Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Scottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See

Scottish Gaelic phonology and Scottish Gaelic orthography
for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic.

Consonants[1]
Broad
Slender
 English approximations
IPA Examples IPA Examples
f[2] fad, fead, pholl, pheann fade
ɣ dhà, deireadh, ghaol, dragh ʝ dh'iarr, dh'innis, gheall, ghin Spanish luego; yard (but stronger)
h[2] thonn, thig, shùil, sheòl haste
j eala, beò, theàrn, iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidh yard
k gaol, beagan, caileag, amharc kʲ gille, fairrge, thig, chunnaic scat; askew
kʰ[3] còta kʲʰ[3] cìr cup; cure
l̪ˠ
 		làmh, balla, geal
l
 		mo leaba, cliathaich, baile, fuil health; lice
ʎ leaba, slige, gille health; scallion
m[2] mac, mic, lampa, ìm main
n̪ˠ
 		nàire, snàmh, clann ɲ nighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròin tenth; onion
n
 		mo nàire, anail, bean tenth; nice
ŋ long ŋʲ aingeal think; angular
p[2] ball, nàbuidh, abair, corp space
pʰ[2][3] peann, poll pain
rˠ
 		rud, riochd, oirre, orra Spanish rojo
ɾ dà rud, mo riochd, crann, fear ɾʲ cridhe, fir crane; creed (both Scotland); American atom
s̪
 		solas, speal, sgeulachd ʃ seòl, stiùir, slighe, snìomh soot; shade
t̪
 		dall, fada, ad, falt
tʲ
 		dìleas, maide, thèid, fuilt stock; stew (RP)
t̪ʰ[3] tana tʲʰ[3] tìr tide; tune (RP)
v[2] bhean, sàibh, mhàthair, deimhinn, làmh veil
x chòta, balach ç chì, balaich loch (Scotland); huge
Monophthongs
Short Long English approximations
IPA Examples IPA Examples
a mac, glaine aː làmh, àite, geàrr rat; rather (both Scotland)
e teth, fead, cheil eː glè, chèile, beud hit; hay (both Scotland)
ɛ fear, each ɛː cnàimh, sèimh let; flare (RP)
ə[4] fada, baile viva
i mise, fios iː ìseal, pìobaire, cinn reef
ɪ[4] uilig, capaill hit
o tobar, bodhar oː bò, còig load (Scotland)
ɔ cnoc, sgoil, deoch ɔː bròn, mòine, ceòl, còrr dog
u ugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuch uː cùl, sùil, diombach, tiùrr, cunntas pull; rule
ɯ duine, uisge ɯː craobh, aois good; roof
ɤ dragh, coire ɤː fadhlach ago; blur (both RP)
Diphthongs
IPA Examples English approximation
ai claidheamh, chaill, cainnt price
au amharc, abhainn, ball, gann loud
ei seinn, beinn, peinnsean main
ɛu seall, theann, dream Spanish euro
ia Niall, pian, feur, beul he and she
iə fiacail, iasg, ceud, deug, sìos, fìon idea
ɔu toll, tonn, com low (
GA
)
ua uamhasach, suaineadh, uaine you and me
uə fuar, uair, buaidh bluer
ɯi chraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinn two years
ɤi maighdean, greim, coibhneil, oighre, coilltean, broinn bite (Scotland)
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Explanation
ˈ uinneag [ˈɯɲak]
primary stress
(placed before the stressed syllable)
. naidheachd [ˈn̪ˠɛ.əxk] syllable break
◌̃ samhradh [ˈs̪ãũɾəɣ] nasal vowel

Varying IPA conventions

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly those used in

Celtic Studies
. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, the source uses the same symbol as above.

Borgstrøm (1937)[5]
(Barra) 		Borgstrøm (1940)[6]
(Outer Hebrides) 		Oftedal (1956)[7]
(Lewis) 		Ó Murchú (1989)[8]
(East Perthshire) 		Cox (2002)[9]
(Lewis) 		Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10]
(over-regional) 		Black (2006)[11]
(over-regional) 		Klevenhaus (2009)[12]
Bauer (2011)[13]
(both over-regional)
ç ç ç′ ç x′ ç ç ç ç
ʝ j j′ ǰ ɣ′ ʝ j j ʝ
k g̊, k g̬, k g ɡ g g g,[14] k[15] g
kʲ g̊′, k′ g̬′, k′ ǵ ɡ′ g̭' gʲ gʲ,[14] kʲ[15] gʲ
kʰ kʽ kʽ k k k k k k
kʲʰ k′ʽ k′ʽ ḱ k′ k′ kʲ kʲ kʲ
l̪ˠ L L L ɬ L ɫ̪ L L
ʎ L′ L′ L′ — L′ ʎ Lʲ Lʲ
l l′ l′ l l l l l l
n̪ˠ N N N — N ᵰ̪ N N
ɲ N′ N′ N′ — N′ ɲ Nʲ Nʲ
p b̥, p b̬, p b b b b b,[14] p[15] b
pʰ pʽ pʽ p p p p p p
rˠ R R, Ṛ R — R ᵲ R R
ɾ r r r r r r r r
ɾʲ r′ r′, ð′ ð — ð rʲ rʲ rʲ
s̪ s s s s s s s s
ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ š ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ
t̪ d̥, t d̬, t d d d d̪ d,[14] t[15] d
tʲ d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ d′ ǰ d′ dʲ dʲ,[14] tʲ[15] dʲ
t̪ʰ tʽ tʽ t t t t̪ t t
tʲʰ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ t′ č t′ tʲ tʲ tʲ
ɯ ʎ ʎ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ʎ ɯ
ɤ ø ø ə ɤ ɤ ɤ ə ɤ
ɛ ɛ, æ ɛ, æ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
a a a a ɑ a a a a

Notes

  1. Scottish Gaelic orthography
    , broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
  3. ^
    aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated
    [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].
  4. ^ a b [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
  5. ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 8: 71–242.
  6. ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  7. ^ Oftedal, Magne (1956). The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  8. ISBN 0-901282-93-6
    .
  9. ISBN 1-85500-192-6
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4
    .
  11. ISBN 0906981336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  12. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1907165009
    .
  14. ^ a b c d e Word-initial.
  15. ^ a b c d e Medial or final.

See also

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