Haplogroup R-M124

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Haplogroup R2a
Possible time of origin14,700 [95% CI 13,200 <-> 16,100] years before present
R-L295, R-L263, R-L1069
Defining mutationsM124, P249, P267, L266 [2][3]

Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a

Southwest Asia
, and the Arab countries with low frequencies.

Term history

Haplogroup R2a is also known as haplogroup R-M124.[2] The first reference to the newly defined haplogroup, "R-M124", was on 25 August 2010.[4]

Before the publication of the 2005 Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, Haplogroup R-M124 was known as Haplogroup P1 and formerly thought to be a sister

derived from it.[5]

Haplogroup R2 most often observed in Asia, especially on the

Indian sub-continent and Central Asia.[5] It is also reported at notable frequencies in Caucasus
.

Origins

According to Sengupta et al. (2006),

uncertainty neutralizes previous conclusions that the intrusion of HGs R1a1 and R2 [Now R-M124] from the northwest in Dravidian-speaking southern tribes is attributable to a single recent event. Rather, these HGs contain considerable demographic complexity, as implied by their high haplotype diversity. Specifically, they could have actually arrived in southern India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times, with some episodes considerably earlier than others.

Subclades

Haplogroup R‑M124 

 Paragroup R-M124*

 

Haplogroup R-L295

 Haplogroup R-L263

 Haplogroup R-L1069

Paragroup R-M124*

Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. They are typically represented by an asterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup.

Y-chromosomes which are positive to the M124, P249, P267, and L266 SNPs and negative to the L295, L263, and L1069 SNPs, are categorized as belonging to Paragroup R-M124*. It is found in Iraq, so far.

Haplogroup R-L295

Haplogroup R-L295 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L295. It is found in South Asia, Anatolia, Arabian Peninsula, Europe, & Central Asia
so far.

Haplogroup R-L263

Greek Asia Minor & Armenia so far.[6]

Haplogroup R-L1069

Haplogroup R-L1069 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L1069. It is found in Kuwait so far.[6]

Distribution

R-M124 is most often observed in Asia, especially on the

Indian sub-continent and in Central Asia[5] It is also reported at notable frequencies in Caucasus
.

Historical

Ancient samples of haplogroup R2a were observed in the remains of humans from Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age

Butkara from a later period.[7]

South Asia

Frequency of R-M124 in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations
(Source: Sengupta et al. 2006)
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75% 10.94% 5.00% -
Lower Caste - - 13.79% 10.00%
Middle Caste - - 3.53% 18.75%
Upper Caste - - 10.17% 16.28%

Haplogroup R-M124, along with haplogroups

Baluchistan in the west to Bengal in the east; Hunza in the north to Sri Lanka
in the south.

India

Among regional groups, it is found among

Gujaratis (3%).[8]
Among tribal groups,
Khandayat (46%)and Kallar (44%).[9]

It is also significantly high in many

Lingayat Brahmins (30%).[11][14][12][9]

North Indian Muslims have a frequency of 19% (

Mappila Muslims of South India have a frequency of 5%.[15]

Pakistan

The R2 haplogroup in the northern regions of Pakistan is found among Burusho people (14%), Pashtuns (10%) and Hazaras (4%).[16][13]

In southern regions, it is found among Balochis (12%), Brahuis (12%) and Sindhi (5%).[13]

Afghanistan

The R2-M124 haplogroup occurs at a considerably higher rate in the northern regions of Afghanistan (11.4%).[17] Although the true percentage remains debated, the haplogroup is known to be at elevated levels in the Pamiri population (number ranges from 6-17% depending on the group). One study on Nuristanis shows a 20% frequency of R2 (1/5), albeit with a small sample size.[18]

Sri Lanka

38% of the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka were found to be R2 positive according to a 2003 research.[8]

Central Asia

In Kazakh tribes it varies from 1% to 12%, however it is found at a higher percent at about 25% among Tore Tribe / Genghis Khans descendant tribe.[19]

In Central Asia,

Bartangis
of Tajikistan have a high frequency of R-M124 at about 17%, Ishkashimi at 8%, Khojant at 9% and Dushanbe at 6%.

Specifically, Haplogroup R-M124 has been found in approximately 7.5% (4/53) of recent

Turkmens,[20] 2.2% (8/366) of Uzbeks,[20] and 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs.[20]

East Asia

A 2011 genetic study found R-M124 in 6.7% of Han Chinese from western Henan, 3.4% of Han Chinese from Gansu and 2.1% to 4.2% of Uyghurs from Xinjiang.[21]

In a 2014 paper, R-M124 has been detected in 0.9% (1/110) of Han Chinese samples from China. The sample belonged to an individual from Jilin province.[22]

West Asia

The haplogroup R-M124 frequency of 6.1% (6/114) was found among overall Kurds[23] while in one study which was done with 25 samples of Kurmanji Kurds from Georgia, R-M124 has been observed at 44% (11/25)[24]

In Caucasus high frequency was observed in Armenians from Sason at 17% (18/104)[25] while it was observed at %1 in Armenians from Van. R2 has been found in Chechens at 16%.[26] R-M124 has been found in approximately 8% (2/24) of a sample of Ossetians from Alagir.[27]

In the Caucasus, around 16% of

Avars,[30] 2% of Armenians,[26] and 1% to 6% of Georgians[26][28][31] belong to the R-M124 haplogroup. Approximately 1% of Turks[32] and 1% to 3% of Iranians[33]
also belong to this haplogroup.

In

R1a1 with higher percentages in the southeastern Iran. It has been found at Frequencies of 9.1% at Isfahan, 6.9% at Hormozgan and 4.2% in Mazandaran.[34]

Arab World

Frequency of Haplogroup R-M124 in the
Arab World
from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[35] 8 217 3.69%
Qatar[36] 1 72 1.39%
Kuwait[37] 1 153 0.65%
Yemen[36] 1 104 0.96%
Jordan[38] 2 146 1.37%
Lebanon[39] 2 935 0.21%
Palestine[40] 1 49 2.04%
Egypt[41] 1 147 0.68%

In the R2-M124-WTY and R-Arabia Y-DNA Projects,

Syrian Arab Republic (1 cluster), and Tunisia
(1 cluster).

Thus, Haplogroup R-M124 has been observed among

Arab countries
/territories so far. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia so far has one family identified to have Haplogroup R2A (R-M124) of its paternal genome or Y-Chromosome updated 5 January; 2018.

Position on the ISOGG tree and related SNPs

Haplogroup R-M124 is a subgroup of

Haplogroup R-M479
(M479):

  • R-M479 (M479)
    • R-M124 (M124, P249, P267, L266)
      • R-L295 (L295)
      • R-L263 (L263)
      • R-L1069 (L1069)

Prediction with haplotypes

Haplotype can be used to predict haplogroup. The chances of any person part of this haplogroup is the highest if DYS391=10, DYS392=10 and DYS426=12.

See also

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

  1. ^ a b YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.05 at 30 July 2017
  2. ^ a b ISOGG (2010), "Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2010."
  3. ^ FTDNA's Draft phylogeny tree, "FTDNA's Draft phylogeny tree Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine."
  4. ^ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe - 2010."
  5. ^ a b c Manoukian, Jean-Grégoire (2006), "A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2 - 2006."
  6. ^ a b c R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project, "R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project."
  7. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 12536373
  9. ^
    PMID 16415161
  10. PMID 17389048
    .
  11. ^
    PMID 19158816
    .
  12. ^
    S2CID 12763485
  13. ^
    PMID 16400607
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 19058044
    .
  15. PMID 19809480
    .
  16. PMID 17047675
    .
  17. PMID 22510847
    .
  18. PMID 22470552
    .
  19. ^ Jabagin Maksat Kizatovich. ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ ИНСТИТУТ ОБЩЕЙ ГЕНЕТИКИ им. Н.И. ВАВИЛОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК (PDF) (PhD). Russian Academy of Sciences.
  20. ^
    PMID 11526236
    .
  21. PMID 20837606
    .
  22. PMID 25170956
    .
  23. ^ "Kurdish Genetics - DNA of the Kurds of Kurdistan (Iraq-Iran-Turkey)". www.khazaria.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  24. ^ "[1]."
  25. ^ "[2]."
  26. ^
    S2CID 13232436. [3] Archived 10 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    Manoukian (2006)
  27. ^ I. Nasidze, D. Quinque, I. Dupanloup et al., "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians," Annals of Human Genetics (2004) 68, 588–599
  28. ^ a b Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11
  29. ^ Ivan Nasidze, Dominique Quinque, Isabelle Dupanloup, Richard Cordaux, Lyudmila Kokshunova, and Mark Stoneking, "Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126:000–000 (2005).
  30. ^ a b Yunusbaev et al. (2006): 2/76 = 2.6% R-M124 Kumyks, 1/42 = 2.4% R-M124 Avars
  31. PMID 11073453. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 25 November 2003.
  32. ^ Cinnioğlu et al. (2003), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine."
  33. S2CID 7017701
    .
  34. ^ "[4]."
  35. S2CID 2751928
    .
  36. ^
    S2CID 32386262
    .
  37. PMID 19639002
    .
  38. S2CID 6490283
    .
  39. PMID 18374297
    .
  40. ^ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe."
  41. ^ Luis et al. (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine."
  42. ^ R-Arabia Y-DNA Project, "R-Arabia Y-DNA Project."

References

External links
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