International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
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The International Phonetic Alphabet charts for English dialects show the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
These charts give a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values.
Consonants
Diaphoneme[1] | Phones | Examples |
---|---|---|
p | pʰ | pen |
p | spin, tip | |
b | b | but |
b̥ | web | |
t | t
|
sting, bet |
tʰ, ɾ, ʔ[2] | two | |
d | d
|
do |
d̥, ɾ[3] | odd, daddy | |
tʃ | tʃʰ | chair |
tʃ | teach, nature | |
dʒ | dʒ | gin, joy |
d̥ʒ̊ | edge | |
k | k | skin, unique, thick |
kʰ | cat, kill, queen | |
ɡ | ɡ | go, get |
ɡ̊ | beg | |
f | f, ɸ[4] | fool, enough, leaf, off, photo |
v | v, β[5] | voice, verve |
v̥ | have, of, verve | |
θ | thing, teeth | |
ð | this, breathe, father | |
s | s | see, city, pass |
z | z | zoo |
z̥ | rose | |
ʃ | ʃ | she, sure, session, emotion, leash |
ʒ | ʒ | genre, pleasure, equation, seizure |
ʒ̊ | beige | |
h | h, ɦ,[8] ç[9] | ham, hue |
m | m, ɱ[10] | man, ham |
n | n
|
no, tin |
ŋ | ŋ | ringer, sing,[11] finger, drink |
l | left, bell, sable, please | |
r | run, very, probably | |
w | w, ʍ[13] | we, queen |
j | j | yes, nyala |
hw | ʍ, w[18] | what |
Marginal consonants | ||
x | x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç | loch (Scottish),[19] ugh[20] |
ʔ | ʔ | uh-oh |
ɬ | l
|
Llangefni,[21] hlala gahle[22][23] |
ɮ | ɮ
|
ibandla[24][25] |
Vowels
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Dia- phoneme[1] |
AmE | AuE[26][27] | BahE | BarE
|
CaE[28] | Cameroonian English[29] | CIE | EnE
|
FiE
|
InE[30] | IrE[31]
|
NZE[32][33] | PaE | ScE[34] | SIE | SAE[35][36] | SSE
|
WaE[37] | Keyword | Examples | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAVE
|
Boston accent | Cajun English | California English | Chicano English | Inland Northern American English | Miami accent | Mid-Atlantic English
|
New York accent | Philadelphia accent
|
Southern American English | Brummie[40]
|
Southern England English
|
Northern England English
|
RP[41][42][43] | Ulster English | West & South-West Irish English | Dublin English | Supraregional southern Irish English | Abercraf English | Port Talbot English | Cardiff English | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-Rhotic | Rhotic | Older | Younger | Northern | Southern | Non-Rhotic | Older | Rhotic | Older | Non-Rhotic | Rhotic | Cultivated | General | Broad | Cockney | Estuary English (EE) | MLE[44] | West Country | Cumbrian | Geordie | Lancashire | Manchester | Pitmatic | Scouse | Yorkshire | Conservative | Contemporary | Belfast | Mid-Ulster | traditional | Ulster Scots | Local Dublin English | New Dublin English | Cultivated | General | Broad | Cultivated | General | Broad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
æ | ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ | ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[45] | æ | eə~ɛə | æ~ɛə̯~eə̯ | eə̯~ɛə̯~æ[45] | eə̯~ɪə̯ | æ | ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[45] | æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[45] | æɛæ~eə | eə̯~æjə[45] | æː[46] | æː~ɛː[46] | æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[46] | æ~a | a | æ~ɛə̯[45] | a̽ | æ | a | æ~ɛ~ɛɪ | æ~a~ɛ̞ | ɐ̞ | æː~aː | a~ä | a | a~ä | a | a~ä | æ | a | æ | æ~ɛ | äː~a | æ | a | æ~a | æ | ɛ | ɛ̝ | æ | ä | ɑ~æ | æ | a~æ | æ~ɛ~e̞ | ɛ[47] | a | aː[46] | aː~æː[46] | TRAP | ham | |||||||||||||
æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ | æ~ɛə̯ | æ~ɛə̯ | æ | æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ | æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ | æ~a̝ | bad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɛ~æ~a~ä | æ~æ̞ | æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[45] | æ | æ | a̝~æ | æ~ɛ | æ~ɛ | a | a~æ | lad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː / æ | ä~a | ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[45] | æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[45] | æɛ~æe | äː | äː~ɐː | aː | ɑː | ɑː | ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː | ɑː | ɑ̟ː | ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː | a~ɑ | äː | æː~aː | aː | ɐː~äː | ɑ | ɑ̟ː | ɑː | ɒː~ɔː | ä[48] | BATH | pass | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː | a~ä~ɑ | a~ä | ɑ | ä~ɑ~ɒ | ä~a | ɑ~ä | a~ä | ɑ | ɑ̟ː | ɑ~ä | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ~ɑ | ɑː | ɒ~ɑ | äː | ɒː~ɑː | äː | aː~ɑː | äː | aː | äː~ɑː | ɑː | ɑː | aː | aː~æː | PALM | father | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ | ɒ~ɑ | ɒ | ɒ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ~ɑ | ɔ | ɒ | ä~ɒ~ɔ̈~ɔ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ~ɒ̈ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ~ɑ̠ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ~ɒ~ä | ɒ~ɑ~ä | äː | ɔː | ä | ɑ~ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɔ | ɒ̈ | ɒ̈~ʌ̈ | ɒ̈ | ɔ | ɒ | ɑ̟ | LOT | not | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ / ɔː | ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯ | a | ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[49] | ɒ~ɑ | ɑ~ɔ | ɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯ | ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯ | ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯ | ɑɒ̯~ɑ | ɔ | ɒː | ɒː | o̞ː | ɒː | aː~ä | ɔː | ɒ | ɒ̈, o̞ː | ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː | ɒ̈, oː | CLOTH | off[50] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔː | ɔː | o̞ː | oː | ɒː~ɑː | oː~ɔː | o̞ː~ɔː | ɔː~ɔ̝ə̯~ɔuə̯ | ɔə̯~ɔː~ɔ̝ː | oː | ɒː~ɔː | ɔː | ɒː~ɔː | o̞ː | ɒː~ɔː | o̞ː | ɔː~ɒː | ɒː~ɔː~oː | ɒː | oː | o̞ː | oː | ɒː | ʌ̈ː | THOUGHT | law | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
oː~oʊ~ɔo | o̟ː~o̞ː | pause | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ə | ə | ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ | ə | ə~ɐ | ə~ə̝ | ə~ɐ | ə~ɔː | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ɐ~a | ə | ə | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ə[51] | ə | COMMA | about | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɪ | ɪ~iə̯ | ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ | ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ | ɪ~ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ | ɪ | ɪ~i | i | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ~ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ | ɪ̈~ë | ə~ɘ | ɛ | ɪ | ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̈ [51] | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ̞ | KIT | bit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɪ[51] | i[51] | kit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
i | ɪ~i | i | ɪ~i | ɪi̯~i | i | ɪi̯~i | ɪ~ɪ̈ | ɪi̯~i | i | ɪ | ɪi̯~iː | ɪi̯~əi̯ | iː | i | i | iː~i | əi̯~i | i | ɪi̯~iː | iː | ei~ɪi | i | ɪ~e | i | ɪ~e | ɪi̯~iː | i | iː | e | iː | ɪi̯ | ɪi̯~əi̯ | i | e~ɪ~i | i | iː | i | iː | HAPPY | city | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
iː | i | i | iː | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯ | ɪi̯~iː | i | əi̯~ɨi̯ | əi~ɐi | ɪi | iː, ei̯ | ɪi | iː | ɪi~iː | iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯ | ɪi~iː | ɪi̯ | iː | ɪi̯ | iː | i | iː | FLEECE | see | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
eɪ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eː | eɪ̯~e | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | ɛɪ~ei | ɛi̯~æ̠i̯ | ɛɪ̯ | æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯~eː~ɛ | eɪ̯ | eː~ɛː | eɪ̯ | ɛi̯~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | æɪ~aɪ | ɛɪ̯~eɪ̯~ë̞ɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː~eɪ̯ | ɛː~e̞ː | eː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯ | ɛː~e̞ː | ɛɪ~e̞ɪ | ɛː~e̞ː | ɛɪ~e̞ɪ | ɛː~e̞ː | e̞ɪ̯ | eː | eː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯ | eː | eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | ɛɪ̯ | æe̯~ɐe̯ | ɐe̯ | eɪ̯~eː | e | eɪ̯~eː | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯ | æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | e[52] | eː | ei̯ | FACE | date | ||||||||||||||||
e̞ɪ | e̞ɪ | e̞ɪ | e̞ɪ | eɪ̯ | day | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɛ | ɛ~eə̯ | ɛ | ɛ~æ | ɛ~æ̝ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ~ɜ | ɛ | ɛ~e | ɛ | ɛ~eiə | ɛ~ɛjə | e̞ | e̞~e | e~e̝ | ɛ | ɛ~e | e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ | ɛ~ɛ̞ | ɛ | e̞ | ɛ̝ | ɛ | ɛ̝ə̯ | ɛ | e̞ | e~e̝ | e̝ | ɛ | e̞ | e~e̝ | ɛ, e[53] | ɛ | DRESS | bed[54] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯ | ɪ | ɛ~ɪ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ | ɛ | pen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
i | length | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʌ | ʌ~ɜ | ʌ~ɐ | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɛ̠ | ɐ | ʌ~ɜ~ɑ̈ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ʌ~ɔ | ʌ | ɐ | ʌ̈ | ʌ | ɜ | ä~ɐ | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ɔ | ʌ~ɔ | ɒ~ʌ~ə~ɤ~ʊ | ɐ̟~a | ɐ~ʌ̟~ɐ̟ | ʌ~ʌ̝ | ʌ~ʊ | ʊ | ʊ̞~ɤ | ʊ | ʊ, ʌ̈ | ʊ | ɐ | ɐ~ʌ̈~ɑ̈[55] | ʌ~ɐ | ə~ɜ~ɐ | ɞ~ʌ̈ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ʊ | ɤ~ʊ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ɐ~ä | ʌ | ʌ~ɐ | ɐ~ä | ä | ə~ɜ | STRUT | run | |||||||||||||||||||||
ʊ | ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞ | ʊ | ʊ~ɜ̠ | ʊ~ʊ̞ | ʊ | ə~ɔ̝ | ʊ | ʊ̈~ʏ | ʊ | ʊ~u | u | ʊ | ʊ~u | ʊ | ɤ~ʊ~ʊ̝ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | ʊ~ʊ̜̈ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | ʊ | ʊ | ɵ~ɤ̈ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ̈
|
ʊ | ʊ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ | ʊ~ɵ | ʊ~u | ʊ | ɘ | FOOT | put | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʉː~ʊ | ʊ | uː~ʊ | hood | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
uː | ʊu̯~u | u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ | u | uː~ʉː~yː | ʉ̠ː | ʊ~uː | u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯ | u~ɵu̯ | ʊu̯~ɵu̯~yː | u̟ː | u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ | ʉu̯ | ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ | ʊu̯ | ʊ̈ʉ̯ | ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯ | ʉː | uː | ʉu̯ | uː | uː~ʉ | əʉ̯~əu̯ | əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː | ʉː~ʉ̟ː~ʏː | ʏ̝ː~ʉː | uː~ʏː | ʉː | u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ | ʊu~uː | ʏː | ʉː | ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ | ʊu~uː | ʊu̯ | ʊ̈ʉ̯~ʉː~ɨ̞ɯ̯̈ | u | uː | uː | ʊ̈ʉ̯ | u | u | u̟ː | ʉː~yː | ʉː | u | uː | GOOSE | through | ||||||||||||||||||
ɪu̯[56] | threw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
juː | (j)ʊu̯~(j)u | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)uː~(j)ʉː~(j)yː | (j)ʉ̠ː | (j)ʊ~(j)u: | (j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)u~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯~(j)yː | ju̟ː | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯ | (j)ʉu̯ | jʊu~jɵu~jʊ̈y~jʏy~jʉ̞u̟ | (j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟ | jʊu̯ | jʊ̈ʉ̯ | jʊ̈ʉ̯~jəʉ̯ | jʉː | juː | (j)ʉu̯ | juː | juː~jʉ | jəʉ̯~jəu̯ | jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː | jʉː~jʉ̟ː~jʏː | jʏ̝ː~jʉː | (j)uː | jʉː | ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯ | jʊu~juː | jʏː | jʉː | jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯ | jʊu~juː | jʊu̯ | jʊ̈ʉ̯~jʉː~jɨ̞ɯ̯̈ | ju | juː | jʉ | jʊ̈ | juː | jʊ̈ʉ̯ | ju | jʉ | ju | ju̟ː | jʉː~jyː | jʉː | ju | cute | |||||||||||||||||
aɪ | äɪ̯ | ɐɪ̯[57] | ɑɪ̯~aː | äɪ~aɪ | æɪ~aɪ~äɪ | ɐɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[57] | aɪ̯~äː | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐɪ̯ | ai~aæ | ɐi~äɪ~äɛ~äː | äɪ̯ | ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯ | ɑe̯~ɒe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[57] | a̽i | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɔɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɑ̟ə̯~ɑ̟ː | a̠ɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɑ̹ɪ̯ | æː~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~əɪ̯ | aɪ~äɪ | äi̯ | aɪ~äɪ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː | äɪ~äː | äɪ̯ | ɑ̈ɪ̯~ʌ̞ɪ̯ | ɐe̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐi̯~ɜi̯[57] | æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | ɑ̟ɪ̯ | ɑe̯ | ɒe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | ɜi̯, äe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯~äː | ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː | ai̯ | ɐ̟ɪ̯ | ɜɪ̯ | ɜi̯ | PRICE | flight | |||||||||||
äː~äe̯~aː | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | aɪ~æɛ~aæ | äː~äɛ | ɑɪ̯ | äe̯~ɜi̯ | my | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔɪ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔoɪ | oi̯ | o̞ɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oi | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔ̝ɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ | oe̯ | ɔɪ | oɪ | ɔɪ | ɔɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | aɪ̯~äɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | oe̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ʌ̈i̯ | CHOICE | boy | ||||||||||||||||||||||
oʊ | ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oː | oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞ | o̞~o | oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞ | ʌo̯~oʊ̯~o | oʊ̯~oː | oʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ | ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ | ɔu~ɒu | ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ~ɘʊ̯ | ɵ̞ʊ̯ | ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ | ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯ | oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ | oː~oə̯ | oʊ̯ | o | əʊ̯ | ʌʊ̯~ɐʊ̯~aʊ̯ | æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈ |
əʏ̯~əʊ̯ | oː~oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | oː~ɔː | oː~ʊə̯~ɵː | oː~ɔː | ɔʊ~ɔo | oː~ɔː | ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯ |
oː~ɔː | əʊ̯ | əʉ̯ | oː | ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯ | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯~əʊ̯ | ɵʊ̯ | ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ | ɐʉ̯ | oː~oʊ̯ | o̝ | oː~oʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯ | œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː | ʌʊ̯ | o[52] | oː | ɘu̯ | GOAT | no | |||||||||||||
ou̯ | oʊ̯ | tow | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔʊ̯~oː | oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~oː | ɔʊ̯~oː | oː~oʊ̯ | ɔu̯ | ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ | ɒʊ̯~ɒɤ̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | ɔo̯ | soul | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aʊ | æɔ̯~æə̯ | ɐʊ̯[57] | aʊ̯~aː | äʊ̯ | äʊ̯~aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯ | æʊ̯ | ɑ̈ʊ̯ | aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯ | æɒ~æɔ | æɒ̯~ɛjɔ~ɜʊ̯ | äʊ̯ | aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯ | æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯ | ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯ | ʌʊ̯ | ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[57] | a̽u | aʊ̯ | æə̯~æʊ̯~ɛʉ̯~ɛ̝̈ʊ̯ | æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiə | æʊ̯~æʏ̯~aʊ̯~aʏ̯ | ɑʊ̯~aː | æy~ɐʏ̯~ɐʊ̯~ɛɪ̯ | aʊ | äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː | aʊ | ɐʊ | aʊ | ɑ̟ʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | aɔ̯ | äʊ̯ | ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ | ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | æo̯ | ɛo̯~ɛə̯ | ɑʊ̯ | ɜʉ̯ | ɑʊ̯ | äʊ̯ | äː | æʊ̯ | au̯ | ɐu̯ | ɜʊ̯ | ɑ̟u̯ | MOUTH | about | |||||||||||||
ɑ̟ʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯ | now | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑːr | ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) | ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ɑɹ | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɑɹ | äɻ~ɐɻ | ɑɹ | ɑ̟ə̯(ɹ) | ɒə̯(ɹ) | äə̯(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɑɹ | ɑː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | äː(ɹ) | äː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aːɹ | ɑɹ~ɐɹ | a̽~a̽ː | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ)~ɑ̟ː(ɹ)~ɑ̹ː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | äɻ | äː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ) | äː(ɹ) | aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ) | äː(ɹ) | ɑ̟ː(ɹ) | ɑ̈ː(ɹ)~ʌ̞ː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | äː(ɾ) | ɑɻ | æːɹ~aɹ | äːɹ~ɑɹ | ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) | ɑɹ | äɾ | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑ̟ː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ) | ä(ɹ) | aː(ɾ) | aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ) | START | arm | |||||||||||||||
ɪər | iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ̯(ɹ) | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) | i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iɻ~iə̯ɻ | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iɹ | i(ɹ) | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) | eːɹ | ɪɹ | ia̽ | iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ) | ɘiɐ(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) | iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪiɐ(ɹ) | ɪː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪː(ɹ) | iɻ | ɪə(ɹ) | iɐ̯(ɹ) | ɪə | iɛ̯(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪ̞ː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~iː(ɾ) | iːɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)[58] | ɪɹ~iɹ | iə̯ɾ | ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~ɪː(ɾ) | iə̯(ɹ) | iːə(ɾ)~jøː(ɾ) | iːə(ɹ)~jøː(ɹ) | NEAR | deer | |||||||||||||||||||
ɛər | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) | ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) | eɹ | eɹ~ɛɹ | eə̯ɻ~eɻ | eɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ~eɹ | eɹ | ɛ(j)(ɹ) | e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)ɹ | e̞ə̯(ɹ) | e̞ː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) | eː(ɹ)~e̝ː(ɹ) | eə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛ | ɛə̯(ɾ) | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) | ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛiə(ɹ) | ɛ̝ː(ɹ)~e̞ː(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ) | eɻ | ɛː(ɹ) | ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ) |
ɛː(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ)~ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɾ)~eː(ɾ) | ɚː | ɛːɹ | eːɹ | e̞ə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eə̯ɾ | ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) | eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ) | ɛ(ɹ) | ɛː(ɾ) | ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) | SQUARE | mare | ||||||||||||||||||
ɜːr | ɚ | ɚ | əː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | ɝ | ɚ | ɚ~ɝ | ɚ~əɻ | ɚ | ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ) | ɚ | əɪ̯ | ɚ | ɜ(ɹ) | ɚ~ɐɹ | əː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɘː(ɹ) | ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ) | ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ) | ɤ | ɚ | ɛ~ɔ | əː(ɾ) | ɵ̝ː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ) | ɜɻ | ɜː~ɛ | øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) | ɜː~ɛ | ɜː~ɛ | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ | ɚː | ɚː[59] | ɚː | ʊːɹ[59] | ɚː | ɵː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌɾ[59] | əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | əː(ɾ) | øː(ɾ) | øː(ɹ) | NURSE | burn | |||||||||||
ɪɾ~ʌɾ[59] | bird | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
əɹ | ɛːɹ[59] | ɛːɹ[59] | ɛɾ[59] | earth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ər | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ɚ | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ | œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ)~ə̝(ɹ) | ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) | əɻ | ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | əɾ | ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | LETTER | winner[60] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | donor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔːr | oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo̯(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ | ɔɹ~oɹ | oɹ~ɔɹ | oɹ~ɔɹ | ɔɻ~oɻ | oɹ~ɔɹ | ɔə̯(ɹ) | oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ) | oɹ~ɔɹ | ɔə̯(ɹ) | ɔɹ | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | ɔə̯(ɹ) | ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɔɹ | ɔ | ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | o̟ː~o̞ː, ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ː | oː(ɹ) | ɔɻ~oɻ | ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ) | ɔːɹ | äːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɒːɹ~oːɹ | oː(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔɾ | oː(ɾ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | oː(ɾ) | ɔ(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | NORTH | sort | |||||||||||||||||
ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) | o(u)ə(ɹ) | o(u)ɹ | oə̯(ɹ) | oːɹ | oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ), ʌʊ̯ə(ɹ) | oːɹ | ɔːɹ | ɒːɹ | oːɹ | o̝(ə̯)ɾ | oː(ɾ) | FORCE | tore | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʊər | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) | uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ | ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ | uɻ~oɻ | uɹ~ɚ | ʊə̯(ɹ) | uə̯(ɹ) | uɹ~ɚ | ʊə̯(ɹ) | ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ) | uə̯(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ | uə̯(ɾ) | ɘua(ɹ)~ɘʉa(ɹ)~ʊa̯(ɹ)~ʊə̯(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~o̞ː(ɹ) | ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | ʊə(ɹ) | uɐ̯(ɹ) | ʊə(ɹ) | uɛ̯(ɾ)~ɪ̈u̯ə(ɾ)~ɪ̈ʊ̯ə(ɾ)~ o̞ː(ɾ) |
ʊə̯(ɹ) | ɵː(ɹ)~ɤ̈ː(ɹ), o̞ː(ɹ) | oə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɾ)~uː(ɾ) | uːɹ | ʊə̯(ɹ) | ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ) | oɚ | ʉɾ | oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ) | ʊə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | uə̯(ɹ) | uːə(ɾ) | uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | CURE | tour | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
jʊər | juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jʊɹ | jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ) | juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ) | jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ | jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ | jʊɹ~juɹ~jɚ | jɚ | jʊ~juɹ~jɚ | jʊə̯(ɹ) | juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ | jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ | juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jɚ | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ) | juə̯(ɹ) | joːɹ | jɚ~jʊɹ~jɵɹ | jɔ | juə̯(ɾ) | jɘua(ɹ)~jɘʉa(ɹ)~jʊa̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jo̞ː(ɹ) | jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)~joʊ(ɹ)~jɔo(ɹ) | jʉ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jʊ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jɔ̝ː(ɹ) | joː(ɹ) | jʊɻ | jʊə(ɹ) | juɐ̯(ɹ) | jʊə(ɹ) | jo̞ː(ɾ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jɵː(ɹ)~jɤ̈ː(ɹ), jo̞ː(ɹ) | joə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɾ)~juː(ɾ) | juːɹ | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ) | joɚ | jʉɾ | joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | joː(ɾ) | jɔ(ɹ) | ɪuːə(ɾ) | juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ) | pure |
Abbreviations List
The following abbreviations are used in the above table:
- AmE, American English
- AuE, Australian English
- BahE, Bahamian English
- BarE, Barbadian English
- CaE, Canadian English
- CIE, Channel Island English
- EnE, English English
- FiE, Fiji English
- InE, Indian English
- IrE, Irish English
- JSE, Jamaican English
- NZE, New Zealand English
- PaE, Palauan English
- ScE, Scottish English
- SIE, Solomon Islands English
- SAE, South African English
- SSE, Standard Singapore English
- WaE, Welsh English
See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
Related symbols used in English IPA transcription
IPA | Explanation | |
---|---|---|
ˈ | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
ˌ | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
. | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ | |
̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
See also
- English phonology
- List of dialects of the English language
- Phonetic alphabets
- Pronunciation respelling for English
- SAMPA chart for English
- Help:IPA/English
- Help:IPA/Conventions for English
Notes
- ^ a b This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
- ^ /t/, is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like better, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
- ^ /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
- ^ The labiodental fricative /f/ is often pronounced as bilabial [ɸ] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in up-front GA: [ʌpˈɸɹʌnt], Cub fan GA: [ˈkʰʌbɸæn], tomfoolery GA: [ˌtʰɑmˈɸuɫəɹi].
- ^ The labiodental fricative /v/ is often pronounced as bilabial [β] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in upvote GA: [ˈʌpβəʊt], obviate GA: [ˈɑbβiˌeɪt], Humvee GA: [ˈhʌmβi].
- t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
- d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
- ^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
- ^ /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
- ^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is often pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before /f/ and /v/, as in symphony GA: [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent GA: [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value GA: [ˌsʌɱ‿ˈvæɫju̟].
- Brummie, words like ringer [ˈɹɪŋə], sing [sɪŋ], which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": [ˈɹɪŋɡə].
- ɫ] in syllable rimes.
- ^ a b c Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
- ^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
- ^ /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.
- r] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.
- R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
- voiceless labiovelar approximant.
- Lock–loch merger.
- ^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
- l.
- ^ This sound exists in South African English in Zulu loan words.
- ^ Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "‖hlala kahle". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
- ^ This sound exists in South African English in Zulu loan words.
- ^ Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "ibandla". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
- ^ Boberg (2004)
- ISBN 9789027286703.
- ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
- ^ Wells (1982:422)
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Bekker (2008)
- ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
- ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
- ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
- ^ Kenyon (1950)
- ^ Wells (1982:364)
- ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
- ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
- ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
- ^ /æ/ tensing systemsoccur.
- ^ bad–lad splitfor this distinction.
- ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
- ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
- Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑoccurs.
- ^ Kit–bit split.
- ^ a b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- .
- ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
- ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ^ a b c d e f Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
- ^ Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
- ^ Fern–fir–fur mergerfor this distinction in some varieties.
- ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
References
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102,
- ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
- Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF).
- Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17 (2): 155–84. .
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350,
- Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
- Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
- Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521791052.
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.
- Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. .
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp. 17–38. ISBN 9780748625949.
- Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview" (Document). Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
- ISBN 0-582-36468-X.
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.