Front Range
Front Range | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Peak | Grays Peak |
Elevation | 14,278 ft (4,352 m) |
Coordinates | 39°38′02″N 105°49′01″W / 39.63389°N 105.81694°W |
Geography | |
The Front Range (excluding the Laramie Mountains) is shown highlighted on a map of the western U.S.
| |
Country | United States |
States | Colorado and Wyoming |
Parent range | Rocky Mountains |
The Front Range is a mountain range of the Southern Rocky Mountains of North America located in the central portion of the U.S. State of Colorado, and southeastern portion of the U.S. State of Wyoming.[1] It is the first mountain range encountered as one goes westbound along the 40th parallel north across the Great Plains of North America.
The Front Range runs north-south between Casper, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado, and rises nearly 10,000 feet above the Great Plains. Longs Peak, Mount Blue Sky, and Pikes Peak are its most prominent peaks, visible from the Interstate 25 corridor. The area is a popular destination for mountain biking, hiking, climbing, and camping during the warmer months and for skiing and snowboarding during winter. Millions of years ago, the present-day Front Range was home to ancient mountain ranges, deserts, beaches, and even oceans.[2]
The name "Front Range" is also applied to the
Geology
Pikes Peak Granite
About 1 billion years ago, a mass of magma rose to the surface through a much older mantle, cooling to form what is now known as the
Fountain formation
Around 300 million years ago, the sinking suddenly reversed, and the sediment-covered granite began to
Lyons Sandstone
At 280 million years ago, sea levels were low and present-day Colorado was part of the super-continent
Lykins Formation
30 million years later, the sediment deposition was still taking place with the introduction of the
Morrison Formation
After 100 million years of deposition, a new environment brought rise to a new formation, the sandstone Morrison Formation. The Morrison Formation contains some of the best fossils of the Late Jurassic. It is especially known for its sauropod tracks and sauropod bones, among other dinosaur fossils. As identified by the fossil record, the environment was filled with various types of vegetation such as ferns and Zamites.[2] While this time period boasts many types of plants, grass had not yet evolved.[2]
Dakota Sandstone
The Dakota Sandstone, which was deposited around 100 million years ago at the opening of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway from the Artic to the Tropics, shows evidence of ferns and dinosaur tracks. Sheets of ripple marks can be seen on some of the strata, confirming advancing and retreating near-shore environments.[2] These Dakota Group sandstone beds are resistant to erosion and have uplifted to form the Dakota Hogback, a ridge between the mountains and the plains.[3]
Benton Group / Niobrara Formation
Over the next 35 million years, the Cretaceous seaway repeatedly widened as far as Utah and Wisconsin and narrowed to near closure.
Pierre Shale
The non-chalky shales of the Pierre Formation formed in the final cycle of the seaway. At about 68 million years ago, the Front Range began to rise again due to the Laramide Orogeny in the western half of the state, draining from being at the bottom of a sea to land again, giving yield to another fossiliferous rock layer, the Denver Formation.[2]
Denver Formation
The Denver Formation contains fossils of dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops. While the forests of vegetation, dinosaurs, and other organisms thrived, their reign would come to an end at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (which was formerly known as the K-T boundary). In an instant, millions of species were obliterated by a meteor impact in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. While this extinction led to the demise of the dinosaurs and other organisms, some life did prevail to repopulate the earth as it recovered from this tremendous disaster. The uplifted mountains continued to constantly erode and, by 40 million years ago, the region was once again buried in material eroded from the central mountains.[2]
Castle Rock Conglomerate
Suddenly, 37 million years ago, a great volcanic eruption took place in the
Quaternary deposits
Eventually, at about 10 million years ago, the Front Range began to rise up again and the resistant granite in the heart of the mountains thrust upwards and stood tall, while the weaker sediments deposited above it eroded away. As the Front Range rose, streams and recent (16,000 years ago) glaciations during the Quaternary age literally unburied the range by cutting through the weaker sediment and giving rise to the granitic peaks present today.[2] This was the last step in forming the present-day geologic sequence and history of today's Front Range.[2]
Prominent peaks
The Front Range includes the highest peaks along the eastern edge of the Rockies. The highest mountain peak in the Front Range is Grays Peak. Other notable mountains include Torreys Peak, Mount Blue Sky, Longs Peak, Pikes Peak, and Mount Bierstadt.
Rank | Mountain Peak
|
Subrange | Elevation
|
Prominence | Isolation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Grays Peak[6] NGS | Front Range | 14,278 ft 4352 m |
2,770 ft 844 m |
25 mi 40.3 km |
2 | Mount Blue Sky NGS | Front Range | 14,265 ft 4348 m |
2,769 ft 844 m |
9.79 mi 15.76 km |
3 | Longs Peak NGS | Front Range | 14,259 ft 4346 m |
2,940 ft 896 m |
43.6 mi 70.2 km |
4 | Pikes Peak NGS | Pikes Peak Massif
|
14,115 ft 4302 m |
5,530 ft 1686 m |
60.8 mi 97.8 km |
5 | Mount Silverheels NGS PB | Front Range | 13,829 ft 4215 m |
2,283 ft 696 m |
5.48 mi 8.82 km |
6 | Bald Mountain[7] PB | Front Range | 13,690 ft 4173 m |
2,099 ft 640 m |
7.51 mi 12.09 km |
7 | Bard Peak[7] PB | Front Range | 13,647 ft 4159 m |
1,701 ft 518 m |
5.43 mi 8.74 km |
8 | Hagues Peak NGS PB | Mummy Range | 13,573 ft 4137 m |
2,420 ft 738 m |
15.92 mi 25.6 km |
9 | North Arapaho Peak[7] PB | Indian Peaks PB
|
13,508 ft 4117 m |
1,665 ft 507 m |
15.4 mi 24.8 km |
10 | Parry Peak[7] | Front Range | 13,397 ft 4083 m |
1,731 ft 528 m |
9.46 mi 15.22 km |
11 | Mount Richthofen[7] PB | Front Range | 12,945 ft 3946 m |
2,680 ft 817 m |
9.66 mi 15.54 km |
12 | Specimen Mountain[7] PB | Front Range | 12,494 ft 3808 m |
1,731 ft 528 m |
4.86 mi 7.82 km |
13 | Bison Peak NGS PB | Tarryall Mountains PB
|
12,432 ft 3789 m |
2,451 ft 747 m |
19.14 mi 30.8 km |
14 | Waugh Mountain[7] PB | South Park Hills PB | 11,716 ft 3571 m |
2,330 ft 710 m |
20 mi 32.2 km |
15 | Black Mountain NGS PB | South Park Hills PB | 11,649 ft 3551 m |
2,234 ft 681 m |
8.03 mi 12.92 km |
16 | Williams Peak NGS PB | South Williams Fork Mountains PB
|
11,620 ft 3542 m |
2,049 ft 625 m |
10.79 mi 17.37 km |
17 | Puma Peak[7] PB | South Park Hills PB | 11,575 ft 3528 m |
2,260 ft 689 m |
7.44 mi 11.97 km |
18 | Thirtynine Mile Mountain[7] PB | South Park Hills PB | 11,553 ft 3521 m |
2,088 ft 636 m |
10.61 mi 17.08 km |
19 | Twin Sisters Peaks[7] PB | Front Range | 11,433 ft 3485 m |
2,328 ft 710 m |
4.36 mi 7.01 km |
20 | South Bald Mountain [1] | Laramie Mountains | 11,007 ft 3355 m |
1,844 ft 562 m |
13.66 mi 22 km |
Travel
The main interstate highways that run through the Front Range are Interstate 70, which crosses west of Denver, Colorado, and Interstate 80, which crosses near Laramie, Wyoming. U.S. Route 34 travels through the mountains near Loveland, Colorado, although this route is typically closed from October to May.[8] U.S. Route 24 travels through the southern Front Range west of Colorado Springs, eventually connecting with I-70 west of Vail, Colorado.
Along with the roads that run through the Front Range, the
.See also
- Eldorado Canyon State Park
- Flatirons
- Front Range Urban Corridor
- Garden of the Gods
- Mountain ranges of Colorado
- Palmer Divide
- Red Rocks Park
- Rocky Mountain Front
- Roxborough State Park
References
- ^ "GNIS Feature Search". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2010-05-13. | U.S. Geological Survey confirms that the Laramie Mountains(range) are the northern extent of the Front Range.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55591-554-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0878426096.
- ^ R.J. Weimer (1984). J.S. Schlee (ed.). "Relation of unconformities, tectonics, and sea-level changes, Cretaceous of Western Interior, United States" (PDF). AAPG Memoir (Memoir 36, Interregional unconformities and hydrocarbon accumulation). American Association of Petroleum Geologists: 407. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- The Geological Society of America: 77–93. Retrieved 2022-06-06.) (Benton Group is in current use in this location.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Continental Divide of North America.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The elevation of this summit has been converted from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). National Geodetic Survey Archived 2011-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Road Status Report - Rocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
Further reading
- Fishman, N.S. et al. (2005). Principal areas of oil, natural gas, and coal production in the northern part of the Front Range, Colorado. Geologic Investigations Series I-2750-B. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
- Sprague, L.A., R.E. Zuellig, and J.A. Dupree. (2006). Effects of urban development on stream ecosystems along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado and Wyoming. USGS Fact Sheet 2006-3083. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
External links
- "Front Range". Peakbagger.com.