Shenyang

Coordinates: 41°48′09″N 123°25′41″E / 41.80250°N 123.42806°E / 41.80250; 123.42806
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city. For the aircraft manufacturer, see Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. For other uses, see Shen Yang (disambiguation).

Shenyang
沈阳市
License plate prefixes
辽A
ClimateDwa
Websitewww.shenyang.gov.cn
Symbols
FlowerRosa rugosa
TreePinus tabuliformis
Shenyang
Hanyu Pinyin
Shěnyángⓘ
Literal meaningnorth bank of the Shen River
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ/ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ
Romanizationsimiyan/mukden
This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

Shenyang,

counties of Kangping and Faku
.

Shenyang has been controlled by numerous different states and peoples during its history. In the 14th century, the city came under the control of the

Japanese surrender in 1945 Shenyang remained a stronghold of the Kuomintang until its capture by the Communists in 1948 following the Liaoshen campaign
.

Together with its surrounding cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China,

service sector. Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics. Shenyang is also a major city for scientific research and education in Northeast China. As of 2023, it was listed among the top 125 cities by scientific output in the world, as tracked by the Nature Index.[11] The city is home to several major universities, notably Northeastern University and Liaoning University, listed as prestigious universities in the Double First-Class Construction
.

Name

Shenyang literally means "the yang side of the Shen River" and refers to the location of the Hun River (formerly called the Shen River, 瀋水; Shěn Shuǐ), on the southern side of the city. According to Chinese naming tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are angled more towards direct sunlight and thus are considered the "sunny", or "yang", side.[12]

History

Early history

Xinle Ruins

Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8,000 years ago. The remains of the

Huanggu District
. It is complemented by a recreated village on site.

The city now known as Shenyang was first established in about

Liaodong region from Gojoseon.[13] It was then named Hou City (侯城; Hóu Chéng). Around 350 years later, during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han, the city was sacked and burnt by the Donghu nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between two commanderies called Liaodong and Xuantu around 107 CE. Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189. Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united under the Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. The region was in disarray during the fourth century until the Koguryo occupied both commanderies in 404. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. The Sui dynasty recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, the Tang dynasty invaded Koguryo and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development.[14]

In 916, the Shenyang region was captured by the Liao dynasty and was known as Shen Prefecture (瀋州; Shěn Zhōu) until the end of Jin dynasty (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路; Shěnyáng Lù) during the Yuan dynasty.[15] After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of the Ming dynasty, and it was designated a "guard town" (militarized settlement) named Shenyang Central Guard (瀋陽中衛; Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi). During the Ming Dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond the Shanhai Pass.

Manchu period

The Mukden Palace
Map of Shengjing Inner City in 1660s

In 1625, the Jurchen leader

Manchu word, mukdembi (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ), meaning "to rise" as reflected also by its Han Chinese name.[16] Under Nurhaci's orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.[16]

After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the Shun army in the Battle of Shanhai Pass just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the Shanhai Pass to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper. The capital was subsequently relocated from Shenyang to Beijing. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries.[16] Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府; Fèngtiān Fǔ; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡶᡠ, Möllendorff: abkai imiyangga fu, Abkai: abkai imiyangga fu or Manchu: ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: fung tiyian, Abkai: fung tiyian) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian (lit. 'mandated by Heaven') was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.[17]

Russian and Japanese influence

Japanese-administered zone (orange) and the old Shenyang city (violet) in 1919

After the

South Manchurian Railway - from Harbin via Mukden to Dalny.[18][19]

During the

Fengtian province in 1910.[23] Mukden became one of the main epicenters of the Manchurian plague (1910—1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths.[24]

Warlord Era and Japanese occupation

Huanggutun Incident
Japanese troops entering Shenyang during Mukden Incident

In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,[25] but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/奉天" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/瀋陽 (奉天)" datestamp was used until 1933.

In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The

his train was blown up on 4 June 1928[27] at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.[28] At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture ammunition in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.[29]

At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese

Aisin Gioro Puyi as the figurehead.[33] During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945), the city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English),[34] and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry.[34][35] Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.[36] For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.[37] The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.[35]

Post-World War II

Liaoshen Campaign

Under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky, the Far East Command[38] of the Red Army occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan.[39] On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor Puyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan.[40] On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Northeast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by Soviet occupation authorities from "three days of rape and pillage".[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

The Soviets were replaced by the

Liaoshen Campaign.[51][47][53]

Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars with

Communists and Nationalists
).

21st century

Directed by state efforts to reduce pollution and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone deindustrialization, with the shutdown of large plants.[54][55] Most notably, a large 1930s smelter in the central city was closed in 2000.[56][57] The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted in gentrification.[58]

Old City

Layout of Shenyang's old city walls

The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within the modern day

Shenhe District, and used to have two city walls.[59]

Situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" (顺城; 'along the city') roads/streets in Shenhe District, the (now-demolished) square-shaped inner city wall marked the bounds of ancient Shenyang. The earliest wall was built in 926 during early

Liaodong region was at Liaoyang). However, in 1368, Hongwu Emperor of the newly founded Ming dynasty ordered a new regional military command—the Liaodong Regional Military Commission (遼東都指揮使司)—to be established, and Shenyang was made a prominent regional "guard town" (衛所). In 1388, Min Zhong (閔忠), the newly appointed city commissioner of the Shenyang Central Guard, wrote to Hongwu Emperor immediately upon his tenure requesting permission to upgrade the city wall, and the old wall was made taller and thoroughly reinforced with overlaid bricks. According to History of Ming, the reconstructed Ming-era wall was 2.5 zhàng (8 metres or 26 feet) tall, more than 1 zhàng (3.2 metres or 10.5 feet) wide at the top, and 9 li and 30 bu (about 5.2 kilometres or 3.2 miles) long. It has two layers of moats dug outside, each being 3 zhàng (9.6 metres or 31.5 feet) wide and 8 chi (2.56 metres or 8 feet 4.8 inches) deep, fed with water from the Little Shen River (the present day South Canal). There were four city gates
, each at the center of one side, connected by two main roads that intersected at Central Temple of the city's center in a "+" fashion.

This Ming wall was heavily damaged in 1625 when the Manchus laid siege and captured the city, with only the north wall and

Nurhachi however saw the city's strategic value and decided to formally relocate his Later Jin capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and ordered the wall to be rebuilt. According to Annals of Mukden (盛京通志), the new city wall was a standard black brick wall standing at a height of 3.5 zhàng (about 12.5 metres or 41.0 feet), a width of 1.8 zhàng (about 6.4 metres or 21.0 feet) and a total length of 9 li and 332 bu (about 6.4 kilometres or 4.0 miles), complete with 12 towers
(8 gates and 4 corners) and a widened 14.5-zhàng (about 52-metre or 171-foot) moat. The city gates were increased from four to eight, though the old Ming-era north gate tower was preserved but sealed shut, later known as the "Ninth Gate" (九門).

The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" (邊牆; Biān Qiáng) or "pass wall" (關牆; Guān Qiáng), was actually a rammed earth rampart built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner city. It was almost round in shape, standing at a height of 7.5 chi (around 2.7 metres or 8 feet 10.3 inches) and an overall length of 32 li and 24 bu (about 20.7 kilometres or 12.9 miles), and also had eight towerless gates known as the "peripheral gates" (邊門; Biān Mén). The corresponding inner and outer gates were linked by roads that intersected within the inner city in a "#" pattern around the Mukden Palace.

Nearly all of these city walls and gates were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner wall were rebuilt during the 1990s. There had, however, been proposals to rebuild the other gates and towers in preparation to the 12th National Games in 2013.

Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were four pagodas each located within an associated Tibetan Buddhist temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple (永光寺), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple (廣慈寺), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple (延壽寺) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple (法輪寺). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645. The four pagodas are identical white Buddha-stupas as tall as 26 m (85 ft). Nowadays only the temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.

Both the Temple of Heaven and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during the Qing dynasty. They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.

Geography

Map including Shenyang (labeled as 瀋陽 SHEN-YANG (MUKDEN)) (AMS, 1956)
Aerial photograph of Shenyang

Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and is located in the central part of Liaoning province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the

above sea level and the lowest point only 7 m (23 ft).[61] The average elevation of the urban area is 45 m (148 ft).[62]

The city's main urban area is located to the north of

canalized from the old course of the Wanquan River (萬泉河; 'ten thousand springs river'), historically also called the Little Shen River (小瀋水) or Wuli River (五里河; 'five-li river'), which was a principal water source for the old city.[63] These are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River (细河), Puhe River (蒲河) and Mantang River (满堂河), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on the east side called Huishan Nullah (辉山明渠) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due to land reclamation
from urban constructions.

Environment

Shenyang has many

urban open space in Shenyang, contributing significantly to the city's 40-percent "greening
ratio", and was instrumental in the city being awarded the "national forest city" title in 2005.

According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, winter usage of coal by

yellow dust from Gobi Desert). However, air quality was described by the Bureau as "slowly improving".[64]

Climate

Satellite image of Shenyang-Fushun urban agglomeration
(larger western part is Shenyang, eastern part is Fushun), Landsat 5, 2010-09-29.
Shenyang
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
6
 
 
−5
−17
 
 
9.7
 
 
0
−13
 
 
17
 
 
8
−4
 
 
35
 
 
17
4
 
 
64
 
 
24
12
 
 
93
 
 
28
17
 
 
167
 
 
30
21
 
 
167
 
 
29
19
 
 
51
 
 
24
12
 
 
44
 
 
16
4
 
 
23
 
 
6
−5
 
 
12
 
 
−3
−14
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA[65]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
23
1
 
 
0.4
 
 
32
9
 
 
0.7
 
 
46
25
 
 
1.4
 
 
63
40
 
 
2.5
 
 
75
53
 
 
3.6
 
 
82
62
 
 
6.6
 
 
85
69
 
 
6.6
 
 
84
67
 
 
2
 
 
76
54
 
 
1.7
 
 
61
39
 
 
0.9
 
 
42
24
 
 
0.5
 
 
28
8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Shenyang has a

Siberian anticyclone. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) in January to 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.6 °C (47.5 °F). The frost-free period is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters.[66] The city receives 2,421 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 42 percent in July to 64 percent in February. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C (−28 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F).[67]

Climate data for Shenyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1905–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.3
(100.9) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		14.5
(58.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.4
(11.5) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		1.7
(35.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		8.6
(47.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17.0
(1.4) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		3.1
(37.7)
Record low °C (°F) −33.1
(−27.6) 		−28.4
(−19.1) 		−25.0
(−13.0) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−30.2
(−22.4) 		−33.1
(−27.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.0
(0.24) 		9.7
(0.38) 		16.7
(0.66) 		35.2
(1.39) 		63.6
(2.50) 		92.5
(3.64) 		167.0
(6.57) 		167.1
(6.58) 		50.8
(2.00) 		44.1
(1.74) 		22.8
(0.90) 		12.0
(0.47) 		687.5
(27.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.7 3.4 4.8 6.6 9.0 11.7 12.2 10.6 6.5 7.0 5.8 4.8 86.1
Average snowy days 4.8 4.5 4.3 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 4.3 5.8 25.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		63 57 52 49 54 67 77 79 72 66 63 64 64
Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.4 192.0 227.3 228.7 250.3 218.4 191.8 204.3 219.9 204.8 158.5 153.0 2,421.4
Percent possible sunshine 58 64 61 57 55 48 42 48 59 60 54 54 55
Source: China Meteorological Administration[68][69][65] all-time extreme temperature[67]

See or edit raw graph data.

Administrative divisions

Map of Shenyang (labeled as SHEN-YANG) and surrounding region (1975)

Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of the 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general,

heavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services.[70]

Out of the rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to a county-level city in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of the provincial/national development plan.

As a result, Shenyang now officially has direct jurisdiction over 10

rural counties
:

Map
Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2014) 		Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City proper
Shenhe District
 沈河区 Shěnhé Qū 716,417 60 12,037
Heping District
 和平区 Hépíng Qū 645,399 59 10,849
Dadong District
 大东区 Dàdōng Qū 689,576 100 6,887
Huanggu District
 皇姑区 Huánggū Qū 817,288 66 12,349
Tiexi District
 铁西区 Tiěxī Qū 907,091 286 3,171
Suburban
Hunnan District
 浑南区 Húnnán Qū 324,074 734 442
Sujiatun District
 苏家屯区 Sūjiātún Qū 428,859 782 548
Shenbei New Area 沈北新区 Shěnběi Xīnqū 320,370 884 362
Yuhong District
 于洪区 Yúhóng Qū 435,333 499 872
Liaozhong District 辽中区 Liáozhōng Qū 532,900 1,645 324
Satellite city
Xinmin City 新民市 Xīnmín Shì 690,703 3,297 210
Rural
Kangping County 康平县 Kāngpíng Xiàn 352,434 2,167 163
Faku County 法库县 Fǎkù Xiàn 447,952 2,281 196

Districts

Shenhe District

Buildings along Youths Avenue (Qingnian Street, 青年大街) in southern Shenhe District

The Shenhe District (沈河区; 'Shen River district') is a part of the downtown and was also the most developed district in Shenyang. Until 2015, it held the

registered population of 716,417 (as per 2014).[73] There is the Central Temple (中心庙; Zhōngxīn Mìao), built during the Ming dynasty, showing the center of ancient Shenyang. This temple is located just south of the Middle Street (中街; Zhōng Jiē), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercial pedestrian zone in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market (五爱市场; Wǔài Shìchǎng), the largest light industry wholesale trading center in the entire Bohai Economic Rim
.

Shenhe District is the site of the

Taoxian Airport, separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic 305.5 m (1,002 ft) Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower
is situated alongside this avenue.

Shenhe District is also home to Northeast China's main

Shenyang North Railway Station (locally known as the "North Station"). The railways leading to the station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently [when?
] undergone a major overhaul and extension.

Heping District

Chairman Mao statue
at Zhongshan Square
Northeastern University (China) in Heping District, Shenyang

The Heping District (和平区; 'peace district') is located in the

neon-lit at night, centered around Taiyuan Street (太原街; Taìyuán Jīe), one of the most famous shopping district in the Northeast. The Project 985 university, Northestern University
, is also located in Heping District.

The district, better known as the downtown, sprung up around

West Pagoda Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large ginkgo
trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.

Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, including

CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of the Northern Theater Command (previously the Shenyang Military Region), General Logistics Department and the consulates-general of the United States, Japan. South Korea, [North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity, China Post, railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such as Liaoning Radio and Television
, Shenyang Radio and Television and Shenyang Daily newspaper are also located in this district.

Dadong District

The Dadong District (大东区; 'great east district') is an industrial zone and used to be the largest of the inner city districts. Its name derives from the fact that the district started off as the residential area immediately outside the old inner city wall's Fujin Gate (撫近門), which is also called Great East Gate (大東門). It has an area of 100 km2 (39 sq mi)[72] and a population of 689,576 (2014).[73]

The district contains popular tourist landmarks such as the

9.18
Historical Museum, the North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District.

Huanggu District

World Heritage Site: Zhao Mausoleum (Beiling park)

The Huanggu District (皇姑区; 'royal aunt district') is named after

Huanggutun Incident took place. The name is actually a mis-tranliteration of the pronunciation for Fiyanggū (Manchu: ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ, Chinese: 費揚武, 1605–1643), the Manchu Prince Jian of the First Rank whose tomb was in the area. It has an area of 66 km2 (25 sq mi)[72] and a population of 817,288 (2014).[73]

The district is the site of

Huang Taiji
, as well as the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It also hosts the seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning.

Tiexi District

The Tiexi District (铁西区; 'railway's west district') is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of the

Jingshen Railway, and is famous for its heavy industry. This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi)[74] and a population of 764,419.[75] In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish a new state-level development zone—the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (沈阳经济技术开发区), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form the Tiexi New District (铁西新区), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on the map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014),[73] a total area of 286 km2 (110 sq mi),[72]
and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang).

The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film

rust belt district—a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s.[76]

Hunnan District

Fuling Tomb
(Dongling Park)

The Hunnan District (浑南区; 'South of Hun River'), was formerly called the Dongling District (东陵区; '

2006 International Horticultural Exposition
) are also located in this district.

Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, the

Taoxian International Airport, and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and commercial developments, as hunnan becomes the new center of Shenyang steadily with the new government being developed there. The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city of Fushun
, and the other leading to the airport.

Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991, the Hunnan New Area (浑南新区) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products. The zone has hosted more than 5,700 enterprises, including 700 foreign-invested enterprises. [

Mitsubishi Group
operate in the zone.

Sujiatun District

The Sujiatun District (苏家屯区; '

prefecture-level cities of Fushun to the east, Benxi to the southeast, and Liaoyang
to the southwest.

Shenbei New District

The Shenbei New District (沈北新区; 'Shenyang's north new district'), formerly Xinchengzi District (新城子区; 'new town district'), is a new development zone and forms the majority of the northern suburbs. It has an area of 884 km2 (341 sq mi)

Xinmin City and Faku County to the northwest; it also borders the prefecture-level cities of Tieling to the northeast and Fushun
to the southeast.

Yuhong District

The Yuhong District (于洪区; '

Xinmin City to the west. China Resources Beverage
, the distributor of C'estbon Water, has its Northeast regional office in the district.

The large southwestern part of the neighbouring Tiexi District also used to belong to Yuhong District, but in May 2002, the southwestern part of Yuhong District was ceded on order of the city government to establish the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and the administration of the region was later transferred to Tiexi District instead. This annexation of land left an

exclave
territory lying between Tiexi District, Heping District and Sujiatun District, separated from the main body of Yuhong District, hence making the Tiexi District flanked at the "neck" by the two parts of Yuhong.

Liaozhong District

The Liaozhong District (辽中区; 'Liaoning's center district', referring to its central location within the province) is the newest and largest suburban district. Formerly the Liaozhong County (辽中县), its rural county status was made defunct in January 2016, and formally instated as a suburban city district on April 11, 2016. It lies 67 km (42 mi) southwest of downtown Shenyang, near the intersection of G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway and G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway. As of 2014[update], it had a population of 532,900[73] residing in an area of 1,645 km2 (635 sq mi).[72] It is the most southwestern part of Shenyang City, bordering Xinmin City to the north, and Tiexi District to the northeast, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Liaoyang to the southeast, Anshan to the south and southwest, and Jinzhou to the west.

Satellite city

Xinmin City

The Xinmin City (新民市; 'new residents city'), formerly Xinmin County (新民县) before 1993, is a

Tiexi District to the southeast, Liaozhong District to the south, the prefecture-level cities of Jinzhou to the west and Fuxin
to the northwest.

Xinmin has one of the leading

Light manufacturing is also an important part of Xinmin's economy, with 57% of its GDP derived from food processing, pharmaceuticals and packaging products in 2012. The city also has access to the Liaohe oil field
. There are also proposals to relocated the defunct East Pagoda Airport to Xinmin for reopening.

Rural counties

Faku County

The Faku County (法库县) lies 77 kilometres (48 mi) north of urban Shenyang, and has an area of 2,281 square kilometres (881 square miles) with a population of 447,952 (2014). The county's name is reportedly a phonetic transliteration of the Manchu word for

prefecture-level cities of Tieling to the east, and Fuxin to the west. Other than agriculture, Faku County has the richest source of minerals in the Shenyang area, including the largest reserve of kaolinite and wollastonite in China. As a result, in recent years the county has attracted a lot of foreign investment from the ceramic
industry.

Kangping County

The Kangping County (康平县; 'prosperous and peaceful county') is the northernmost and most remote part of the Greater Shenyang area, and has an area of 2,167 km2 (837 sq mi) with a population of 352,434 (2014). It was historically first established in 1880 under the blessing of the

alternative energy industries begin to take hold in Kangping. The county currently has the third largest wind farm
in the whole province.

Demographics

Xita, world's 2nd largest Koreatown.[77][78]

Shenyang has a population of 8.1 million and its urban population is 5.74 million. Ethnically and culturally diverse, Shenyang has 38 of China's 56 recognized

Lhoba.[79]
Most of these groups are not native to the Shenyang area; a few, such as the Manchus and the Xibe, are.

Shenyang has numerous

places of worship
.

Economy

The arch entrance of Middle Street (Zhongjie), a 3.5 km-long pedestrian shopping strip in central Shenyang beside Mukden Palace,[80] and is the longest shopping street in China.[81]

Shenyang is an important industrial center in China and is the core city of the Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics.

Revitalize Northeast China" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.[89] Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.[70]

The services sector—especially banking—has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has several foreign banks, such as South Korea's

Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Hong Kong's Bank of East Asia, Singapore's United Overseas Bank and the Britain-based HSBC. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 non-bank financial institutions.[70][needs update
]

The city has been identified by the

Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[90]

Shenyang has three development zones:

  • Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone
  • Shenyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  • Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone
Further information:
Development zones of Shenyang

Numerous major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang.

Neusoft Group is the biggest software company in China.[94] Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool manufacturer in China.[95] Tyco International, General Motors and Michelin Shenyang Tyre Corporation are expanding their operations in Shenyang.[citation needed
]

The

GDP per capita of the city of Shenyang is 78,490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).[96]

Transportation

As the transport hub of Northeast China, Shenyang is served by air, rail, a currently two-line subway system and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus service throughout the city.[97] Terminal 3 at Shenyang Taoxian International Airport is the largest terminal in the northeast China.[98] A new tram network system was built in the city's south in 2013.

Rail

CRH5-001A EMU serving the Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway

Shenyang is the

Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway, the main passenger transport corridor in and out across the Shanhai Pass, and the first passenger-specific railway line in China. In early 2007, a 200 km/h (120 mph) high-speed train decreased travel time between Beijing and Shenyang by almost three-fold to around 4 hours. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway opened in late 2012 and connects Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China such as Harbin, Changchun and Dalian at speeds of up to 300 km/h (190 mph).[99]

Shenyang has two major railway stations: the

Heping District.[100]

Shenyangbei Railway Station
The old Liaoning General Station

The Shenyang North Railway Station (

Subway Line 2, while also capable of rapid conversion into an air raid shelter
if needed.

Shenyang Railway Station

The Shenyang Railway Station (

Sujiatun). Today, the station focuses on regular-speed passenger service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed. The station was expanded in 2010 with the addition of a new West Station Building (西站房) and a West Square (西广场) on the western side of the railways.[103]
The old East Station Building (东站房) is currently on the provincial protected heritage list.

Since 2011, a daily direct

Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang through Siberia with a 23-day transit time.[104]

Road

Shenyang's districts, landmarks and major roads

In the

Shenyang Railway Station
and the Zhongshan Park, but as one of the only three diagonal streets in the entire city it is accommodated as a "road" instead of "street" in keeping with the other two diagonal counterparts that run east–west.

In addition to the grid streets, Shenyang also was developing several

G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway
(辽中环线高速公路), are both currently under construction.

G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway, Shenyang segment

Shenyang is connected to the other regions by several major expressways in radial pattern. The

G1 Jingha Expressway (京哈高速公路) beyond the northeast, and is a major interprovincial "trunk road" across the Shanhai Pass linking to the national capital Beijing some 658 km (409 mi) away. There are other smaller provincial-level expressways ("S routes") to other cities like Fushun, Liaoyang and Panjin, as well as many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other large Northeastern regional centers via major national roads such as the China National Highways 101, 102, 203 and 304
.

Airport

Taoxian International Airport

The city is served by the

Hunnan District. It is one of the eight major airline hubs and the 20th busiest airport in China.[105][106]

There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public. The East Pagoda Airport (东塔机场) in Dadong District is the oldest airport in Shenyang, opened in 1920s and retired in the 1980s,

test flights. The Yuhong Airport (于洪机场) in Yuhong District is commissioned for military use only by the local Northern Theater Command garrisons.[109]

Public transport

CRV 70% Low-Floor Tram
serving Hunnan District

In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.

trolley bus routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China.[111] The entire network was demolished in 1999 after a serious electrocution accident
that killed 5 passengers on August 12, 1998, and was replaced by gas and diesel-powered buses.

Hunnan New District. The Shenyang Modern Tram
network started operation on August 15, 2013.

Shenyang Metro Line 1

Shenyang has been planning an underground rapid transit system since 1940, but was unable to materialize the idea due to the city's geology and engineering limitations.[113] On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first Shenyang Metro line began[114] and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east–west) line was opened September 27, 2010, and the second (north–south) was opened on January 9, 2012. in 2023, the second line, running north to south, extended its southern portion to connect with the Shenyang Taoxian International airport. As of 2023, there are 5 running lines, with the latest of which (line 4) opening on September 29, 2023. Construction is difficult due to the granite-rich bedrock on which the city is built.

Healthcare

Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34,033 hospital beds and 45,680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17,346 licensed doctors, 1,909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses.[115] The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8 years.

The

Huanggu District is one of the top 10 medical schools in China and is IMED-listed. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.[116]

Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University 1st, 2nd (renamed Shengjing Hospital in 2003)[117] and 4th Affiliated Hospital, 202 Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, North Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.

Military

Shenyang hosts the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army's Northern Theater Command (formerly the Shenyang Military Region) and garrisons its air force divisions.

Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries, with the

WS-15 and WS-20 turbofan
engines.

In 2014, South Korea and China agreed to repatriate the remains of 400 People's Volunteer Army soldiers killed during the Korean War, which had been buried in Paju, and scheduled to be reburied in a state military cemetery in Shenyang.[118]

Culture

Korean-Chinese style barbecue in mud brazier (泥炉烧烤) is exclusively in Shenyang

Shenyang dialect

People native to Shenyang speak the

Dongbeihua and has a wide range of vocabulary that is not part of the country's official language.[119] As the Shenyang dialect is mutually intelligible with most forms of Mandarin, some people prefer to characterize it as an "accent" rather than a different "dialect". [citation needed
]

Art

Two northeast folk dances, Errenzhuan and Yangge, are very popular in Shenyang.[122][123] The Big Stage Theatre (大舞台剧场) near Middle Street is famous for its Errenzhuan and Chinese comedy skit performances by Zhao Benshan and his students. Due to the popularity enjoyed by many Shenyang-based comedians, the city is nationally recognized as a stronghold of Chinese comedy.

Shenyang is home of many performance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liaoning Song and Dance Ensemble, and Liaoning Ballet.[124] Many artists are from Shenyang, such as Zimei, Na Ying and the pianist Lang Lang.

Museums

9.18 Historical Museum
  • Liaoning Provincial Museum (辽宁省博物馆), the largest museum in Northeast China. The museum hold many ancient relics and artefacts, including a selection of inscriptions in Chinese and Khitan that are some of the earliest known forms of writing.
  • Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum (沈阳蒸汽机车博物馆), with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.
  • 9.18 Historical Museum (九·一八历史博物馆), a museum in memory of the
    Mukden Incident on September 18, 1931. The museum is in the shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed the South Manchuria Railway
    , the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria.
  • Xinle Relic (新乐遗址), located on the location where the Xinle civilisation was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.
    Front of statue about Xinle culture

Sports

Shenyang is famous for its

Shenyang Jinde moved to Changsha in 2007. Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, a 60,000-seated soccer stadium, was a venue for the football preliminary of 2008 Summer Olympics.[125]

Shenyang also has one of the five full-length (400 m) speed skating rink in China, the Bayi Speed Skating Arena (八一速滑馆).

Shenyang Sport University[126] is a professional sports university, and acts as the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions[citation needed].

Religion

The Shenyang city government legally recognizes five religious beliefs—

Catholicism and Protestantism. During the period between 1949 and 1976, religious practices were significantly repressed, but have recovered since the end of the Cultural Revolution. As of 2012, Shenyang has seven city-level religious organizations, with 289 legally registered places of worship, 483 clerics
and about 400,000 followers.

Famous religious sites include:

Shenyang East Pagoda

Buddhism

  • Chang'an Temple (长安寺), a
    Zen Buddhism temple, first built during the Tang dynasty
  • Bore Temple (般若寺), built during the Qing dynasty
  • Ci'en Temple (慈恩寺), a Pure Land Buddhism temple,
  • Wugoujingguang Śarīra Pagoda (无垢净光舍利塔), a 33-m-high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during the Liao dynasty
  • Shisheng Temple (实胜寺), once known as Imperial Temple (皇寺), a
    Qing
    royal family
  • The East Pagoda (东塔), North Pagoda (北塔),
    West Pagoda (西塔) and South Pagoda (南塔), collectively known as the "Four Pagodas of Early Qing" (清初四塔; Qīngchū Sì Tǎ) are four white Tibetan Buddhist pagodas built by Hong Taiji
    in 1639.

Taoism

  • Taiqing Palace (太清宫), built in 1663
  • Pengying Palace (蓬瀛宫), the only female Taoist temple in Northeast China, built in 1994
  • Doumu Palace (斗姆宫), formerly the second largest Taoist temple in Shenyang

Christianity

  • Roman Catholic
    cathedral
  • Dongguan Church (东关教会), one of the largest and oldest Protestant churches in Northeast China, also known as the cradle of Christianity of the Koreans in China and in the Korean Peninsula
  • Xita Church (西塔教会), a Protestant church for the Korean Chinese

Islam

  • South Mosque (清真南寺), the largest mosque in Northeast China, built in Qing dynasty

Cuisine

Shenyang has classic

Manchu Han Imperial Feast.[128]

Due to the sizeable Hui population in Shenyang, halal foods are a common and also enjoyed by non-Muslim people.

Notable people

Tourism

Attractions

Shopping areas

Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts is

Wal-Mart, Pizza Hut
, Louis Vuitton flagship store, Häagen-Dazs retail store, etc. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.

Taiyuan Street (太原街) is another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets. There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering many items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.

Another area, Wu'ai Market (五爱市场), features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.

The information technology center is in Sanhao street (三好街) in the southern part of the city. There are large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.

Research and education

Shenyang is a major city for scientific research and education in Northeast China. Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang, including core institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. As of 2023, it was list among the top 125 science cities in the world as tracked by the Nature Index.[11]

Research institutes

  • Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院金属研究所)
  • Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所)
  • Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所), formerly the Institute of Forestry and Pedology (林业土壤研究所)
  • Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳计算机技术研究所)
  • Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute (沈阳飞机设计研究所), also known as the "601 Institute"
  • Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute (沈阳发动机设计研究所), also known as the "606 Institute"

High schools

  • Liaoning Province Shiyan High School (辽宁省实验中学)
  • Shenyang No. 1 High School (沈阳市第一中学)
  • Shenyang No. 2 High School (沈阳市第二中学)
  • Shenyang No. 4 High School (沈阳市第四中学)
  • Shenyang No. 5 High School (沈阳市第五中学)
  • Shenyang No. 20 High School (沈阳市第二十中学)
  • Shenyang No. 31 High School (沈阳市第三十一中学)
  • Shenyang No.120 High School (沈阳市第一二零中学)
  • Northeast Yucai School (东北育才中学)

International schools

  • non-profit organization
    committed to educational work in China.
  • Shenyang Pacific International Academy (沈阳太平洋国际学校), located in Shenbei District. The school offers an American-style high school education.
  • Canadian International School Shenyang (加拿大国际学校), located in Shenbei District, founded in 2017 with joint co-operation of AKD International Education and the Canadian government. The school offers a Canadian-style education ranging from kindergarten to middle school.
  • QSI International School of Shenyang (QSI) (沈阳科爱赛国际学校 中国), founded in 2012 and located at Sekisui House, Hunnan New District

Universities

Defunct universities

  • anti-Japanese volunteer armies
    .

International relations

Foreign consulates

Japan, Russia, South Korea, France, Germany, North Korea, Australia and the United States all have

Heping District. These eight consulates make Shenyang the sixth major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Chongqing.[130][131][132][133]

Twin towns – Sister cities

Shenyang has established

sister/friendship city relationships
with many other cities around the world. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational and other ties.

Sister cities[134]

Friendship cities

In media

The decline of Shenyang's

Tiexi district in the 1990s was recorded by director Wang Bing in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks.[136]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 沈阳; /ʃɛnˈjæŋ/ shen-YANG;[4] Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə̀n.jǎŋ]
  2. ^ 奉天; Mandarin pronunciation: [fə̂ŋtʰjɛ́n]
  3. ^ IPA: [mukʰtən]

References

Citations

  1. ^ 行政区划 [Administrative division] (in Chinese). Liaoning People's Government. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018. 截至2016年底，辽宁省辖14个地级市（其中沈阳、大连为副省级城市
  2. ^ "Liaoning Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  3. ^ 2017年沈阳市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (in Chinese). Shenyang City People's Government. June 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  4. ^ "Shenyang". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b Archaeology of Asia, pp.129
  6. ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Liaoning". 2001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014..
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1
    .
  8. ^ 陈海波：坚定不移朝着建设先进装备制造业基地目标加速前行 (in Chinese). Shenyang People's Government. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  9. Xinhua (in Chinese). 9 October 2012. Archived from the original
    on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  10. ^ 东北地区振兴规划 (in Chinese). China State Council. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Leading 200 science cities 2023". Nature Index. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  12. ^ 顾奎相 (January 2013). 沈阳名称由来考——因"沈水"而得名,非"合成"说. 《理论界》 (1).
  13. ^ 陈寿 (2000). 《三国志·魏志·东夷传》 (in Simplified Chinese). 浙江古籍出版社. 昔萁子之后北朝鲜侯，自称为王，后子孙稍骄虐，燕乃遣将秦开，攻其西方，取地两千余里，至满番汗为界，朝鲜遂弱。
  14. ISBN 1-884964-04-4
    .
  15. ^ 沈阳历史. 中国网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  16. ^ a b c 盛京城史话 (in Chinese). 辽宁省档案信息网. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  17. ^ 三陵巷 三陵衙门和盛京将军. 中国经济网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  18. ^ The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68. NEW YORK: The Century Co. 1904. p. 581. Retrieved 6 July 2011. mukden russians day before formally.(Original from Harvard University)
  19. ^ Making of America Project (1904). The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68. NEW YORK: Scribner & Co. p. 581. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2011.(Original from the University of Michigan)
  20. ^ Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2007, p. 673
  21. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5. Archived
    from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  22. ^ Menning p.187
  23. ^ 刘思铎、陈伯超 (2013). 奉天省咨议局建筑特点研究. 《华中建筑》 (4).
  24. ^ Meiklejohn, Iain. "Manchurian plague, 1910-11". Disaster History. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  25. ^ 沈阳市沈河区外经贸之窗. Ministry of Commerce, Shenhe District. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  26. ^ 追溯沈阳行政区划的百年印记. 《沈阳晚报》. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  27. ^ Hata 288
  28. Xinhua. Archived from the original
    on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  29. ^ 李彤 (12 February 2009). 奉天军械厂. 《沈阳日报》. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  30. ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7
  31. ^ a b 82年前"九一八". 《石家庄日报》. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  32. ISBN 0-553-34474-9
    .
  33. ^ Fenby, Jonathan. Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202
  34. ^ a b 詹德华 (6 April 2012). 初建,一个工业区的诞生. 《沈阳晚报》. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  35. ^ a b 卫岚. 沈阳四次编制城市总体规划. 东北新闻网. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  36. ^ 辽宁沈阳简介. 农业部都市重点实验室. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  37. ^ Prasenjit Duara. "The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective". Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  38. Battlefield (documentary series)
    , 2001, 98 minutes.
  39. ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  40. ^ Mydans, Seth (11 June 1997). "Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Christian Science Monitor, 12 October 1945.
    Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.
  42. ^ F. C. Jones (1949). "Chapter XII – Events in Manchuria, 1945–47". Manchuria since 1931 (PDF). London, Oxford University Press: Royal Institute of International Affairs. pp. 224–5, 227–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2014. (The relevant sections also appear at Talk:Soviet invasion of Manchuria/Events in Manchuria, 1945-47)
  43. ISBN 978-1-4391-4893-8
    . Retrieved 12 February 2014. mukden berlin rape and pillage.
  44. ISBN 0-7656-0785-9. Archived
    from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  45. ISBN 0-415-29717-6. Archived
    from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  46. ISBN 978-0-8129-6732-6. Archived
    from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  47. ^ a b Yu Huating (于化庭) (2008), 沈阳的解放与成功接管, 《党史纵横》
  48. ^ 1948年，沈阳解放改变了中国与世界. 《沈阳晚报》 (in Simplified Chinese). 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  49. ^ 1948年11月2日 沈阳解放. 中国新闻周刊网. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  50. ^ Zhang Mingjin (張明金); Liu Liqin (劉立勤) (2007). 《國民黨歷史上的158個軍》. Beijing: 解放軍出版社.
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-1-62040-347-1
    .
  52. ^ Zhu Yuepeng (朱悦鹏). 《东北解放战争纪实》 (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: 长征出版社.
  53. ISBN 7-5034-0559-7
    .
  54. ^ Gao, Shuyi (2017). Emerging Identity: Envisioning Eco-cultural Infrastructure in Post Industrial Shenyang, China (MLA thesis). University of Washington.
  55. S2CID 154554360
    .
  56. ^ Byrd, William. "The Shenyang smelter : a case study of problems and reforms in China's nonferrous metals industry" (PDF). World Bank Staff Working Papers. 766. World Bank.
  57. ^ "Shenyang Shuts Down Polluting Smelter". People's Daily. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  58. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12494
    .
  59. ^ "Map of Mukden in 1912". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  60. ^ 沈阳区域地质概述. Shenyang Planning and Land and Resources Bureau (沈阳市规划和国土资源局). Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  61. ^ 沈城母亲河:水光异彩 璀璨浑河. 中国青年网. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  62. ^ 孙鸿金 (2012). 近代沈阳城市发展与社会变迁 (博士 thesis).
  63. ^ a b 南运河的今与昔 (in Chinese). Shenhe District People's Government. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  64. ^ Liu Ce (November 13, 2013). "Coal for heating identified as top air polluter in NE China". China Daily. chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  65. ^ a b "Index" 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  66. ^ "A city full of vitality – Shenyang, China". People′s Government of Shenyang. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  67. ^ a b Extreme Temperatures around the World Archived 2014-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2010-10-27
  68. ^ "Experience Template" CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  69. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  70. ^ a b c "china business review". china business review. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  71. ^ a b 国务院批复同意沈阳市政府搬迁 新址位于浑南区全运村附近. The Paper. 14 October 2015 – via guancha.cn.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 《沈阳统计年鉴（2015）》——分地区土地面积和人口密度. Shenyang People's Government. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 《沈阳统计年鉴（2015）》——分地区户籍人口数. Shenyang People's Government. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  74. ^ 《沈阳统计年鉴（2004）》——土地面积. Shenyang People's Government. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  75. ^ 《沈阳统计年鉴（2004）》——分地区人口数. Shenyang People's Government. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  76. ^ ""West of the Tracks" by Jie Li". Ejumpcut.org. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  77. ^ 世界第二大的朝鲜族风情街，获称"北方小汉城"的沈阳西塔美食街_聚食国际美食_新浪博客. blog.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  78. ^ 世界第二大朝鲜风情街--沈阳西塔_走进朝鲜_人文_西祠胡同. www.xici.net. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  79. ^ http://www.shenyang.cn/lyfw/msfq-ml.htm [dead link]
  80. ^ 高薇 (2 July 2007). 沈阳中街步行街东延2公里 全长3.5公里. 《沈阳晚报》. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  81. ^ 中街"东拓西延"成最长商业街-新闻频道-手机搜狐. m.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  82. ^ 刘妮. 沈阳："共和国装备部"重新"工业立市". 《南风窗》. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  83. ^ 沈阳兵工厂. 火器堂. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  84. ^ 沈阳解放-中国共产党新闻. 人民网. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  85. ^ 张毅 (19 November 2013). 1953，沈阳人的黄金小时代. 《沈阳晚报》. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  86. ^ 皮树义，孙健，何勇，陈仁泽 (30 July 2012). 东北振兴看沈阳. People's Daily. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  87. ^ 沈阳铁西：新型工业化引领发展. Workers' Daily. 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  88. ^ 何勇 (29 October 2008). 沈阳——国企破产在这里"破题". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  89. ^ 国务院将成立东北办公室. 中国网. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  90. ^ "The Rise Of The 'Champs' – New Report Maps Business Opportunity In China's Fastest Growing Cities". Sourcewire.com. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  91. ^ 2012年沈阳市国民经济和社会发展统计公报. 《沈阳日报》. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  92. ^ 宝马开启沈阳时代. The Nikkei Chinese. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  93. ^ 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司. 人民网. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  94. ^ 杨吉平 (29 March 2005). 东软集团成为最大软件外包提供商. Guangming Daily. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  95. ^ 熊建 林丽鹂 罗艾桦 何勇 (4 July 2008). 沈阳机床 攀上制高点. People's Daily. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  96. ^ Liaoning Statistical Yearbook. 2009.
  97. ^ 11月19日早晨6时 沈阳主干道全部"打通". 《沈阳日报》. 20 November 2013.
  98. ^ 潘昱龙 (15 August 2013). 东北地区最大航站楼启用(组图). Sohu. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  99. ^ "Harbin-Dalian High-speed railway starts summer schedule". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  100. ISBN 9787113055547
  101. ^ 李淑娟 (26 September 2009). 沈阳北站被称为"东北第一站". 《华商晨报》. Shenyang, Liaoning. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  102. ^ 沈阳北站："京哈铁路"动脉上的心脏. 《沈阳日报》. 23 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  103. ^ 李莉 (21 December 2010). 沈阳站西出口明年底建成 西广场建设规划已敲定. 《沈阳日报》. 沈阳日报传媒集团. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  104. ^ DB Schenker to launch daily freight train to China Archived June 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Railway Gazette International, 30 September 2011. Accessed: 4 October 2011.
  105. ^ 桃仙机场T3航站楼 (in Simplified Chinese). Shenyang Planning and Land and Resources Bureau (沈阳市规划和国土资源局). Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  106. ^ 沈阳桃仙国际机场T3航站明年投入使用. 中国网 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  107. ^ Yang Qinglin (杨清林) (9 December 2010). 27年前，遭劫持的飞机从东塔机场起飞. 《辽宁法制报》. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  108. ^ 沈阳东塔机场曾是奉系空军诞生地. Liaoning Daily. 25 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  109. ^ 于洪全胜机场 (in Simplified Chinese). 中国民用航空局. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  110. ^ 沈阳公交线路表(市区线路)-心·路. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  111. ^ 沈阳市区公共交通史（四）新中国成立后的公共交通（1949–1957. Shenyang Bus. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  112. ISBN 7-80556-000-5
    .
  113. ^ 沈阳地铁大事记（1940年-2010年）. Shenyang Bus. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  114. ^ 沈阳地铁官方网站. Symtc.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  115. ^ "Teach Travel China Liao Ning". Ttcln.com. 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  116. ^ "beth health center US/CMU program". beth health. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  117. Xinhua News. Archived from the original
    on 31 December 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2003.
  118. Yonhap. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original
    on 17 February 2014.
  119. ^ a b 别具特色的"沈阳话". 振兴东北网. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2013 – via Xinhua.
  120. ^ 沈阳话是咋回事，你"直"道不？. 《沈阳晚报》. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  121. ^ 陈凤军 (1 November 2011). 专家称"沈阳话"对北京方言影响很大 共同性很多. 《沈阳日报》. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  122. ^ 文化志概述 (in Simplified Chinese). 辽宁省地方志. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  123. ^ a b 沈阳秧歌 (in Simplified Chinese). 看中国. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  124. ^ 辽宁芭蕾舞团. Liaoning Ballet. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007.
  125. ^ "Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium". The Official Website of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  126. ^ 沈阳体育学院欢迎您！. Shenyang Sport University.
  127. ^ a b 游转沈阳特色美食. 盛京文化网. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  128. ^ 盛京满汉全席. 沈阳网. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  129. ^ "Shenyang Botanical Garden&Shenyang EXPO Garden". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  130. ^ Yongqi, Hu (24 March 2017). "New Australian consulate general planned to facilitate appliers in Northeast China". China Daily. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  131. ^ Bishop, Julie (24 November 2017). "Celebrating 45 years of Australia-China relations" (Press release). Australian Government. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  132. ^ "The Australian Trade Commission Extends its Reach in China". Australian Embassy, China. DFAT. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  133. ^ "Consulates in Shenyang, China".
  134. ^ 友好城市 (in Chinese). 沈阳市人民政府外事（侨务）办公室 [Shenyang People's Government Foreign Affairs (Overseas Chinese Services) Office]. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  135. ^ "Belfast signs Sister City Agreement with Shenyang, China today to collaborate in number of areas". Belfast City Council. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  136. ^ CATSOULIS, Jeannette (12 February 2012). "West of the Tracks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenyang.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shenyang.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenyang&oldid=1218468856"