Francis Spellman
Cardinal, Archbishop of New York | |
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Church | |
Archdiocese | New York |
Appointed | April 15, 1939 |
Installed | May 23, 1939 |
Term ended | December 2, 1967 |
Predecessor | Patrick Joseph Hayes |
Successor | Terence Cooke |
Other post(s) |
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Orders | |
Ordination | May 14, 1916 by St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York |
Previous post(s) |
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Education | |
Motto | Sequere Deum (Follow God) |
Ordination history of Francis Spellman | ||||||||||
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Francis Joseph Spellman (May 4, 1889 – December 2, 1967) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. From 1939 to his death, he served as the sixth archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York.
Spellman previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts from 1932 to 1939. He was created a cardinal in 1946.
Early life and education
Francis Spellman was born in Whitman, Massachusetts, to William Spellman and Ellen (née Conway) Spellman. William Spellman was a grocer whose own parents had emigrated to the United States from Clonmel and Leighlinbridge, Ireland.[1] The eldest of five children, Spellman had two brothers, Martin and John, and two sisters, Marian and Helene.
Spellman attended Whitman High School because there was no Catholic school in Whitman. He enjoyed photography and baseball; he played first base during his freshman year of high school until suffering a hand injury. Spellman later managed the team. After his high school graduation, Spellman in 1907 entered Fordham University in New York City . He graduated in 1911 and decided to study for the priesthood. He was then sent by Archbishop William O'Connell to study at the Pontifical North American College in Rome.[2]
Spellman suffered so badly from pneumonia that the college administrators wanted to send him home to recover. He nevertheless remained at the college and managed to complete his theological studies.During his years in Rome, Spellman befriended future Cardinals Gaetano Bisleti, Francesco Borgongini Duca, and Domenico Tardini.[2]
Priesthood
Spellman was ordained a priest at the Sant’Apollinare Basilica in Rome by Patriarch Giuseppe Ceppetelli on May 14, 1916. [3]Upon his return to the United States, the archdiocese assigned Spellman to pastoral positions at parishes.[4] Cardinal William O'Connell, who had earlier sent Spellman to Rome, described him as a "little popinjay." He later said, "Francis epitomizes what happens to a bookkeeper when you teach him how to read."[5] Spellman served a series of relatively insignificant assignments.[vague][6]
After the United States entered
O'Connell eventually assigned Spellman to promote subscriptions for the archdiocesan newspaper, The Pilot.[7] The archbishop named him as assistant chancellor in 1918 and archivist of the archdiocese in 1924.[8]
After Spellman translated two books written by his friend Borgongini Duca into English, the Vatican in 1925 appointed Spellman as first American attaché of the
During a trip to Germany in 1927, Spellman established a lifelong friendship with Archbishop
Episcopal career
Auxiliary Bishop of Boston
On July 30, 1932, Spellman was appointed
After his return to the United States, Spellman took up residence at
In the autumn of 1936, Pacelli came to the United States, ostensibly to visit several cities and be the guest of philanthropist Genevieve Brady. However, the real reason for the trip was to meet with President Roosevelt to discuss American diplomatic recognition of Vatican City.[1] Spellman arranged and attended the meeting at the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York.[17]
Spellman became an early friend of
On Pacelli's trip to the United States, he, Kennedy and Spellman attempted to stop the vitriolic radio broadcasts of Reverend Charles Coughlin. The Vatican and the apostolic legation in Washington wanted him silenced, but Coughlin's superior, Bishop Michael Gallagher of Detroit, refused to curb him.[18][19] In 1939, Coughlin was finally forced off the air by the National Association of Broadcasters.
Archbishop of New York
After the death of Pope Pius XI, Pacelli was
In addition to his duties as
During his tenure in New York, Spellman's considerable national influence
After his appointment as archbishop, Spellman also became a close confidant of President Roosevelt.[21][25]During World War II, Roosevelt asked Spellman to visit Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in 1943, 16 countries in four months.[26] As archbishop and a military vicar, he would have greater freedom than official diplomats."[13] During the Allied campaign in Italy, Spellman acted as a liaison between Pius XII and Roosevelt in efforts to declare Rome an open city to save it from bombing and street fighting.[27]
Cardinal
Styles of Francis Spellman | ||
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Reference style His Eminence | | |
Spoken style | Your Eminence | |
Informal style | Cardinal | |
See | New York |
Pius XII created Spellman as
In 1949, when
Spellman was instrumental in getting William Brennan appointed to the Supreme Court in 1956 but would later regret the decision. Justice William O. Douglas once said, "I came to know several Americans who I felt had greatly dishonored our American ideal. One was Cardinal Spellman."[13]
Spellman
According to the Catholic journalist
Spellman had a long relationship with Joseph P. Kennedy Sr, the former American ambassador to the United Kingdom and the head of an influential Catholic family.
The historian Pat McNamara views Spellman's outreach to the city's growing Puerto Rican community as years ahead of its time. He sent priests overseas to study Spanish, and by 1960, a quarter of the archdiocese's parishes had an outreach to Spanish-speaking Catholics.[6] In his years as a cardinal, Spellman built 15 churches, 94 schools, 22 rectories, 60 convents, and 34 other institutions.[21] He also visited Ecuador, where he founded three schools: Cardinal Spellman High School and Cardinal Spellman Girls' School, both in Quito; and Cardinal Spellman High School in Guayaquil.
Second Vatican Council
Spellman attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and sat on its board of presidency.[9] He believed that the Vatican was appointing predominantly liberal clergymen to the council's commissions. He opposed the Council reform that introduced vernacular language into the mass, saying, "The Latin language, which is truly the Catholic language, is unchangeable, is not vulgar, and has for many centuries been the guardian of the unity of the Western Church."[13] A theological conservative, Spellman supported ecumenism on pragmatic grounds.[27]
In April 1963, Spellman brought Reverend
After the death of John XXIII, Spellman participated in the
Spellman led his archdiocese through an extensive period of building the Catholic infrastructure, particularly the construction of numerous churches, schools, and hospitals. He consolidated all parish building programs into his own hands and thereby got better interest rates from bankers, and he convinced Pius XII of the need to internationalize the Vatican's Italy-centered investments after World War II; for his financial skill, he was sometimes called "Cardinal Moneybags."[29]
Later life and death
In 1966, Spellman offered his resignation to Paul VI after the latter instituted a policy requiring bishops to retire at age 75, but the pope asked him to remain in his post.[30]
Spellman died in New York City on December 2, 1967, at age 78. He was interred in the crypt under the main altar at
Homosexuality and anti-homosexuality
Curt Gentry, a 1991 biographer of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, said that Hoover's files contained "numerous allegations that Spellman was a very active homosexual."[32]
The journalist
Both Signorile and John Loughery cite a story suggesting that Spellman was sexually active. They also related a story that Spellman had a personal relationship with a male member of the chorus in the 1943 Broadway revue, One Touch of Venus.[33][34]
Viewpoints
Racism
Although he had once expressed his personal opposition to demonstrations during the
Communism
Spellman once said that "a true American can neither be a Communist nor a Communist condoner"[35] and that "the first loyalty of every American is vigilantly to weed out and counteract Communism and convert American Communists to Americanism".[35]
Spellman defended Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1953 investigations of Communist subversives in the federal government, stating in 1954 that McCarthy had "told us about the Communists and about Communist methods" and that he was "not only against communism—but ... against the methods of the Communists".[36]
As early as 1954, Spellman was warning the Eisenhower Administration about the advance of communism in French Indochina. He had met the future South Vietnamese president,
When the United States entered into the Vietnam War in 1965, he became a staunch supporter of the intervention.
A group of college students protested outside Spellman's residence in December 1965 for suppressing antiwar priests. Spellman spent Christmas 1965 with troops in
Some critics referred to the Vietnam War as "Spelly's War" and Spellman as the "
Politics
Spellman denounced the efforts of US Representative
Spellman in 1949 engaged in a heated public dispute with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt when she expressed her opposition to federal funding to parochial schools in her column, My Day.[40] In response, Spellman accused her of anti-Catholicism and called her column a "[document] of discrimination unworthy of an American mother".[40] Spellman eventually met with Roosevelt at her Hyde Park home to settle the dispute.
When Senator
During the 1964 presidential election, Spellman supported President Lyndon B. Johnson, whose Higher Education Facilities Act and Economic Opportunity Act had greatly benefited the Catholic Church.[12]
Films and plays
- Spellman described the 1941 film Two-Faced Woman, starring the actress Greta Garbo, as "an occasion of sin ... dangerous to public morals". He condemned Garbo for her alleged lesbian and bisexual morality.[41][42]
- Spellman's condemnation of the 1947 film Forever Amber prompted the producer William Perlberg to refuse publicly to "bowdlerize the film to placate the Roman Catholic Church."[16]
- Spellman referred to the 1948 film The Miracle as a "vile and harmful picture ... a despicable affront to every Christian".[43]
- Spellman called the 1956 film Baby Doll "revolting" and "morally repellent."[44]
- When Holocaust, opened on Broadway in 1964, Spellman condemned it as "an outrageous desecration of the honor of a great and good man."[45] The play's producer, Herman Shumlin, called Spellman's words a "calculated threat to really drive a wedge between Christians and Jews."[16]
Awards
- Gold Medal Award from the The Hundred Year Association of New York's "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York"– 1946
- Distinguished Service Medal from the American Legion –1963[46]
- Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York – 1967[47]
Legacy
Russell Shaw states that Spellman "embodied the fusion of Americanism and Catholicism" in the mid-20th century.[27] Spellman's support of John Courtney Murray contributed to Murray's significant influence on the drafting of Dignitatis humanae, the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom.[6] "Spellman's enduring accomplishments were his personal acts of kindness toward individuals and the religious and charitable institutions he founded or strengthened."[21]
Henry Morton Robinson's novel The Cardinal (1950) was based in part on Spellman's career that was made in 1963 into a film of the same name with Tom Tryon as the eventual Cardinal.[27]
In July 1947, a Jesuit residential building opened on the campus of Fordham University, Spellman's alma mater, named in his honor.[48]
See also
- Cardinal Spellman High School (Brockton, Massachusetts)
- Cardinal Spellman High School (The Bronx, New York City)
- Catholic Church in the United States
- Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
- List of Catholic bishops of the United States: military service
- Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops
- Spellman Museum of Stamps and Postal History
Citations
- ^ a b Fogarty, Gerald P. (1999). Spellman, Francis Joseph.
- ^ a b c d Thornton, Francis Beauchesne. (1963). Our American Princes: The Story of the Seventeen American Cardinals. Putnam. p. 201.
- ^ a b c d "Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ a b "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - February 18, 1946". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ Time 1967
- ^ a b c d e f McNamara, Pat (December 17, 2012). "The Powerhouse: Cardinal Francis Spellman". Catholic. Patheos. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
- ^ "Catholic News from The Pilot: America's oldest Catholic newspaper". www.thebostonpilot.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ "Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman (1889–1967)". www2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – February 18, 1946". webdept.fiu.edu. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ Thornton
- ^ a b Time August 15, 1932
- ^ ISSN 0008-8080.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cooney, John (1984). The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. Time Books.
- ^ Time September 19, 1932
- ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c Cooney
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ Boyea, Earl. "The Reverend Charles Coughlin and the Church: the Gallagher Years, 1930–1937". Catholic Historical Review 81 (2) (1995): 211–225
- ISBN 0801487951– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f g William V. Shannon (October 28, 1984). "Guileless and Machiavellian: Review of John Cooney, The American Pope". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
- ^ Video: Christmas Brings Joy To Everyone, 1945/12/10 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ Coal Strike Ended, 1946/05/29 (1946). Universal Newsreel. 1953. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ Quinn 2006
- ^ CIA. Associated Press. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
- ^ Time June 7, 1943
- ^ OSV Weekly. Archived from the originalon March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
- ^ a b Time March 14, 1949
- ^ "The Pastor-Executive". Time. May 15, 1964. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011.
- ^ "People: Oct. 21, 1966". Time. October 21, 1966. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "Requiem for a Cardinal". Time. December 15, 1967. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008.
- ISBN 9780393024043.
- ^ a b c Michelangelo Signorile (May 7, 2002). "Cardinal Spellman's Dark Legacy". New York Press. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019.
- ISBN 9780805038965.
- ^ a b c d O'Donnell 2009
- ^ NYT November 8, 1954
- ^ GPB (March 29, 2006). "Cardinal Francis Spellman: "The American Pope"". Ex-Catholics For Christ. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
- ^ "Unauthorized Portraits: The Drawings of Edward Sorel | Joseph Francis Spellman". npg.si.edu. National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
- ^ Truman Library
- ^ a b c "My Day in the Lion's Mouth". Time. August 1, 1949. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007.
- ^ "Spellman Scores New Garbo Film; Archbishop Warns Catholics That Seeing -- It May Be 'an Occasion of Sin'". The New York Times. November 27, 1941. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
- ^ "To See Is to Sin". Time. December 8, 1941. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008.
- ^ "The Miracle". Time. February 19, 1951. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010.
- ^ "The Trouble with Baby Doll". Time. January 14, 1956. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
- ^ DeMarco 1998
- ^ "Cardinal Francis Spellman | Distinguished Service Medal | The American Legion". www.legion.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
- ^ Gosier, Chris (July 16, 2012). "This Month in Fordham History: Spellman Hall Opens, Named for Fordham Alumnus". Fordham News. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Works cited
- Cardinal Spellman High School. n.d. "An Historical Sketch of Cardinal Spellman High School".
- Catholic Hierarchy (unofficial website). n.d. "Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman".
- Cooney, John (1984). The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-4401-0194-8.
- DeMarco, Donald. "800,000 Saved by Pius XIIs Silence" [sic]. National Catholic Register, May 18, 1998.
- Dugan, George. "Huge Fund to Oust McCarthy Reported". The New York Times, 1954-11-08.
- Epstein, Alessandra. 2001. "Rebel with a Cause". 201 Magazine. Boston University, College of Communication.
- National Portrait Gallery. Pass the Lord and Praise the Ammunition (description). Image of the satirical poster of Cardinal Spellman produced in 1967 by Edward Sorel.
- Gannon, Robert I. The Cardinal Spellman Story. New York, 1962.
- Loughery, John. 1998. The Other Side of Silence: Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth Century History. Henry Holt.
- Miranda, Salvador. 1998. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. "Spellman, Francis Joseph".
- The New York Times. 1984, August 4. "New book on Cardinal Spellman stirs controversy"[permanent dead link].
- O'Donnell, Edward T. "Spellman leads crusade against communism".[Irish Echo Online, 82(44), November 4–10, 2009.
- Quinn, Peter. "New York's Catholic Century" (essay). The New York Times, 2006-06-04.
- Roosevelt, Eleanor (2004). Neal, Steve (ed.). Eleanor & Harry: The Correspondence of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.
- Signorile, Michelangelo. "Cardinal Spellman's Dark Legacy". New York Press, 2002-05-07.
- Thornton, Francis Beauchesne. 1963. Our American Princes: The Story of the Seventeen American Cardinals. Putnam. (Chapter on Spellman pp. 201ff.)
- Time. July 13, 1931. "Everything Is Promised".
- Time. August 15, 1932. "Boston's Bishop".
- Time. September 19, 1932. "Crosier & Mitre".
- Time. June 7, 1943. "Odyssey for the Millennium".
- Time. March 14, 1949. "Strike in the Graveyard".
- Time. November 5, 1959. "Cardinal's Birthday".
- Time. December 8, 1967. "The Master Builder" (obituary of Cardinal Spellman).
External links
- Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA, official website
- Archdiocese for the Military Services of the United States. GCatholic.org. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
- FBI file on Cardinal Spellman
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, official website