 870.6; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 203; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 480; Downham (2013) p. 17; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 40; Fraser (2012) p. 71; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 388; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 35; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 388; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 870.6; Downham (2007) pp. 66–67, 142, 240, 258; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Costambeys (2004); Valante (1998–1999) p. 245; Hicks (2003) p. 34; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38, 38 n. 141; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331, 331 n. 149; Crawford (1997) p. 50; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 50; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321; Brooks (1979) p. 6; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; McTurk (1976) p. 117 n. 173; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 301–302; Beaven (1918) p. 337 n. 36.
- ^ Downham (2018) p. 49; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 871.2; Wadden (2016) p. 176; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 204; Downham (2013) p. 17, 17 n. 38; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 871; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124, 171–172 n. 339; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 871; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 393; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 393; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Sheehan (2008) p. 289; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 871.2; Broun (2007) p. 80; Downham (2007) pp. 22–23, 66–67, 142, 240, 259; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Costambeys (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 34; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 33; Sawyer (2001) p. 10; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 144; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38, 38 n. 142; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331, 331 n. 150; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 51; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 59; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321, 321 n. 10; Pelteret (1980) p. 106, 106 n. 64; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 319; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 302–303, 303 n. 1.
- ^ Guy (2016) p. 5 n. 15; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Calise (2002) p. 197; Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Dumville, DN (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 872.5; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11, 3 n. 10; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Clancy (2009) p. 28; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 872.5; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Calise (2002) p. 197; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Dumville, DN (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 60; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 872; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 872; Calise (2002) p. 197; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304 n. 2.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 324 § 872.5.
- ^ Clancy (2006a); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 23; Woolf (2007) p. 111.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Crawford (2014) p. 77; Driscoll, S (2006); Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 80 ill. 32.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 2 ¶ 50, 3 ¶ 13; Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 80; Driscoll, ST (2001c) Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 101.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Driscoll, S (2006); Driscoll, ST (2001c); Driscoll, ST (1998a) pp. 102–103.
- ^ Foley (2017); Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 11–12; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 480–481; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Davies (2009) p. 73; Oram (2008) p. 169; Downham (2007) p. 169; Clancy (2006c); Driscoll, S (2006); Forsyth (2005) p. 31; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Driscoll, ST (2003) pp. 81–82; Hicks (2003) pp. 32, 34; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Driscoll, ST (2001c); Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Fraser (2012) p. 70 fig. 2.2.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) p. 5; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) pp. 200–201; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Downham (2007) p. 162 n. 158; Clancy (2006c); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Hicks (2003) pp. 15, 16, 30.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 18.
- ^ Broun (2004d) p. 127 n. 61; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13 n. 2.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 876.1; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 876.1; Calise (2002) p. 197; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 352; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 111–112; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148–149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 8.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Woolf (2007) p. 112; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40, § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333, 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 3, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 288, 301; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 112; Broun (2004a); Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 47; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Crawford (2000) p. 125; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353 n. 3; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 43 § 130, 85 § 130, 85 n. 81; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 40 § 128; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 355, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) p. 86; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 878.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 878.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2009) pp. 251–252.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) p. 163.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25.
- ^ Broun (2015a); Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) p. 116; Broun (2004a); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 54–55; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 4; Smyth (1989) p. 215.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 878.2; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124 n. 69; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) p. 251; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 878.2; Woolf (2007) p. 116; Calise (2002) p. 172; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Broun (1997) p. 122, 122 n. 50; Wormald (1996) p. 149; Lynch (1991) p. 44; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 356.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 116; Calise (2002) pp. 166–167, 173, 233; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 357, 357 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 204, 288, 301, 400.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ill.; Driscoll; O'Grady; Forsyth (2005); Allen; Anderson (1903) pp. 456 fig. 475a, 458–459 fig. 475b.
- ^ Laing (2000) p. 97; Keppie; Newall; Alldrit et al. (1996) p. 41 n. 2.
- ^ Driscoll; O'Grady; Forsyth (2005); Laing (2000) p. 97.
- ^ a b c Broun (2015c); Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) pp. 252; Downham (2007) p. 163; Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119; Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004c); Broun (2004d) p. 127; Duncan (2002) pp. 11–12; Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Woolf (2000) p. 147 n. 8; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154–155, 155 n. 26; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13, 13 n. 3; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Smyth (1989) p. 216; Cowan (1981) pp. 10–11; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 363–364, 364 n. 1; Collingwood (1920) p. 58; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Broun (2004c); Duncan (2002) pp. 11–12; Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 141, 155, 155 n. 26; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364, 364 n. 1.
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Broun (2004c); Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) p. 120.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 120.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119; Cowan (1981) p. 10.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 119; Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004c); Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 134, 155 n. 27; McCarthy; Breen (1997) p. 16; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 119; Thurston; Attwater (1990) pp. xviii, 553; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3; Stokes (1895) p. 117; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).
- ^ Farmer (2004) § Cyricus and Julitta; Thurston; Attwater (1990) pp. xviii, 553; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Forbes (1872) p. 117; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).
- ^ Taylor (1998) p. 20.
- ^ Clancy (2013) p. 20; Taylor (1998) p. 20; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).
- ^ Clancy (2013) p. 20.
- ^ Jackson (2008) p. 48; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 119.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 119; Clancy (2006b).
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.
- ^ Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 55–57; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367, 366 n. 3; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 154 n. 23; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 55–56; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.
- ^ a b Skene (1867) p. 131; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 30v.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Jackson (2008) p. 47; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56.
- ^ Jackson (2008) p. 47; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 357, 357 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 288, 301.
- ^ Jackson (2008) p. 47; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56; Stevenson (1835) p. 224; Skene (1867) p. 178 nn. 4–5.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123.
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Broun (2004c); Duncan (1996) pp. 115–116 n. 29.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) pp. 120–121.
- ^ Driscoll, S (2006); Driscoll, ST (1998a) pp. 108–109; Renwick; Lindsay (1921) pp. 38–39 pl. 10.
- ^ a b Driscoll, ST (2014).
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) pp. 123–124 n. 68; Jackson (2008) pp. 47–48; Bruford (2000) p. 65, 65 n. 76; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56; Skene (1886) p. 330.
- ^ Jackson (2008) p. 47; Ó Corráin; Maguire (1981) pp. 75, 80.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. xiii, 184, 184 n. 17; Koch (2006b); Bruford (2000) pp. 64, 65 n. 76; Schrijver (1995) p. 81.
- ^ Koch; Minard (2006a); Koch (2006c); Jackson (2008) p. 47; Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76.
- ^ Koch; Minard (2006a).
- ^ Jackson (2008) pp. 47–48; Bruford (2000) p. 65; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.; Skene (1886) p. 330.
- ^ Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76.
- ^ Jackson (2008) pp. 47–48; Bruford (2000) p. 65.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49; Grant (2000) p. 97; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Broun (1996); Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57, 166 tab. 2b, 170 tab. genealogy 3.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 57.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 1; Oram (2011) ch. 5; Anderson, MO (2010) pp. 123–124 n. 68; Jackson (2008) p. 47; Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76; Duncan (1996) pp. 115–116 n. 29, 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Lynch (1991) p. 487 tab.; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 134, 143; Smyth (1989) pp. 220–221 tab 4.
- ^ Jackson (2008) p. 47.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5; Smyth (1989) p. 216.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5.
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Lynch (1991) p. 453 n. 18; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8.
- ^ Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 835.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 835.1; Hudson, BT (2004a); Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 163.
- ^ Clancy (2006b); Collingwood (1920) p. 57.
- ^ Oram (2011) ch. 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Duncan (2002) p. 12; Smyth (1989) p. 216.
- ^ Oram (2011) ch. 5.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44 §§ 136–138, 85 §§ 136–138; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 41 §§ 134–136; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.
- ^ Smyth (1989) p. 216.
- ^ Duncan (2002) p. 12.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 § 25; Duncan (2002) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154–155; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 363–364; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Broun (2004c).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140, 206; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 170.
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) chs. 3 ¶ 26, 4 ¶ 12.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶¶ 27–30; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482 n. 68; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 27; Woolf (2007) pp. 155–156; Hicks (2003) pp. 34–35, 34 n. 76; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57–58, 56 n. 69; Macquarrie (1990) pp. 7–8; Smyth (1989) pp. 217–218; Macquarrie (1986) pp. 14–15; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 368; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 688; Skene (1868) pp. 181–182.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 28; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482 n. 68; Woolf (2007) pp. 155–156; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57–58, 56 n. 69.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 30; Hicks (2003) p. 35.
- ^ Dumville, DN (2018) p. 118; Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 6–7; Edmonds (2015) p. 44; James (2013) pp. 71–72; Parsons (2011) p. 123; Davies (2009) p. 73; Downham (2007) pp. 160–161, 161 n. 146; Woolf (2007) p. 153; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Clancy (2006c); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 9–10; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78.
- ^ Dumville, DN (2018) pp. 72, 110, 118; Edmonds (2015) pp. 44, 53, 62; Charles-Edwards (2013a) p. 20; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 40; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Parsons (2011) p. 138 n. 62; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 10; Downham (2007) p. 165; Woolf (2007) p. 154; Clancy (2006c); Todd (2005) p. 96; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38; Stenton (1963) p. 328.
- ^ Clancy (2009) pp. 28–29; Davies (2009) p. 76; Edmonds (2009) pp. 60–61.
- ^ Davies (2009).
- ^ Lewis (2016) p. 15; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481–482; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78; Woolf (2001); Macquarrie (1998) p. 19; Fellows-Jensen (1991) p. 80.
- ^ Evans (2015) pp. 150–151; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 481–482.
- ^ James (2013) p. 72; James (2011); James (2009) p. 144, 144 n. 27; Millar (2009) p. 164.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) pp. 162, 170.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Downham (2007) p. 163; Macquarrie (1998) p. 19; Collingwood (1920) pp. 57–58.
- ^ Evans (2015) pp. 150–151.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 163; Hicks (2003) p. 35.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 900.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 900.6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 122–123; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 155; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 395–396; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 900.6; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 900; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 900; Woolf (2007) p. 122; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 900.6.
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 151 n. 96; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 50; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 48; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Hadley (2009) p. 203; Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 170; Broun (2007) pp. 21, 33 n. 115; Woolf (2007) p. 320 n. 18; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 n. 2; Clancy (2006a); Forsyth (2005) p. 32; Broun (2004b); Foster (2004) p. 108; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59; Woolf (2000) p. 151; Veitch (1998) p. 199 n. 34; Bannerman (1997) p. 35; Lynch (1991) p. 40; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 103.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 91; Koch (2006a); Broun (1997) p. 113 n. 6.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 170; Broun (2007) pp. 72–75; Broun (2004b); Broun (1997) p. 113 n. 6.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 43; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2009) p. 251; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Swanton (1998) p. 82; Thorpe (1861) pp. 160–161.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Swanton (1998) pp. 104–105; Thorpe (1861) pp. 196–197.
- ^ Woolf (2009) p. 251; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Woolf (2007) pp. 117, 124; Swanton (1998) pp. 74–75; Thorpe (1861) pp. 144–145.
- ^ The Irish Version of (2015) § historia 27; The Irish Version of (2009) § historia 27; Woolf (2007) p. 124.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 875.3, 876.1, 878.2; Broun (2015b) p. 120; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 876; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 876; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 875.3, 876.1, 878.2; Broun (2007) pp. 84, 89 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) pp. 326 § 875.3, 326 § 876.1, 328 § 878.3, 343 n. 2; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59 n. 52; Broun (1997) p. 112, 122 nn. 2–3, 122 n. 50.
- ^ Woolf (2009) pp. 251–252; Broun (2007) p. 72; Woolf (2007) pp. 117, 340; Broun (1997) p. 112.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 900.6, 918.4; Broun (2015b) pp. 119–120; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 900; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 900; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 900.6, 918.4; Broun (2007) pp. 21, 33 n. 115, 72, 84, 89 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 § 900.9, 343 n. 2; Broun (2004b); Duncan (2002) p. 14; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59, 59 n. 52; Broun (1997) pp. 112, nn. 2–3, 124 n. 56; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 59.
- ^ Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 180, 187; Broun (2007) pp. 72–73, 84–85; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 n. 2; Foster (2004) p. 108; Woolf (2000) pp. 151–152; Broun (1997) p. 118 n. 33; Lynch (1991) p. 40.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 77; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Broun (2007) p. 73; Broun (2004b); Broun (1997) pp. 115, 123–124.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 321, 340–342, 351.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 807.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 807.3; Woolf (2007) p. 59.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 913.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 913.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 321–322.
- ^ Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2007) p. 96 n. 84; Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6, 321–322; Herbert (2000) pp. 68–69; Broun (1997) p. 117; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 nn. 41–42; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 120, 134; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6, 321–322; Bhreathnach (2005) p. 269; Hudson, BT (2004b); Herbert (2000) pp. 69–70; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 n. 42; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 120, 134, 148; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 124.
- ^ Foster (2004) p. 8 ill. 1.
- ^ a b Evans (2015) 151 n. 96; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 178–179.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 177, 179; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) p. 211; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 364–365, 365 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 204, 288, 301, 305.
- ^ Davidson (2002) pp. 128–129, 159; Herbert (2000).
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 151 n. 96; Broun (2015b) pp. 122–124; Broun (2007) pp. 86–87; Broun (1997) p. 123 n. 54.
- ^ Broun (2015d); Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Woolf (2007) pp. 120, 320; Broun (2004c); Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206.
- ^ Broun (2015d); Terrell (2011) p. 338, 338 n. 50; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 177, 179; Broun (2004c); Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) p. 211; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Clancy (1996) p. 125; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 364–365, 365 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 204, 288, 301, 305.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 120 n. 55.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 120 n. 55; Watson (2002) pp. 175, 183.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Hudson, B (2014) p. 89; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Clancy (1996) p. 121.
- ^ Hudson, B (2014) p. 89; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) pp. 198, 207; Clancy (1996) p. 122; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Wormald (1996) pp. 142, 150; Haddan; Stubbs (1873) p. 283; Forbes (1872) p. xliii.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1990) p. 107 n. 21.
- ^ Broun (2015b) p. 187; Lynch (1991) p. 42.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 3.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 123; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 13–14; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1994) p. 163 tab. 1a.
- ^ Hudson, B (2014) p. 99; Konstam (2010) p. 36; Woolf (2007) pp. 120 n. 55, 125; Clancy (1996) p. 125; Alcock; Alcock; Driscoll (1989) pp. 192–194; Driscoll, ST (1987) pp. 178–179, 193; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 178, 288, 301.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 45 § 139, 86 § 139, 206–207; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 41 § 137; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 367; Skene (1886) p. 330 n. 107; Skene (1867) p. 88.
- ^ Grant (2000) p. 97.
- ^ Alcock; Alcock; Driscoll (1989) p. 194.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2001b).
- ^ Clancy (2009) p. 28; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 81; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Duncan (1996) p. 90.
- ^ Oram (2008) p. 169; Driscoll, ST (1998b) p. 40.
- ^ Oram (2008) p. 169.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 143.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Woolf (2007) p. 125; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 143.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 125.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1998) p. 150; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29v.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4; Downham (2007) p. 163; Davidson (2002) p. 130; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 150, 156–157; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 445; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 4; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 n. 39.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 56, 72, 173 genealogy 6; Collingwood (1920) pp. 56 tab., 58.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Clancy (2006b); Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Hudson, BT (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 56, 171 genealogy 4, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 6; Dobbs (1931) p. 188.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Hudson, BT (2006); Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Hudson, BT (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4; Dobbs (1931) p. 188.
- ^ Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Dobbs (1931) pp. 187, 226; Dobbs (1930) pp. 312, 336.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 1; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 96.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.
References
Primary sources
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- Anderson, AO (1930). "The Prophecy of Berchan". S2CID 162902103.
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