German cruiser Admiral Hipper
![]() Admiral Hipper in 1939
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History | |
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Name | Admiral Hipper |
Namesake | Admiral Franz von Hipper |
Builder | Blohm & Voss, Hamburg |
Laid down | 6 July 1935 |
Launched | 6 February 1937 |
Commissioned | 29 April 1939 |
Fate | Scuttled, 3 May 1945, raised and scrapped in 1948–1952 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Admiral Hipper-class cruiser |
Displacement |
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Length | 202.8 m (665 ft 4 in) overall |
Beam | 21.3 m (69 ft 11 in) |
Draft | Full load: 7.2 m (24 ft) |
Installed power | 132,000 MW ) |
Propulsion |
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Speed | 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) |
Complement |
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Armament |
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Armor |
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Aircraft carried | 3 Arado Ar 196 |
Aviation facilities | 1 catapult |
Admiral Hipper was the
Admiral Hipper saw a significant amount of action during the war, notably present during the Battle of the Atlantic. She led the assault on Trondheim during Operation Weserübung; while en route to her objective, she sank the British destroyer HMS Glowworm. In December 1940, she broke out into the Atlantic Ocean to operate against Allied merchant shipping, though this operation ended without significant success. In February 1941, Admiral Hipper sortied again, sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to Germany via the Denmark Strait. The ship was then transferred to northern Norway to participate in operations against convoys to the Soviet Union, culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942, where she sank the destroyer Achates and the minesweeper Bramble but was in turn damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers HMS Sheffield and HMS Jamaica.
Disappointed by the failure to sink merchant ships in that battle,
Design
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Admiral_Hipper_ONI.jpg/220px-Admiral_Hipper_ONI.jpg)
The
Admiral Hipper was 202.8 meters (665 ft) long overall and had a beam of 21.3 m (70 ft) and a maximum draft of 7.2 m (24 ft). After the installation of a clipper bow during fitting out, her overall length increased to 205.9 meters (676 ft). The ship had a design displacement of 16,170 t (15,910 long tons; 17,820 short tons) and a full load displacement of 18,200 long tons (18,500 t). Admiral Hipper was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), at 132,000 shaft horsepower (98,000 kW).[3] Her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.[4]
Admiral Hipper's primary armament was eight
Admiral Hipper's armored belt was 70 to 80 mm (2.8 to 3.1 in) thick; her upper deck was 12 to 30 mm (0.47 to 1.18 in) thick while the main armored deck was 20 to 50 mm (0.79 to 1.97 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 105 mm (4.1 in) thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.[3] The heaviest armor with 150 mm (5.9 in) thickness was applied to the vertical surfaces of the conning tower, while the horizontal surfaces were limited to 50 mm (2.0 in).[6]
The initial design of Admiral Hipper included an aircraft hangar for one aircraft. During building, the requirements were changed and an aircraft hangar was constructed for two floatplanes that could be stored side by side. The wider aircraft hangar forced the rearrangement of the middle pair of 10.5 cm guns from the superstructure deck to the upper deck, which restricted their arc of fire towards the rear.[7] The ship was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult.[4] In 1941 the aircraft hangar was reduced with place for just one Arado and in total only two Arado floatplanes were carried.[8]
Service history
Admiral Hipper was ordered by the Kriegsmarine from the
Sea trials in the Baltic resumed in January 1940, but severe ice restrained the ship to port. On 17 February, the Kriegsmarine pronounced the ship fully operational, and on the following day, Admiral Hipper began her first major wartime patrol [16] during Operation Nordmark. She joined the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the destroyers Z20 Karl Galster and Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp in a sortie into the North Sea off Bergen, Norway. A third destroyer, Z9 Wolfgang Zenker, was forced to turn back after sustaining damage from ice. The ships operated under the command of Admiral Wilhelm Marschall.[17] The ships attempted to locate British merchant shipping, but failed and returned to port on 20 February.[16]
Operation Weserübung
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5607-32%2C_Unternehmen_%22Weser%C3%BCbung%22%2C_%22Admiral_Hipper%22.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5607-32%2C_Unternehmen_%22Weser%C3%BCbung%22%2C_%22Admiral_Hipper%22.jpg)
Following her return from the North Sea sortie, Admiral Hipper was assigned to the forces tasked with the invasion of Norway, codenamed Operation Weserübung.[16] The ship was assigned as the flagship of Group 2, along with the destroyers Z5 Paul Jakobi, Z6 Theodor Riedel, Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, and Z8 Bruno Heinemann. KzS Heye was given command of Group 2 during the operation.[18] The five ships carried a total of 1,700 Wehrmacht mountain troops, whose objective was the port of Trondheim; the ships loaded the troops in Cuxhaven.[16][19] The ships steamed to the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven, where they joined Group 1, consisting of ten destroyers, and the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau under the command of Vice Admiral Günther Lütjens,[20] which were assigned to cover Groups 1 and 2. The ships steamed out of the roadstead at midnight on the night of 6–7 April.[21]
Between 14:25 and 14:48 on 7 April, the ships were unsuccessfully attacked West of the Skagerrak by twelve bombers. By evening the weather had deteriorated and several destroyers could not keep up the high ( 27 knots ) speed and remained behind the main force. On 8 April at 09:15 one of the trailing destroyers, the Z11 Bernd von Arnim signalled a fight with a British destroyer and at 09:22 Lütjens ordered the Admiral Hipper to investigate.[22][23][24] Upon arriving on the scene, Admiral Hipper was initially misidentified by the British destroyer HMS Glowworm to be a friendly vessel, which allowed the German ship to close the distance and fire first. Admiral Hipper rained fire on Glowworm, scoring several hits. Glowworm attempted to flee, but when it became apparent she could not break away from the pursuing cruiser, she turned toward Admiral Hipper and fired a spread of torpedoes, all of which missed. The British destroyer scored one hit on Admiral Hipper's starboard bow before a rudder malfunction set the ship on a collision course with the German cruiser.[25] The collision with Glowworm tore off a 40-meter (130 ft) section of Admiral Hipper's armored belt on the starboard side, as well as the ship's starboard torpedo launcher.[26] Minor flooding caused a four degree list to starboard, though the ship was able to continue with the mission.[23] Glowworm's boilers exploded shortly after the collision, causing her to sink quickly. Forty survivors were picked up by the German ship.[16] At 11:14 Admiral Hipper broke off the rescue operation[27] and set course toward Trondheim[25] with her four destroyers, whilst Group 1 set course for Narvik. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau took a position South of the Lofoten in the Vestfjorden to cover both landings.[28] The British destroyer had survived long enough to send a wireless message to the Royal Navy headquarters, which allowed the battlecruiser Renown time to move into position to engage Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, though the German battleships used their superior speed to break off contact.[29]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-757-0038N-11A%2C_Norwegen%2C_Schwerer_Kreuzer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-757-0038N-11A%2C_Norwegen%2C_Schwerer_Kreuzer.jpg)
Group 2 was sighted at 14:50 by a Short Sunderland, and signal intelligence indicated enemy ships were operating nearby. In order to clarify the situation, Admiral Hipper launched at 17:50 an Arado seaplane in the direction of Trondheim. The Arado reported no activity in the approaches to Trondheim and then made an emergency landing in Eide, since the weather was too bad to land at Admiral Hipper in open sea.[30] After trying to purchase fuel from locals, the aircrew were detained and handed over to the police. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service captured the Arado, which was painted in Norwegian colors and used by the Norwegians until 18 April when it was evacuated to Britain.[31]
When steaming at maximum speed through the long and narrow
Operation Juno
Marschall organized a mission to seize
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HMS_Ark_Royal_planes.jpg/220px-HMS_Ark_Royal_planes.jpg)
On 10 June, Admiral Hipper and Gneisenau left Trondheim with the four destroyers in a second attempt to attack evacuating convoys but they returned to Trondheim the next day, having failed to locate any British vessels.[41][42] On 13 June, fifteen Blackburn Skuas from 800 Naval Air Squadron and 803 Naval Air Squadron took off from the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal to attack the German ships at Trondheim. The bombers hit Scharnhorst with a dud bomb and lost eight of their number to fighters and anti-aircraft guns.[42] The anti-aircraft gunners of Admiral Hipper shot down one of the attacking British bombers.[16] In order to cover the return of the damaged Scharnhorst to Germany, Admiral Hipper and Gneisenau left Trondheim on 20 June for a raid towards the Iceland-Faeroes passage, but Gneisenau was torpedoed and damaged by the submarine Clyde and both ships returned to Trondheim the same day[43][44]
On 25 July, Admiral Hipper steamed out on a commerce raiding patrol in the area between
Operation Nordseetour
The overhaul in Wilhelmshaven was completed on 9 September and with a new commanding officer, Wilhelm Meisel, the cruiser made ready to participate in Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. Admiral Hipper's role would have been a diversionary foray into the North Sea, Operation Herbstreise or "Autumn Journey", with the aim of luring the British Home Fleet away from the intended invasion routes in the English Channel. Following the postponement of that operation, on 24 September the ship left Wilhelmshaven on a mission break out into the Atlantic Ocean to raid merchant traffic.[48] The engine oil feed system caught fire and was severely damaged. The fire forced the crew to shut down the ship's propulsion system until the blaze could be brought under control; this rendered Admiral Hipper motionless for several hours on the open sea. British reconnaissance failed to locate the ship, and after the fire was extinguished, the ship returned to Hamburg's Blohm & Voss shipyard, where repairs lasted slightly over a week.[46]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Admiral_Hipper_cruiser_in_dry_dock_at_Brest_1941.jpg/290px-Admiral_Hipper_cruiser_in_dry_dock_at_Brest_1941.jpg)
The ship made a second attempt to break out into the Atlantic that was designated Operation Nordseetour. On 30 November Admiral Hipper escorted by five torpedo boats left Germany for Bergen in Norway, where she refueled from the tanker Wollin on 1 December. The German cruiser then proceeded towards a position South of Jan Mayen where she refueled several times from the tanker Adria whilst waiting for convenient bad weather to break through the Denmark Strait into the North Atlantic. During a gale in the night of 6 December, she navigated the Denmark Strait undetected.[49] After a refueling by the tanker Friedrich Breme on 12 December, Meisel started searching for the convoy HX 94 which according to B-Dienst intelligence was nearby. Admiral Hipper encountered a few independent sailing vessels but as his orders were to attack only convoys, Meisel did not attack and remained undetected. In deteriorating weather, the convoy was not found. Between refueling twice from the Friedrich Breme on 16 and 20 December, Admiral Hipper searched for the convoys SC 15 and HX 95 but again nothing was found because of bad weather. Finally Meisel decided to leave the North Atlantic convoy lanes and to operate on the shipping lanes between the United Kingdom and West Africa, where the B-Dienst had reported the convoys SL 58 and SLS 58. An Arado floatplane was launched to search for the convoys, but the plane went missing and nothing was found. On 23 December the Admiral Hipper operated between the Azores and Spain.[50][51]
On 24 December at dusk, Admiral Hipper detected with her DeTe radar Convoy WS 5A[46] some 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) west of Cape Finisterre.[52] She shadowed the convoy during the night with her radar with the intention to attack at dawn. During the night a large escort was visually detected and unsuccessfully attacked with three torpedoes.[53] Convoy WS 5A was however not one of the regular merchant convoys but a heavily guarded troopship convoy consisting of twenty ships. Five of the twenty ships were allocated to Operation Excess. The convoy was protected by a powerful escort composed of the heavy cruiser Berwick and the light cruisers Bonaventure and Dunedin. The aircraft carriers Furious and Argus were part of the convoy, but not operational as they were transferring crated aircraft.[52] When Admiral Hipper attacked in the morning,[46] she was surprised to make contact with Berwick. A torpedo attack on Berwick failed,[54] but with her main guns she badly damaged the 13,994 GRT transport Empire Trooper,[52] and lightly damaged the freighter Arabistan, before spotting other ships steaming toward her. Believing these ships to be destroyers preparing for a torpedo attack, she quickly withdrew, using her main guns to keep the escorts at bay.[46] Ten minutes later, Berwick reappeared off Admiral Hipper's port bow;[46] the German cruiser fired several salvos from her rear turrets[55] and scored hits on the British cruiser's rear turrets, waterline, and forward superstructure. Admiral Hipper then disengaged, to prevent the 'British destroyers' from closing to launch a torpedo attack.[46]
By this time, the ship was running low on fuel, and so she put into Brest in occupied France on 27 December,[46] escorted by the torpedo boat Jaguar.[56] While en route, Admiral Hipper encountered and sank the independent sailing 6,078 GRT passenger ship Jumna on 25 December.[52] Another round of routine maintenance work was effected while the ship was in Brest, readying her for another sortie into the Atlantic shipping lanes.[57][58] On 4 January Admiral Hipper was detected by British air reconnaissance in Brest. The same night a major air raid was mounted with 53 Vickers Wellington, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Handley Page Hampden bombers but due to cloud and heavy Flak there was no success.[59][60] In the night of 10 January there was a smaller attack with twelve Whitleys and in the night of 12 January 26 Wellingtons and Hampdens, all without success. The British failed to detect the departure of Admiral Hipper from Brest on 1 February and continued the attacks. On 4 February a Wellington wrongly claimed a hit on a cruiser in Brest.[61]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MS_Borgestad_last_moments.jpg/220px-MS_Borgestad_last_moments.jpg)
Second Atlantic operation
The Kriegsmarine had initially sought to send the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to operate in concert with Admiral Hipper, but Gneisenau suffered storm damage in December that prevented the participation of the two ships.[57] Repairs were effected quickly, however, and the two battleships embarked upon a second attempt end January.[62] On 1 February 1941, Admiral Hipper embarked on her second Atlantic sortie,[63] with orders to operate on the convoy lanes between the United Kingdom and West-Africa. The ship was allowed to operate against both lightly escorted convoys and independent sailing vessels, with the hope that her appearance in these waters would draw away British forces from guarding the Denmark Strait, so that Scharnhorst and Gneisenau could easily break out into the Atlantic.[64] Between 4 and 10 February Admiral Hipper patrolled off the Azores but no ships were found. She was refueled several times by the tanker Spichern.[65][57] Upon learning that the British Force H had sortied from Gibraltar deep into the Mediterranean to bombard La Spezia, Meisel understood that the convoys between the UK, Gibraltar and West Africa were left uncovered with heavy units and he decided to operate closer to Gibraltar,[66] where U-boat and Luftwaffe had attacked convoy HG 53.[67] On 11 February, Admiral Hipper encountered and sank the straggling 1,236 GRT English ship Iceland.[68][69] That evening around midnight, she picked up on her radar the unescorted convoy SLS 64, which contained nineteen merchant ships. The following morning, Admiral Hipper attacked the convoy and posing as a British cruiser could approach the convoy to close distance before opening fire at 06:19. The surprised ships dispersed at once. At the start of the fight Admiral Hipper kept between three and five km distance to the ships, but once munition was running low, she closed in order to fire more accurately. After ships were hit with cannon fire and stopped, they were finished off with torpedoes. Admiral Hipper fired all of her twelve torpedoes and claimed all torpedoes had hit.[70] At 07:18 only six ships were still in sight of which only two were steaming. Meisel decided to break off the fight and depart before British forces closed in.[71][72] The British reported only seven ships were lost, totaling 32,806 GRT along with damage to two more.[57][73][b] The Germans claimed Admiral Hipper had sunk thirteen of the nineteen freighters totalling 79,000 GRT,[74] while some survivors reported fourteen ships of the convoy were sunk.[57]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hidroavi%C3%B3n_del_crucero_alem%C3%A1n_Admiral_Hipper.jpg/220px-Hidroavi%C3%B3n_del_crucero_alem%C3%A1n_Admiral_Hipper.jpg)
Following the attack on convoy SLS 64, Admiral Hipper's fuel stocks were running low. Meisel feared that approaching British forces will block the way to the tanker at the Azores[75] and therefore returned to Brest on 15 February. Since the bigger dry docks had to be kept free for the eventual return of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, Admiral Hipper was docked in a smaller one, but when moving into that dock she damaged her starboard screw on uncharted wreckage. A spare screw had to be transferred from Kiel and this caused additional delay.[76] British bombers were regularly attacking the port, however, and the Kriegsmarine therefore decided Admiral Hipper should return to Germany, where she could be better protected.[57] On 15 March, the ship slipped out of Brest, unobserved, and steered to a rendezvous point South of Greenland with the tanker Thorn. The refueling was delayed to 21 March because of bad weather. Since the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was also returning from a raid to Germany around the same time, there was a concern the two ships might hinder each other so Admiral Hipper got orders to make the breakthrough via the Denmark Strait before 28 March.[77] She managed to do so on the 24 March.[78] and two days later stopped to refuel in Bergen.[57][79] By 28 March, the cruiser was docked in Kiel, having made the entire journey without being detected by the British.[78]
Upon arrival, the ship went into the Deutsche Werke shipyard for an extensive overhaul, which lasted for seven months. Raeder intended to continue to send the Admiral Hipper on North Atlantic raids and as her operations so far had been dominated by the constant need to refuel, it was decided to augment her fuel capacity from 3050 to 3700 cubic meters.[80][81] The aircraft hangar was also adapted at this time, the large hangar for two floatplanes with folded wings which proved difficult to handle in operations, was replaced by a smaller hangar for just one floatplane, the spare room being taken up by refueling gear and extra food storage room.[7] After completion of the refit, Admiral Hipper conducted sea trials in the Baltic before putting into Gotenhafen on 21 December for some minor refitting. In January 1942, the ship had her steam turbines overhauled at the Blohm & Voss shipyard; a degaussing coil was fitted to the ship's hull during this overhaul. By March, the ship was again fully operational.[82] By then the strategic situation had altered completely: due to British air reconnaissance and developments in radar it was no longer viable to execute raids in the North Atlantic. Instead the German surface fleet concentrated in Norway as a deterrent against an Allied invasion and to attack Arctic convoys to Russia.[83]
Deployment to Norway
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NH_71382_%2822279942035%29.jpg/220px-NH_71382_%2822279942035%29.jpg)
On 19 March 1942, Admiral Hipper steamed to Trondheim, escorted by the destroyers Z24, Z26, and Z30 and the torpedo boats T15, T16, and T17. Several British submarines were patrolling the area, but failed to intercept the German flotilla. Admiral Hipper and her escorts reached their destination on 21 March.[84] There, they joined the heavy cruisers Admiral Scheer and Prinz Eugen, though the latter had been torpedoed by the British submarine Trident on 23 February[85] and returned to Germany for repairs on 16 May.[86] At the same time the heavy cruiser Lützow transferred from Germany to Norway.[87] In begin March, the battleship Tirpitz had been operating against the Arctic convoy PQ 12 during Operation Sportpalast and had depleted the already very low German fuel stocks. As a result, operations above destroyer level were impossible and the Admiral Hipper remained in port for the next months.[88][89]
In July fuel stocks were sufficient to allow operations again and the Germans intended to attack the next convoy PQ 17 with the complete surface fleet in Operation Rösselsprung.[90] On 1 July the convoy was located by the B-Dienst and detected by U-boats. The next day, the first stage of Operation Rösselsprung was set in motion when German forces concentrated in Altafjord from where they could sortie against the convoy.[91] On 2 July, Admiral Hipper, Tirpitz, the destroyers Z6 Theodor Riedel, Z10 Hans Lody, Z14 Friedrich Ihn and Z20 Karl Galster, and the torpedo boats T7 and T15 left Trondheim for Altafjord, followed on 3 July by the cruisers Lützow and Admiral Scheer and the destroyers Z24, Z27, Z28, Z29, Z30 and Z4 Richard Beitzen coming from Narvik[92][91][86] in order to avoid British reconnaissance, the German fleet did not steer into open waters but remained close to the coast. In fog Lützow ran aground in the narrow Tjeldsundet, and the destroyers Z6 Theodor Riedel, Z10 Hans Lody and Z20 Karl Galster struck uncharted rocks at Grimsöy in Vestfjorden and all these ships fell out for the operation.[93] The destroyers Z15 Erich Steinbrinck and Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt arrived also on 3 July in Altafjord.[91]
Escorting the convoy were the battleships
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/German_cruiser_Admiral_Hipper_off_Norway_1942.jpg/220px-German_cruiser_Admiral_Hipper_off_Norway_1942.jpg)
Due to commitments in the Mediterranean with Operation Pedestal, the Royal Navy was not able to provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy and the sailing of convoy PQ-18 was delayed until September. The convoy was located on 8 September and on 10 September the Germans set Operation Doppelschlag in motion: all available surface units were ordered to the Altafjord from where they would launch their attack against the convoy. Admiral Hipper left Narvik together with the Admiral Scheer, the light cruiser Köln and the destroyers Z23 and Z27, and arrived on 11 September in the Altafjord.[100] Tirpitz and Lützow were under repair and remained in Narvik. On their way, the ships were first detected by the British submarine Tribune. and then unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarine Tigris.[57] The Norwegian submarine HNoMS Uredd and the British submarine Unshaken sighted the German fleet but were unable to attack. The destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen, Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, Z29 and Z30 also arrived in Altafjord on 11 September,[100] but then the operation was once more cancelled because Hitler did not want to risk losses to the surface fleet.[101]
In Operation Zarin, the cruiser laid a minefield on 24–28 September off the north-west coast of Novaya Zemlya, escorted by the destroyers Z23, Z28, Z29, and Z30 [102] The goal of the operation was to funnel merchant traffic further south, closer to the reach of German naval units in Norway. After her return to port, Admiral Hipper was transferred to Bogen Bay near Narvik for repairs to her propulsion system.[57]
On 28–29 October, Admiral Hipper and the destroyers Friedrich Eckoldt and Richard Beitzen were transferred further north from Narvik to the Altafjord.[103] Because the Allies could not provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy PQ-19, they decided to cancel the convoy and instead on 29 October thirteen freighters sailed independently from Iceland to the USSR. From the USSR 23 empty ships also tried to return independently to Iceland. Against this traffic the Germans started Operation Hoffnung on 5 November: Admiral Hipper and the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, composed of Z27, Z30, Z4 Richard Beitzen, and Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, patrolled for Allied shipping in the Arctic. Vizeadmiral Oskar Kummetz commanded the squadron from Admiral Hipper. On 7 November, the cruiser's Arado floatplane located the 7,925 GRT Soviet tanker Donbass and its escort, the auxiliary warship BO-78. Kummetz dispatched the destroyer Z27 to sink the two Soviet ships.[104] On 9 November the ships are back in the Kaafjord.[105]
Battle of the Barents Sea
In December 1942, convoy traffic to the Soviet Union resumed. Raeder ordered a plan,
Kummetz's plan was to divide his force in half; he would take Admiral Hipper and three destroyers north of the convoy to attack it and draw away the escorts. Lützow and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. At 09:15 on the 31st, the British destroyer
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_Warship_Which_Took_Part_in_the_Action_Off_the_North_Cape_on_31_December_1942._HMS_Sheffield%2C_at_Greenock%2C_10_January_1943._A13970.jpg/220px-A_Warship_Which_Took_Part_in_the_Action_Off_the_North_Cape_on_31_December_1942._HMS_Sheffield%2C_at_Greenock%2C_10_January_1943._A13970.jpg)
Rear Admiral Robert Burnett's Force R, centered on the cruisers Sheffield and Jamaica, standing by in distant support of the Allied convoy,[106] raced to the scene. The cruisers engaged Admiral Hipper, which had been firing to port at the destroyer Obedient. Burnett's ships approached from Admiral Hipper's starboard side and achieved complete surprise.[109] In the initial series of salvos from the British cruisers, Admiral Hipper was hit three times.[107] One of the hits damaged the ship's propulsion system; the No. 3 boiler filled with a mix of oil and water, which forced the crew to turn off the starboard turbine engine. This reduced her speed to 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph). The other two hits started a fire in her aircraft hangar. She fired a single salvo at the cruisers before turning toward them, her escorting destroyers screening her with smoke.[110] After emerging from the smoke screen, Admiral Hipper was again engaged by Burnett's cruisers. Owing to the uncertainty over the condition of his flagship and the ferocity of the British defense, Kummetz issued the following order at 10:37: "Break off action and retire to the west."[111] Mistakenly identifying Sheffield as Admiral Hipper, the destroyer Friederich Eckoldt approached too closely and was sunk.[112] Meanwhile, Lützow closed to within 3 nmi (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) of the convoy, but due to poor visibility, she held her fire. She then received Kummetz's order, and turned west to rendezvous with Admiral Hipper. Lützow inadvertently came alongside Sheffield and Jamaica, and after identifying them as hostile, engaged them. The British cruisers turned toward Lützow and came under fire from both German cruisers. Admiral Hipper's firing was more accurate and quickly straddled Sheffield, though the British cruiser escaped unscathed. Burnett quickly decided to withdraw in the face of superior German firepower; his ships were armed with 6 in (150 mm) guns, while Admiral Hipper and Lützow carried 20.3 cm (8.0 in) and 28 cm (11 in) guns, respectively.[113]
Based on the order issued at the outset of the operation to avoid action with a force equal in strength to his own, poor visibility, and the damage to his flagship, Kummetz decided to abort the attack. In the course of the battle, the British destroyer Achates was sunk by the damage inflicted by Admiral Hipper. The Germans also sank the
Fate
Admiral Hipper received only basic repairs so that in April the ship could be towed to
By the end of 1944, the ship was due for another overhaul; work was to have lasted for three months. The Soviet Army had advanced so far, however, that it was necessary to move the ship farther away from the front, despite the fact that she had only one working turbine.[120] On 29 January 1945, the ship left Gotenhafen with 1,377 refugees embarked,[120][121] escorted by the torpedo boat T36. On the evening of the 30th, Admiral Hipper received a distress call from the sinking transport Wilhelm Gustloff, which was also carrying refugees. The cruiser did not stop to pick up survivors due to the threat of the submarine that sank Wilhelm Gustloff; it would instead become one of the worst maritime disasters in history.[122]
Admiral Hipper arrived in Kiel on 2 February and entered the
Footnotes
Notes
- ^ "L/60" denotes the length of the gun in terms of caliber. The length of 60 caliber gun is 60 times greater than it is wide in diameter.
- ^ The English ships Warlaby (4,876 GRT), Westbury (4,712 GRT), Oswestry Grange (4,684 GRT), Shrewsbury (4,542 GRT), Derrynane (4896 GRT), the Greek ship Perseus (5,172 GRT) and the Norwegian ship Borgestad ( 3,924 GRT) were sunk. The English ship Lornaston (4934 GRT) and the Greek ship Kaliiopi (4,965 GRT) were heavily damaged.[74]
Citations
- ^ Williamson, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Koop & Schmolke, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d Gröner, p. 65.
- ^ a b Gröner, p. 66.
- ^ Koop & Schmolke, p. 22.
- ^ Breyer, p. 10.
- ^ a b Brennecke, p. 301.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 283.
- ^ a b Williamson, p. 12.
- ^ a b Gröner, p. 67.
- ^ Koop & Schmolke, p. 58.
- ^ Philbin, p. 27.
- ^ Williamson, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Williamson, p. 10.
- ^ Williamson, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Williamson, p. 13.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 15.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 18.
- ^ Mann & Jörgensen, p. 38.
- ^ Bredemeier, p. 38.
- ^ Dildy, p. 30.
- ^ Bredemeier, pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b Mann & Jörgensen, p. 42.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 45–52.
- ^ a b c d Williamson, p. 14.
- ^ Dildy, p. 33.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 62.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 63.
- ^ Mann & Jörgensen, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 68.
- ^ Sivertsen, pp. 105, 115–122.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 65–74.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 75–91.
- ^ Bredemeier, pp. 58–62.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 94.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 97.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 22, 26.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 100.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Bredemeier, pp. 68–80.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 105.
- ^ a b Rohwer, p. 27.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 29.
- ^ Breyer, p. 26.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Williamson, p. 15.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 110–115.
- ^ Koop & Schmolke, p. 46.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 126–128.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 128–139.
- ^ Bekker, p. 198.
- ^ a b c d Rohwer, p. 53.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 141.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 145.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Williamson, p. 16.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 138–147.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 54.
- ^ Middlebrook & Everitt, p. 115.
- ^ Middlebrook & Everitt, pp. 116–120.
- ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 140.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 57.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 160–164.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 164.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 168.
- ^ Bekker, p. 202.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 168–170.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 58.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 176.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 171–178.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 59.
- ^ a b Brennecke, p. 179.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 180.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 182.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 187.
- ^ a b Rohwer, p. 64.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 192.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 192–193.
- ^ Bredemeier, p. 13.
- ^ Williamson, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Kemp, p. 36.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 152.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 146.
- ^ a b Williamson, p. 17.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 166.
- ^ Kemp, p. 39.
- ^ Bekker, p. 253-254.
- ^ Kemp, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Rohwer, p. 175.
- ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 253–255.
- ^ Bekker, p. 263.
- ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 253.
- ^ Kemp, p. 66.
- ^ Kemp, p. 87.
- ^ Kemp, pp. 82–86.
- ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 255.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 175–176.
- ^ a b Rohwer, p. 195.
- ^ Kemp, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 197.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 206.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 207.
- ^ Brennecke, p. 223.
- ^ a b Miller, p. 331.
- ^ a b c Rohwer, p. 221.
- ^ a b Miller, p. 332.
- ^ Pope, pp. 214–215.
- ^ Pope, p. 215.
- ^ Pope, p. 219.
- ^ Murfett, p. 496.
- ^ Pope, pp. 228–229.
- ^ Mann & Jörgensen, pp. 139–141.
- ^ a b c Williamson, p. 20.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 227.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 227–228.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 265–268.
- ^ a b Breyer, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Williamson, p. 21.
- ^ Hastings, p. 287.
- ^ Hastings, p. 286–287.
- ^ Middlebrook & Everitt, pp. 693–694.
- ^ Rohwer, p. 408.
- ^ Brennecke, pp. 274–278.
- ^ Showell, p. 79.
References
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Admiral Hipper.
- Bekker, Cajus (1971). Verdammte See (in German). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. ISBN 3-548-03057-2.
- Bredemeier, Heinrich (1997). Schlachtschiff Scharnhorst (in German) (5th ed.). Hamburg: Koehler. ISBN 3-7822-0592-8.
- Breyer, Siegfried (1991). Die Schweren kreuzer der ADMIRAL HIPPER-Klasse (in German). Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0429-5.
- Brennecke, Jochen (2003). Eismeer Atlantik Ostsee. Die Einsätze des Schweren Kreuzers Admiral Hipper [Arctic, Atlantic, Baltic: The Operations of the Heavy Cruiser Admiral Hipper] (in German). Munchen: Heyne. ISBN 3-453-87084-0.
- Dildy, Doug (2007). Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler's Boldest Operation. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-117-5.
- Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0.
- ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
- Hastings, Max (2005) [first published 2004]. Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-71422-1.
- Kemp, Paul (1993). Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters. Casell. ISBN 0-304-35451-1.
- Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1992). Die Schweren Kreuzer der Admiral Hipper-Klasse [The Heavy Cruisers of the Admiral Hipper Class] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5896-8.
- Mann, Chris & Jörgensen, Christer (2003). Hitler's Arctic War: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR, 1940–1945. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-31100-1.
- Middlebrook, Martin; Everitt, Chris (1996). The Bomber Command War Diaries. An operational reference book 1939-1945. Midland Publishing Limited. ISBN 1 85780 033 8.
- Miller, Nathan (1997). War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511038-8.
- Murfett, Malcolm H. (2008). Naval Warfare 1919–1945. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45804-7.
- Philbin, Tobias R. III (1982). Admiral von Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner Publishing Co. ISBN 90-6032-200-2.
- Pope, Dudley (2005). 73 North: The Battle of the Barents Sea. Ithaca: McBooks Press. ISBN 978-1-59013-102-2.
- ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.
- Showell, Jak P Mallmann (1999). German Navy Handbook, 1939–1945. Thrupp, Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 0-7509-1556-0.
- Sivertsen, Svein Carl, ed. (1999). Jageren Sleipner i Romsdalsfjord sjøforsvarsdistrikt april 1940 (in Norwegian). Hundvåg: Sjømilitære Samfund ved Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen. ISBN 82-994738-3-7.
- ISBN 978-1-84176-502-0.
Further reading
- Whitley, M. J. (1987). German Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-217-8.