Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Humphrey | |
---|---|
Muriel Humphrey | |
In office January 3, 1949 – December 29, 1964 | |
Preceded by | Joseph H. Ball |
Succeeded by | Walter Mondale |
35th Mayor of Minneapolis | |
In office July 2, 1945 – November 30, 1948 | |
Preceded by | Marvin L. Kline |
Succeeded by | Eric G. Hoyer |
Personal details | |
Born | Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. May 27, 1911 Wallace, South Dakota, U.S. |
Died | January 13, 1978 Waverly, Minnesota, U.S. | (aged 66)
Resting place | Lakewood Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic–Farmer–Labor |
Spouse |
Muriel Buck (m. 1936) |
Children | 4, including Skip |
Education | |
Signature | |
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was an American politician and statesman who served as the 38th
Born in
Humphrey served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964, and was the
In March 1968, Johnson made his surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection, and Humphrey launched
Early life and education
Humphrey was born in a room over his father's drugstore in
After his son graduated from Doland's high school, Hubert Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the larger town of Huron, South Dakota (population 11,000), where he hoped to improve his fortunes.[9] Because of the family's financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the University of Minnesota after just one year.[10] He earned a pharmacist's license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver, Colorado (completing a two-year licensure program in just six months),[11] and helped his father run his store from 1931 to 1937.[12] Both father and son were innovative in finding ways to attract customers: "to supplement their business, the Humphreys had become manufacturers ... of patent medicines for both hogs and humans. A sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphrey's that became known as the farmer's drugstore."[13] One biographer noted, "while Hubert Jr. minded the store and stirred the concoctions in the basement, Hubert Sr. went on the road selling 'Humphrey's BTV' (Body Tone Veterinary), a mineral supplement and dewormer for hogs, and 'Humphrey's Chest Oil' and 'Humphrey's Sniffles' for two-legged sufferers."[14] Humphrey later wrote, "we made 'Humphrey's Sniffles', a substitute for Vick's Nose Drops. I felt ours were better. Vick's used mineral oil, which is not absorbent, and we used a vegetable-oil base, which was. I added benzocaine, a local anesthetic, so that even if the sniffles didn't get better, you felt it less."[15] The various "Humphrey cures ... worked well enough and constituted an important part of the family income ... the farmers that bought the medicines were good customers."[16] Over time Humphrey's Drug Store became a profitable enterprise and the family again prospered.[17] While living in Huron, Humphrey regularly attended Huron's largest Methodist church and became scoutmaster of the church's Boy Scout Troop 6.[12] He "started basketball games in the church basement ... although his scouts had no money for camp in 1931, Hubert found a way in the worst of that summer's dust-storm grit, grasshoppers, and depression to lead an overnight [outing]."[18]
Humphrey did not enjoy working as a pharmacist, and his dream remained to earn a doctorate in political science and become a college professor.[11] His unhappiness was manifested in "stomach pains and fainting spells", though doctors could find nothing wrong with him.[19] In August 1937, he told his father that he wanted to return to the University of Minnesota.[17] Hubert Sr. tried to convince his son not to leave by offering him a full partnership in the store, but Hubert Jr. refused and told his father "how depressed I was, almost physically ill from the work, the dust storms, the conflict between my desire to do something and be somebody and my loyalty to him ... he replied 'Hubert, if you aren't happy, then you ought to do something about it'."[20] Humphrey returned to the University of Minnesota in 1937 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1939.[21] He was a member of Phi Delta Chi, a pharmacy fraternity. He also earned a master's degree from Louisiana State University in 1940, serving as an assistant instructor of political science there.[22] One of his classmates was Russell B. Long, a future U.S. Senator from Louisiana.
He then became an instructor and
Marriage and early career
In 1934, Humphrey began dating
During World War II, Humphrey tried three times to join the armed forces but failed.[32] His first two attempts were to join the Navy, first as a commissioned officer and then as an enlisted man. He was rejected both times for color blindness.[33] He then tried to enlist in the Army in December 1944 but failed the physical exam because of a double hernia, color blindness, and calcification of the lungs.[33] Despite his attempts to join the military, one biographer would note that "all through his political life, Humphrey was dogged by the charge that he was a draft dodger" during the war.[34]
Humphrey led various wartime government agencies and worked as a college instructor. In 1942, he was the state director of new production training and reemployment and chief of the Minnesota war service program.[35] In 1943 he was the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission.[21] From 1943 to 1944, Humphrey was a professor of political science at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he headed the university's recently created international debate department, which focused on the international politics of World War II and the creation of the United Nations.[36] After leaving Macalester in the spring of 1944, Humphrey worked as a news commentator for a Minneapolis radio station until 1945.[21]
In 1943, Humphrey made his first run for elective office, for
Mayor of Minneapolis (1945–1948)
After the war, Humphrey again ran for mayor of Minneapolis; this time, he won the June 1945 general election with 61% of the vote.
A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts by Melvin G. Holli of the
1948 Democratic National Convention
The Democratic Party of 1948 was split between those, mainly Northerners, who thought the federal government should actively protect
At the
A diverse coalition opposed the convention's tepid civil rights platform, including anticommunist liberals like Humphrey,
Despite Truman's aides' aggressive pressure to avoid forcing the issue on the Convention floor, Humphrey spoke for the minority plank.[22] In a renowned speech,[57] Humphrey passionately told the convention, "To those who say, my friends, to those who say that we are rushing this issue of civil rights, I say to them we are 172 years (too) late! To those who say this civil rights program is an infringement on states' rights, I say this: the time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!"[58] Humphrey and his allies succeeded: the convention adopted the pro-civil-rights plank by a vote of 651+1⁄2 to 582+1⁄2.[59]
After the convention's vote, the Mississippi delegation and half of the Alabama delegation walked out of the hall.[1] Many Southern Democrats were so enraged at this affront to their "way of life" that they formed the Dixiecrat party[60] and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.[61] The Dixiecrats' goal was to take Southern states away from Truman and thus cause his defeat.[62] They reasoned that after such a defeat, the national Democratic Party would never again aggressively pursue a pro-civil rights agenda. The move backfired: although the civil rights plank cost Truman the Dixiecrats' support, a significant amount of black voters switched their support from Henry A. Wallace to him.[63] As a result, Truman won an upset victory over his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey.[64] The result demonstrated that the Democratic Party could win presidential elections without the "Solid South" and weakened Southern Democrats. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian David McCullough has written that Humphrey probably did more to get Truman elected in 1948 than anyone other than Truman himself.[65]
United States Senate (1949–1964)
Humphrey was elected to the
Initially, Humphrey's support of civil rights led to his being ostracized by Southern Democrats, who dominated Senate leadership positions and wanted to punish him for proposing the civil rights platform at the 1948 Convention. Senator
Humphrey was a liberal leader who fought to uphold Truman's veto of the
Humphrey was the author of the first humane slaughter bill introduced in the U.S. Congress and chief Senate sponsor of the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958.[80]
Humphrey chaired the
As Democratic whip in the Senate in 1964, Humphrey was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act that year. He was a lead author of its text, alongside Senate Republican Minority Leader Everett Dirksen of Illinois.[84] Humphrey's consistently cheerful and upbeat demeanor, and his forceful advocacy of liberal causes, led him to be nicknamed "The Happy Warrior" by many of his Senate colleagues and political journalists.[85]
While President John F. Kennedy is often credited for creating the Peace Corps, Humphrey introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957—three years before Kennedy's University of Michigan speech.[86] A trio of journalists wrote of Humphrey in 1969 that "few men in American politics have achieved so much of lasting significance. It was Humphrey, not Senator [Everett] Dirksen, who played the crucial part in the complex parliamentary games that were needed to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was Humphrey, not John Kennedy, who first proposed the Peace Corps. The Food for Peace program was Humphrey's idea, and so was Medicare, passed sixteen years after he first proposed it. He worked for Federal aid to education from 1949, and for a nuclear-test ban treaty from 1956. These are the solid monuments of twenty years of effective work for liberal causes in the Senate."[87] President Johnson once said that "Most Senators are minnows ... Hubert Humphrey is among the whales."[87] In his autobiography, The Education of a Public Man, Humphrey wrote:[88]
There were three bills of particular emotional importance to me: the Peace Corps, a disarmament agency, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three. I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm. Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought the idea was silly and unworkable. Now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more, from their experience as the countries they worked. That may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better.
On April 9, 1950, Humphrey predicted that President Truman would sign a $4 billion housing bill and charge Republicans with having removed the bill's main middle-income benefits during Truman's tours of the Midwest and Northwest the following month.[89]
On January 7, 1951, Humphrey joined Senator Paul Douglas in calling for an $80 billion federal budget to combat Communist aggression along with a stiff tax increase to prevent borrowing.[90]
In a January 1951 letter to President Truman, Humphrey wrote of the necessity of a commission akin to the
On June 18, 1953, Humphrey introduced a resolution calling for the US to urge free elections in Germany in response to the anti-Communist riots in East Berlin.[92]
In December 1958, after receiving a message from Nikita Khrushchev during a visit to the Soviet Union, Humphrey returned insisting that the message was not negative toward America.[93] In February 1959, Humphrey said American newspapers should have ignored Khrushchev's comments calling him a purveyor of fairy tales.[94] In a September address to the National Stationery and Office Equipment Association, Humphrey called for further inspection of Khrushchev's "live and let live" doctrine and maintained the Cold War could be won by using American "weapons of peace".[95]
In June 1963, Humphrey accompanied his longtime friend labor leader Walter Reuther on a trip to Harpsund, the Swedish Prime Minister's summer country retreat, to meet with European socialist leaders for an exchange of ideas.[96] Among the European leaders who met with Humphrey and Reuther were the prime ministers of Britain, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, as well as future German chancellor Willy Brandt.[96]
Presidential and vice-presidential ambitions (1952–1964)
Humphrey ran for the Democratic presidential nomination twice before his election to the vice presidency in 1964. The first time was as Minnesota's favorite son in 1952; he received only 26 votes on the first ballot.[97] The second time was in 1960. In between these two bids, Humphrey was part of the free-for-all for the vice-presidential nomination at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, where he received 134.5 votes on the first ballot and 74.5 on the second.[98]
In
Kennedy chose to meet the religion issue head-on. In radio broadcasts, he carefully redefined the issue from Catholic versus
Short on funds, Humphrey could not match the well-financed Kennedy operation. He traveled around the state in a rented bus while Kennedy and his staff flew in a large, family-owned airplane.[108] According to his biographer Carl Solberg, Humphrey spent only $23,000 on the West Virginia primary while Kennedy's campaign privately spent $1.5 million, well over their official estimate of $100,000.[109] Unproven accusations claimed that the Kennedys had bought the West Virginia primary by bribing county sheriffs and other local officials to give Kennedy the vote.[110] Humphrey later wrote, "as a professional politician I was able to accept and indeed respect the efficacy of the Kennedy campaign. But underneath the beautiful exterior, there was an element of ruthlessness and toughness that I had trouble either accepting or forgetting."[111] Kennedy defeated Humphrey soundly in West Virginia with 60.8% of the vote.[112] That evening, Humphrey announced that he was leaving the race.[113] By winning West Virginia, Kennedy overcame the belief that Protestant voters would not elect a Catholic to the presidency and thus sewed up the Democratic nomination.[105]
Humphrey won the South Dakota and District of Columbia primaries, which Kennedy did not enter.[114] At the 1960 Democratic National Convention, he received 41 votes even though he was no longer a candidate.
Vice presidential campaign
Humphrey's defeat in 1960 had a profound influence on his thinking; after the primaries he told friends that, as a relatively poor man in politics, he was unlikely to ever become president unless he served as vice president first.[115] Humphrey believed that only in this way could he attain the funds, nationwide organization, and visibility he would need to win the Democratic nomination. So as the 1964 presidential campaign began, Humphrey made clear his interest in becoming Lyndon Johnson's running mate. At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Johnson kept the three likely vice-presidential candidates, Connecticut Senator Thomas Dodd, fellow Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy, and Humphrey,[116] as well as the rest of the nation, in suspense before announcing his choice of Humphrey with much fanfare, praising his qualifications at considerable length before announcing his name.[117]
The following day Humphrey's acceptance speech overshadowed Johnson's own acceptance address:
Hubert warmed up with a long tribute to the President, then hit his stride as he began a rhythmic jabbing and chopping at Barry Goldwater. "Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate voted for an $11.5 billion tax cut for American citizens and American business," he cried, "but not Senator Goldwater. Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate – in fact four-fifths of the members of his own party – voted for the Civil Rights Act, but not Senator Goldwater." Time after time, he capped his indictments with the drumbeat cry: "But not Senator Goldwater!" The delegates caught the cadence and took up the chant. A quizzical smile spread across Humphrey's face, then turned to a laugh of triumph. Hubert was in fine form. He knew it. The delegates knew it. And no one could deny that Hubert Humphrey would be a formidable political antagonist in the weeks ahead.[118]
In an address before labor leaders in
At Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, on October 2, Humphrey said the general election would give voters a choice between his running mate and a candidate "who curses the darkness and never lights a candle".[127] During an October 9 Jersey City, New Jersey, appearance, Humphrey responded to critics of the administration, who he called "sick and tired Americans", by touting the accomplishments of both Kennedy's and Johnson's presidencies.[128] In Tampa, Florida, on October 18, a week after the resignation of Walter Jenkins amid a scandal, Humphrey said he was unaware of any potential security leaks relating to the case.[129] In Minneapolis on October 24, Humphrey listed the censure vote toward Senator Joseph McCarthy, the civil rights bill, and the nuclear test ban treaty as "three great issues of conscience to come before the United States Senate in the past decade" that Goldwater had voted incorrectly on as a Senator.[130] In an October 26 speech in Chicago, Humphrey called Goldwater "neither a Republican nor a Democrat" and "a radical".[131]
The Johnson-Humphrey ticket won the election overwhelmingly, with 486 electoral votes out of 538.[132] Only five Southern states and Goldwater's home state of Arizona supported the Republican ticket.[133] In October Humphrey had predicted that the ticket would win by a large margin but not carry every state.[134]
Vice President-elect of the United States
Soon after winning the election, Humphrey and Johnson went to
On December 10, 1964, Humphrey met with Johnson in the Oval Office, the latter charging the vice president-elect with "developing a publicity machine extraordinaire and of always wanting to get his name in the paper." Johnson showed Humphrey a George Reed memo with the allegation that the president would die within six months from an already acquired fatal heart disease.[139] The same day, during a speech in Washington, Johnson announced Humphrey would have the position of giving assistance to governmental civil rights programs.[140]
On January 19, 1965, the day before the inauguration, Humphrey told the Democratic National Committee that the party had unified because of the national consensus established by the presidential election.[141]
Vice presidency (1965–1969)
Humphrey took office on January 20, 1965,[142] ending the 14-month vacancy of the vice president of the United States, which had remained empty when then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963.[143] He was an early skeptic of the then growing Vietnam War. Following a successful Viet Cong hit-and-run attack on a U.S. military installation at Pleiku on February 7, 1965 (where 7 Americans were killed and 109 wounded), Humphrey returned from Georgia to Washington D.C., to attempt to prevent further escalation.[144] He told President Johnson that bombing North Vietnam was not a solution to the problems in South Vietnam, but that bombing would require the injection of US ground forces into South Vietnam to protect the airbases.[144] Presciently, he noted that a military solution in Vietnam would take several years, well beyond the next election cycle. In response to this advice, President Johnson punished Humphrey by treating him coldly and restricting him from his inner circle for a number of months, until Humphrey decided to "get back on the team" and fully support the war effort.[144]
As vice president, Humphrey was criticized for his complete and vocal loyalty to Johnson and the policies of the Johnson administration, even as many of his liberal admirers opposed the president's policies with increasing fervor regarding the Vietnam War.[21] Many of Humphrey's liberal friends and allies abandoned him because of his refusal to publicly criticize Johnson's Vietnam War policies. Humphrey's critics later learned that Johnson had threatened Humphrey – Johnson told Humphrey that if he publicly criticized his policies, he would destroy Humphrey's chances to become president by opposing his nomination at the next Democratic Convention.[145] However, Humphrey's critics were vocal and persistent: even his nickname, "the Happy Warrior", was used against him. The nickname referred not to his military hawkishness, but rather to his crusading for social welfare and civil rights programs.[21] After his narrow defeat in the 1968 presidential election, Humphrey wrote that "After four years as Vice-President ... I had lost some of my personal identity and personal forcefulness. ... I ought not to have let a man [Johnson] who was going to be a former President dictate my future."[146]
While he was vice president, Hubert Humphrey was the subject of a satirical song by songwriter/musician Tom Lehrer entitled "Whatever Became of Hubert?" The song addressed how some liberals and progressives felt let down by Humphrey, who had become a much more mute figure as vice president than he had been as a senator. The song goes "Whatever became of Hubert? Has anyone heard a thing? Once he shone on his own, now he sits home alone and waits for the phone to ring. Once a fiery liberal spirit, ah, but now when he speaks he must clear it. ..."
During these years Humphrey was a repeated and favorite guest of Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show.[147][148] He also struck up a friendship with Frank Sinatra, who supported his campaign for president in 1968 before his conversion to the Republican party in the early 1970s,[149] and was perhaps most on notice in the fall of 1977 when Sinatra was the star attraction and host of a tribute to a then-ailing Humphrey. He also appeared on The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast in 1973.
On April 15, 1965, Humphrey delivered an address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, pledging the incumbent session of Congress would "do more for the lasting long-term health of this nation" since the initial session in office at the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt assuming the presidency in 1933 and predicting 13 major measures of President Johnson's administration would be passed ahead of the session's conclusion.[150] In mid-May 1965, Humphrey traveled to Dallas, Texas for an off-the-record discussion with donors of President Johnson's campaign. During the visit, Humphrey was imposed tight security as a result of the JFK assassination a year and a half prior and the mother of Lee Harvey Oswald was placed under surveillance by Police Chief Cato Hightower.[151]
During a May 31, 1966, appearance at Huron College, Humphrey said the U.S. should not expect "either friendship or gratitude" in helping poorer countries.[152] At a September 22, 1966 Jamesburg, New Jersey Democratic Party fundraiser, Humphrey said the Vietnam War would be shortened if the US stayed firm and hastened the return of troops: "We are making a decision not only to defend Vietnam, we are defending the United States of America."[153]
During a May 1967 news conference, Humphrey said American anger toward Vietnam was losing traction and that he could see a growth in popularity for President Johnson since a low point five months prior.[154] During an August 2, 1967, appearance in Detroit, Humphrey proposed each state consider forming peacekeeping councils focused on preventing violence, gaining community cooperation, and listening to "the voices of those who have gone unheard."[155]
On November 4, 1967, Humphrey cited
Civil rights
In February 1965, President Johnson appointed Humphrey to the chairmanship of the President's Council on Equal Opportunity.
In an August 1967 speech at a county officials national convention in Detroit, Humphrey called for the establishment of a Marshall Plan that would curb poverty in the United States as well as address racial violence, and advocated for the creation of civil peace councils that would counter rioting. He said the councils should include representation from all minority groups and religions, state governments, the National Guard, and law enforcement agencies and that the United States would see itself out of trouble only when law and order was reestablished.[164]
Foreign trips
December 1965 saw the beginning of Humphrey's tour of eastern countries, saying he hoped to have "cordial and frank discussions" ahead of the trip beginning when asked about the content of the talks.[165] During a December 29 meeting with Prime Minister of Japan Eisaku Satō, Humphrey asked the latter for support on achieving peace in the Vietnam War and said it was a showing of strength that the United States wanted a peaceful ending rather than a display of weakness.[166]
Humphrey began a European tour in late-March 1967 to mend frazzled relations and indicated that he was "ready to explain and ready to listen."
1968 presidential election
As 1968 began, it looked as if President Johnson, despite the rapidly decreasing approval rating of his Vietnam War policies, would easily win the Democratic nomination for a second time.
Following the announcement from Johnson, Humphrey announced his presidential candidacy on April 27.[179] Declaring his candidacy in a speech in Washington, D.C. alongside Senators Fred Harris of Oklahoma and Walter Mondale of Minnesota (who both served as the co-chairs to his campaign), Humphrey stated:
Here we are, just as we ought to be, here we are, the people, here we are the spirit of dedication, here we are the way politics ought to be in America, the politics of happiness, politics of purpose, politics of joy; and that's the way it's going to be, all the way, too, from here on out. We seek an America able to preserve and nurture all the basic rights of free expression, yet able to reach across the divisions that too often separate race from race, region from region, young from old, worker from scholar, rich from poor. We seek an America able to do this in the higher knowledge that our goals and ideals are worthy of conciliation and personal sacrifice.[180]
Also in his speech, Humphrey supported President Johnson's Vietnam initiative he proposed during his address to the nation four weeks earlier;[180] partially halting the bombings in North Vietnam, while sending an additional 13,500 troops and increasing the Department of Defense's budget by 4% over the next fiscal year.[181] Later in the campaign, Humphrey opposed a proposal by Senators McCarthy and George McGovern of South Dakota to the Democratic Convention's Policy Committee, calling for an immediate end to the bombings in Vietnam, an early withdrawal of troops and setting talks for a coalition government with the Viet Cong.[182]
Many people saw Humphrey as Johnson's stand-in; he won major backing from the nation's labor unions and other Democratic groups troubled by young antiwar protesters and the social unrest around the nation.
Chicago riots and party fallout
Humphrey did not enter any of the 13 state primary elections,
Humphrey's inaction during these incidents, Johnson's and Daley's behind-the-scenes maneuvers,[190] public backlash against Humphrey's winning the nomination without entering a single primary, and Humphrey's refusal to meet McCarthy halfway on his demands, resulting in McCarthy's refusal to fully endorse him, highlighted turmoil in the Democratic Party's base that proved to be too much for Humphrey to overcome in time for the general election. The combination of Johnson's unpopularity, the Chicago demonstrations, and the discouragement of liberals and African-Americans after the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. that year, all contributed to his loss to former Vice President Nixon. Nevertheless, as Wallace lost support among white union members, Humphrey regained strength and the final polls showed a close race. Humphrey reversed his Vietnam policy, called for peace talks, and won back some of the antiwar Democrats.[191]
Nixon won the electoral college and the election. Humphrey lost the popular vote by less than one percent, with 43.4% for Nixon (31,783,783 votes) to 42.7% (31,271,839) for Humphrey, and 13.5% (9,901,118) for Wallace. Humphrey carried just 13 states and the District of Columbia with 191 electoral college votes, Nixon carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes, and Wallace carried five states and 46 electoral votes. In his concession speech, Humphrey said, "I have done my best. I have lost; Mr. Nixon has won. The democratic process has worked its will."[192]
Post-vice presidency (1969–1978)
Teaching and return to the Senate
After leaving the vice presidency, Humphrey taught at Macalester College and the University of Minnesota, and served as chairman of the board of consultants at the Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation.
On February 11, 1969, Humphrey met privately with Mayor
On January 4, 1970, Humphrey said the United States should cease tests of nuclear weapons during the continued conversations for potential strategic arms limitations between the United States and the Soviet Union while speaking to the National Retail Furniture association at the Palmer House.
Humphrey had not planned to return to political life, but an unexpected opportunity changed his mind. McCarthy, who was up for reelection in
Fourth Senate term
L. Edward Purcell wrote that upon returning to the Senate, Humphrey found himself "again a lowly junior senator with no seniority" and that he resolved to create credibility in the eyes of liberals.[211] On May 3, 1971, after the
In January 1972, Humphrey stated the U.S. would be out of the Vietnam War by that point had he been elected president, saying Nixon was taking longer to withdraw American troops from the country than it took to defeat
In January 1973, Humphrey said the Nixon administration was plotting to eliminate a school milk program in the upcoming fiscal year budget during a telephone interview.
In early January 1974, Humphrey checked into the
In an April 1975 news conference at the spring education conference of the United Federation of Teachers, Humphrey cited the need for a national department of education, a national education trust fund, and a federal government provision for a third of America's educational expenses. He said the Ford administration had no educational policy and noted the United States was the only industrialized country without a separate national education department.[232] In May, Humphrey testified at the trial of his former campaign manager Jack L. Chestnut, admitting that as a candidate he sought the support of Associated Milk Producers, Inc., but saying he was not privy to the illegal contributions Chestnut was accused of taking from the organization.[233] Later that month, Humphrey was one of 19 senators to originate a letter stating the expectation of 75 senators that Ford would submit a foreign aid request to Congress meeting the "urgent military and economic needs" of Israel.[234] In August, after the United States Court of Appeals ruled that Ford had no authority to continue levying fees of $2 a barrel on imported oil, Humphrey hailed the decision as "the best news we've heard on the inflation front in a long time" and urged Ford to accept the decision because the price reduction on oil and oil‐related products would benefit the national economy.[235] In October, after Sara Jane Moore's assassination attempt on Ford, Humphrey joined former presidential candidates Barry Goldwater, Edmund Muskie, and George McGovern in urging Ford and other presidential candidates to restrain their campaigning the following year to prevent future attempts on their lives.[236]
In October 1976, Humphrey was admitted to a hospital for the removal of a cancerous bladder,[237] predicted his victory in his reelection bid and advocated for members of his party to launch efforts to increase voter turnout upon his release.[238]
1972 presidential election
On November 4, 1970, shortly after being reelected to the Senate, Humphrey stated his intention to take on the role of a "harmonizer" within the Democratic Party to minimize the possibility of potential presidential candidates within the party lambasting each other prior to deciding to run in the then-upcoming election, dismissing that he was an active candidate at that time.
In 1972, Humphrey once again ran for the Democratic nomination for president, announcing his candidacy on January 10, 1972, during a twenty-minute speech in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the time of the announcement, Humphrey said he was running on a platform of the removal of troops from Vietnam and a revitalization of the United States economy.[241] He drew upon continuing support from organized labor and the African-American and Jewish communities, but remained unpopular with college students because of his association with the Vietnam War, even though he had altered his position in the years since his 1968 defeat. Humphrey initially planned to skip the primaries, as he had in 1968. Even after he revised this strategy he still stayed out of New Hampshire, a decision that allowed McGovern to emerge as the leading challenger to Muskie in that state. Humphrey did win some primaries, including those in Ohio,[242] Indiana and Pennsylvania, but was defeated by McGovern in several others, including the crucial California primary. Humphrey also was out-organized by McGovern in caucus states and was trailing in delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. His hopes rested on challenges to the credentials of some of the McGovern delegates. For example, the Humphrey forces argued that the winner-take-all rule for the California primary violated procedural reforms intended to produce a better reflection of the popular vote, the reason that the Illinois delegation was bounced. The effort failed, as several votes on delegate credentials went McGovern's way, guaranteeing his victory. After his primary win, McGovern asked Humphrey to be his running mate, but Humphrey declined.[2] After the election, Humphrey called Nixon and the two had an amicable conversation in which Humphrey implied that he preferred Nixon to McGovern, and had tried to keep McGovern from winning.[243]
1976 presidential election
On April 22, 1974, Humphrey said that he would not enter the upcoming Democratic presidential primary for the 1976 presidential election. Humphrey said at the time that he was urging fellow Senator and Minnesotan Walter Mondale to run, despite believing that Ted Kennedy would enter the race as well.[244] Leading up to the election cycle, Humphrey also said, "Here's a time in my life when I appear to have more support than at any other time in my life. But it's too financially, politically, and physically debilitating – and I'm just not going to do it."[245] In December 1975, a Gallup poll was released showing Humphrey and Ronald Reagan as the leading Democratic and Republican candidates for the following year's presidential election.[246]
On April 12, 1976, Chairman of the
Humphrey attended the November 17, 1976, meeting between President-elect Carter and Democratic congressional leaders in which Carter sought out support for a proposal to have the president's power to reorganize the government reinstated with potential to be vetoed by Congress.[249]
Fifth Senate term
Humphrey attended the May 3, 1977, White House meeting on legislative priorities. Humphrey told President Carter that the U.S. would enter a period of high unemployment without an economic stimulus and noted that in "every period in our history, a rise in unemployment has been accompanied by a rise in inflation". Humphrey stated a preventative health care program would be the only way for the Carter administration to not have to fund soaring health costs.[250] In July 1977, after the Senate began debating approval for funding of the neutron bomb, Humphrey stated that the White House had agreed to release the impact statement, a requirement for congressional funding of a new weapon.[251]
Deputy President pro tempore of the Senate (1977–1978)
In 1974, along with
Humphrey ran for
Death and funeral
Humphrey spent his last weeks calling old political acquaintances. One call was to Richard Nixon inviting him to his upcoming funeral, which Nixon accepted. Staying in the hospital, Humphrey went from room to room, cheering up other patients by telling them jokes and listening to them. On January 13, 1978, he died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly, Minnesota, at the age of 66.
Humphrey's body lay in state in the rotundas of the U.S. Capitol[254] and the Minnesota State Capitol before being interred at Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. His death overshadowed the death of his colleague from Montana, Senator Lee Metcalf, who had died the day before Humphrey. Old friends and opponents of Humphrey, from Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon to President Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale, paid their final respects. "He taught us how to live, and finally he taught us how to die", said Mondale.[255]
Humphrey's wife Muriel was appointed by Minnesota governor Rudy Perpich to serve in the U.S. Senate until a special election to fill the term was held; she did not seek election to finish her husband's term in office. In 1981 she married Max Brown and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown.[256] Upon her death in 1998 she was interred next to Humphrey at Lakewood Cemetery.[29]
Honors and legacy
In 1965, Humphrey was made an Honorary Life Member of Alpha Phi Alpha, a historically African American fraternity.[257]
In 1978, Humphrey received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[258]
He was awarded posthumously the Congressional Gold Medal on June 13, 1979, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980.
He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 52¢ Great Americans series (1980–2000) postage stamp.[259]
There is a statue of him in front of the Minneapolis City Hall.[260]
Humphrey's legacy is bolstered by his early leadership in civil rights, and undermined by his long support of the Vietnam War. His leading biographer Arnold A. Offner says he was "the most successful legislator in the nation's history and a powerful voice for equal justice for all."[261] Offner writes that Humphrey was:
A major force for nearly every important liberal policy initiative....putting civil rights on his party's and the nation's agenda [in 1948] for decades to come. As senator he proposed legislation to effect national health insurance, for aid to poor nations, immigration and income tax reform, a Job Corps, the Peace Corps, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the path breaking 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty....[He provided] masterful stewardship of the historic 1964 Civil Rights Act through the Senate.[262]
While acknowledging his accomplishments, some historians emphasize that Humphrey was "a flawed, and not entirely likeable, figure who talked too much and neglected his family while pursuing a politics of compromise that owed as much to his vaunting personal ambition as to political pragmatism."[263]
Namesakes
Fellowship
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program, which fosters an exchange of knowledge and mutual understanding throughout the world.
Buildings and institutions
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Terminal at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport[264]
- The former Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome domed stadium in Minneapolis which was home to the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League and the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball.[265]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Job Corps Center in St. Paul, Minnesota.[266]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and its building, the Hubert H. Humphrey Center (formerly Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs; changed in January 2011)[267]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Building[268] of the Department of Health and Human Services in Washington, D.C.
- The Merritt Island in Brevard County, Florida
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Middle School in Bolingbrook, Illinois.[269]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Comprehensive Health Center of the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services in Los Angeles, California.[270]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Recreation Center of the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks in Pacoima, CA.
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Auditorium at Doland High School[271] in Doland, South Dakota.
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Elementary School in Albuquerque, New Mexico[272]
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Elementary School in Waverly, Minnesota
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center in Robbinsdale, Minnesota[273]
Portrayals
- Franklin Cover in the 1982 television film A Woman Called Golda.
- Bradley Whitford in the 2016 television film All the Way.
- Doug McKeon in the 2017 film LBJ.[274]
Electoral history
See also
- Politics of Minnesota
- Humphrey's son, Skip Humphrey and grandson Buck Humphrey are also Minnesotan politicians.
- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
- Humphrey objection
Notes
- ^ a b Alonzo L. Hamby (August 2008). "1948 Democratic Convention". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ^ ]
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 35.
- Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 23, 2013.
- ^ "Partial Genealogy of the Humphreys (of Minnesota)" (PDF). politicalfamilytree.com. April 19, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 41.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 53.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 44.
- ^ Mark Steil (May 26, 2011). "The Humphrey Minnesota knows took shape in S.D." minnesota.publicradio.org.
- ^ "Hubert Horatio Humphrey Vice President, 1965–1969 compiled by LBJ Library staff". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on November 19, 2000.
- ^ a b Daniel Luzer (July 17, 2012). "Business Experience". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ a b Solberg 1984, p. 48.
- ^ Cohen, p. 45
- ^ Cohen, pp. 45–46
- ^ Humphrey, pp. 48–49
- ^ Cohen, p. 46
- ^ a b Cohen, p. 54
- ^ Solberg 1984, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 50.
- ^ Humphrey, p. 57
- ^ a b c d e "Cold War Files: All Units: People: Hubert H. Humphrey". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-1440801020.
- ^ a b c Gary W. Reichard, ed. (1998). "Mayor Hubert Humphrey". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014.
- ^ Cohen, p. 66
- ^ Cohen, pp. 66–67
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- ^ Rochelle Olsen (September 21, 1998). "Muriel Humphrey Brown – Hubert Humphrey's Widow". Associated Press.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 52.
- ^ a b Brian Mooar (September 21, 1998). "Hubert Humphrey's Widow Dies at 86". The Washington Post.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 437.
- ^ Solberg 1984, p. 197.
- ^ Cohen, pp. 104–105
- ^ a b Cohen, p. 105
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- ^ "Court Rebuffs Ford On Oil. Import Fee". The New York Times. August 12, 1975.
- ^ Lyons, Richard D. (October 1, 1975). "Miss Moore Tried to Call Ford Guards Five Times". The New York Times.
- ^ "Humphrey Doing 'Very, Very Well'". The New York Times. October 11, 1976.
- ^ "Humphrey Gets Out of the Hospital". The New York Times. October 31, 1976.
- ^ King, Seth S. (November 5, 1970). "Humphrey Adopts Harmonizer's Role". The New York Times.
- ^ Sullivan, Joseph (December 18, 1971). "HUMPHREY TALKS TO JERSEY CHIEFS". The New York Times.
- ^ "Humphrey Enters Presidential Race, Raps Nixon's Policies". Chicago Tribune. January 11, 1972. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ "McGovern Gets Big Crowd for N.Y. Appearance". Chicago Tribune. November 2, 1972. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ]
- ^ Mehler, Neil (April 23, 1974). "Humphrey won't run for President in 1976". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
- ^ Kelly, Harry. "Humphrey's resisting the call of the presidential primaries". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
- ^ Wicker, Tom (December 28, 1975). "Humphrey Vs. Reagan". The New York Times.
- ^ Sullivan, Ronald (April 13, 1976). "HUMPHREY CALLED VICTOR IN JERSEY". The New York Times.
- ^ Margolis, Jon (April 30, 1976). "Tearful Humphrey out of race". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ Weaver, Warren Jr. (November 18, 1976). "CARTER ASKS LEADERS OF CONGRESS TO HELP IN A REORGANIZATION". The New York Times.
- ^ Tolchin, Martin (June 4, 1977). "DEMOCRATS CRITICIZE CARTER ON PRIORITIES". The New York Times.
- ^ "SENATE VOTES FUNDS FOR NEUTRON BOMBS, HEEDING CARTER PLEA". The New York Times. July 14, 1977.
- ^ Cohen, pp. 478–479.
- ^ "Quotable Congress Gets Ideas from Single Source". Los Angeles Times. September 3, 1989.
- ^ "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ "Hubert Humphrey Dies – Events of 1978 – Year in Review". United Press International. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
- ^ Mills, Barbara Kleban, "A Childhood Friendship Turns to Love, and Muriel Humphrey Plans to Be Married Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", People, February 16, 1981, Vol. 15 No. 6.
- ISBN 978-0813134215.
- ^ "National – Jefferson Awards Foundation". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
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- ^ "Photo of The original 'Triple H'". Panoramio. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
- ^ Arnold A. Offner, Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country (Yale University Press, 2018) p. 394.
- ^ Offner, p. x.
- .
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- ^ "The Hubert H. Humphrey Building". HHS.gov. May 10, 2006. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
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- ^ "Doland School District Quick Facts". Doland.k12.sd.us. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
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- ^ A. Lincoln, Ross (September 18, 2015). "Pooch Hall Knows 'A Dog's Purpose', Doug McKeon Joins LBJ". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
References
- Berman, Edgar. Hubert: The Triumph And Tragedy Of The Humphrey I Knew. New York: G.P. Putnam's & Sons, 1979. A physician's personal account of his friendship with Humphrey from 1957 until his death in 1978.
- Boomhower, Ray E. (2020). "Fighting the Good Fight: John Bartlow Martin and Hubert Humphrey's 1968 Presidential Campaign". Indiana Magazine of History. 116 (1): 1–29. S2CID 214394558.
- ISBN 978-0-394-52836-6.
- Chester, Lewis, Hodgson, Godfrey, Page, Bruce. An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968. New York: The Viking Press, 1969. online
- Cohen, Dan. Undefeated: The Life of Hubert H. Humphrey. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1978.
- Dallek, Robert. An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003.
- Engelmayer, Sheldon D., and Robert J. Wagman. Hubert Humphrey: The Man and His Dream (1978). online
- Garrettson, Charles L. III. Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
- Gitlin, Todd (1987). The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-34601-5.
- Gould, Lewis L. 1968: The Election That Changed America (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993). online
- Humphrey, Hubert H. The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976, a primary source. online
- Johns, Andrew L. The Price of Loyalty: Hubert Humphrey's Vietnam Conflict (Rowman & Littlefield, 2020).
- Mann, Robert. The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996. online
- Offner, Arnold, "Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country," New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.
- Ross, Irwin. The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948. New York: New American Library, 1968.
- Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
- Solberg, Carl (1984). Hubert Humphrey: A Biography. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-473-6.
- Taylor, Jeff. Where Did the Party Go? William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.
- Thurber, Timothy N. The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle. Columbia University Press, 1999. pp. 352.
- White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2004. (Reprint)
- Ybarra, Michael J. (2004). Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt. Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-58642-091-8.
External links
- United States Congress. "Hubert Humphrey (id: H000953)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- University of Texas biography
- Hubert H. Humphrey Papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.
- Humphrey's complete speech texts and a broad sample of his speech sound recordings have been digitzed by the Minnesota Historical Society under a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
- Complete text and audio of Humphrey's 1948 speech at the Democratic National Convention – from AmericanRhetoric.com
- Complete text and audio of Humphrey's 1964 speech at the Democratic National Convention – from AmericanRhetoric.com
- Account of 1948 presidential campaign – includes text of Humphrey's speech at the Democratic National Convention
- Oral History Interviews with Hubert H. Humphrey, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
- Information on Humphrey's thought and influence, including quotations from his speeches and writings.
- Hubert H. Humphrey at the Macedonian Baptist Church, San Francisco, May 23, 1972 Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Photographs by Bruce Jackson of Humphrey on his last campaign.
- Radio airchecks/recordings of Hubert H. Humphrey from 1946 to 1978 including interviews, radio appearances, newscasts, 1968 election concession speech, etc.
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Hubert H. Humphrey" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (March 14, 1952)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- "Hubert Humphrey, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders