Apayao

Coordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E / 17.75°N 121.25°E / 17.75; 121.25
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Philippine province. For other uses, see Apayao (disambiguation).
Apayao
Province
Province of Apayao
(from top: left to right) Abulog River in Kabugao, Dibagat home and Pudtol church ruins.
Independent cities
0
 • Component cities0
 • Municipalities
7
 • 
Kabugao is the officially recognized capital and seat of government, although the province carries out many of its operations in a new government center established in Luna
.

Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao (

Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capitol and its associated offices are located at the New Government Center in Luna
.

The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups.

With a population of 124,366 (as of the 2020 census)[3] covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi),[1] Apayao is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines, the least developed province in Luzon and one of the poorest.

History

By 20th century, Apayao is predominated by the

Isneg people. They are located primarily in the highland municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan. Majority of them live in scattered settlements along the upper reaches of the Apayao-Abulug River; while some along a major tributary of the Matalag River in Conner.[4]

Spanish colonial era

Although Apayao which was then part of

Kabugao
.

Ruins of Pudtol Church, built in 1684 by the Dominicans and abandoned in 1815

The Spanish authorities were then able to establish in Cagayan the comandancias of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891,[5][6][7] which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The comandancias, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area.

American invasion era

Apayao was established through Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907 as a sub-province of Cagayan province.[8]

The Americans established the

Kalinga, and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province.[4][6][7][9]

In the early years, the sub-province underwent series of territorial changes:[10]

  • Part of Apayao was transferred to the Province of
    Executive Order
    21, 1920).
  • 1922: A barrio of municipal district of Bayag (now Calanasan) was transferred to Namaltugan.
  • 1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga were annexed to Conner.
  • Through EO 200, approved on September 6, 1929, barrios in Tauit were organized into a separate municipal district, Luna, effective October 1.[11]
  • Through EO 13, approved on January 21, 1936, Tauit was abolished and was annexed as a single barrio to Luna, effective February 1.[12]
  • Through EO 78, approved on December 23, 1936, Namaltugan was abolished and was annexed to Bayag and Kabugao, effective January 1, 1937.[13]

In the early years, Apayao as a sub-province was divided into seven municipal districts, all

Isneg predominated.[4]

While the Isneg clashed with the Philippine Constabulary in the early years, the families attempted to escape the area and go into the mountains of Ilocos Norte and Abra. They were involved in an attack in Tauit in 1913.[4]

Japanese occupation era

In 1942,

Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL, supported by the Cordilleran guerrillas, drove out the Japanese in 1945.[further explanation needed
]

During the

Fall of Bataan. Little fighting occurred in the sub-province, but a number of Isneg fought with the American and Filipino forces in the Cagayan Valley and in the neighboring areas. The war and the post-war era seen development among the Isnegs, although slowly.[4]

Philippine independence

Kalinga-Apayao creation and splitting

Main article: Kalinga-Apayao

On June 18, 1966, the huge

Republic Act No. 4695. The four provinces were Benguet, Bontoc (renamed "Mountain Province"), Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.[7][14] Kalinga-Apayao, along with Ifugao, became one of the provinces of the Cagayan Valley region in 1972.[14]

On July 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established and Kalinga-Apayao was made one of its provinces.[7][14][15][16]

Finally, on February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two independent provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878.[7][14][17]

Biodiversity and biosphere reserve

Apayao is biologically diverse. The province is sanctuary to 139 bird species, 61 of which are endemic and 4 threatened.[18] It also has 43 species of wild food plants eaten by the indigenous people and 50 species of medicinal plants.[19] The province is home to critically endangered rufous hornbills, lawaan or dipterocarp trees, Raflesia flowers, and the white-winged flying fox.[18]

The Philippine Eagle Foundation began its search of eagles in Apayao in 2011 after reports of huge eagles were roaming the area for centuries.[20] On March 22, 2013, scientists discovered the stronghold of critically endangered Philippine eagles, the country's national bird, in Luzon island within the vicinity of the Calanasan Lowland Forest.[21] In January 2015, the town of Calanasan initiated a program which protected 3,000 hectares of forests under its jurisdiction.[22] Additionally, the province of Apayao is one of the very few in the country that has an approved forest land use plan (FLUP).[23] The first active Philippine eagle nest in Apayao was discovered in July 2015.[20]

On 9 July 2018,

Biosphere Reserve. The province, which possesses more than 286,000 hectares of virgin forests, also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site.[24] On January 16, 2019, the provincial government announced that they were doing "legwork for the inscription."[25]

Tauit

Tauit (or Tawit), an

Executive Order No. 45.[4][8][10][26] It had been existed by the time of creation of the sub-province of Apayao.[27]

Tauit is said to be the forerunner of the present-day Pudtol.[28][29] Its seat of government at Barrio Tawit was later divided into four barangays in the municipality.[27][30]

In 1913, a band of Isneg attacked Tauit, as they were infuriated by the large number of Ilocano settling in the territory under the protection of the local government.[4]

In 1926, Allacapan was founded as its municipal district. In July 1927, the area was separated from Tauit and was organized into an independent one with the same name by virtue of EO No. 68.[10] It was ceded to the province of Cagayan in 1928.[31]

In 1929, a separate municipal district taken from Tauit, Macatel (later renamed Luna through a resolution), was organized through EO No. 200.[27][30][32]

Difficulties in transportation led to the decision to abandon Tauit as a municipal district and to be represented by Luna.[30]

Tauit was abolished through EO No. 13, issued on January 21, 1936 and effective February 1, with remaining territories annexed as a single barrio to Luna.[12][30] These territories were established as the municipal district of Pudtol upon its creation on December 3, 1956 through EO No. 217.[27][33]

Parts of the territories of Pudtol and Luna were later established as the municipalities of Flora and Santa Marcela; meanwhile, Tauit also comprised some parts of Lasam in Cagayan. At present, remnants of Tauit are located in northeastern Apayao and in few parts of Cagayan.[27][28][30]

Geography

Dibagat River in Kabugao

Apayao is basically situated within the Cordillera Central mountains, traversed by many rivers. The province covers an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi)[34] forming the northern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region, and is bounded on the north and east by Cagayan, west by Ilocos Norte, southwest by Abra and south by Kalinga.

The province is geographically subdivided into Upper Apayao (composed of the upland municipalities: Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao) and Lower Apayao (the lowland municipalities: Luna, Pudtol, Flora and Sta. Marcela).[35]

Plains and valleys are used for farming. Apayao is basically composed of farmlands.[citation needed]

Climate

The prevailing climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification. It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain during December to February while the month of May is the warmest.

Administrative divisions

Apayao comprises 7

lone legislative district.[34]

Political divisions

Barangays

The 7 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 133

Calanasan as the least.[37][34]

Further information: List of barangays in Apayao

Demographics

The population of Apayao in the 2020 census was 124,366 people,[36] with a density of 28 inhabitants per square kilometre or 73 inhabitants per square mile.

Population census of Apayao
YearPop.±% p.a.
1918 9,787—    
1939 15,614+2.25%
1948 19,357+2.42%
1960 29,601+3.60%
1970 49,652+5.30%
1975 61,115+4.25%
1980 70,681+2.95%
1990 74,720+0.56%
1995 83,660+2.14%
2000 97,129+3.25%
2007 103,633+0.90%
2010 112,636+3.08%
2015 119,184+1.08%
2020 124,366+0.84%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[38][39]
Population by ethnicity (2000)[40]
Ethnicity Number
Ilocano
 
 49,328 (50.82%)
Isnag
 
 29,071 (29.95%)
Malaueg
 
 3,580 (3.69%)
Isneg
 
 3,380 (3.48%)
Kalinga
 
 2,992 (3.08%)
Kankanaey
 
 1,208 (1.24%)
Bontoc
 
 1,014 (1.04%)
Ibaloi
 
 979 (1.01%)
Others
 
 4,931 (5.08%)
Not Reported
 
 575 (0.59%)
Native Dibagat homes
The Isnag people were the first inhabitants of Apayao. Their numbers were eventually overtaken by the Ilokano people who migrated under the orders of then president Marcos, making the Isnag a minority in their ancestral lands.

Based on the 2000 census survey,

Isneg at 3,380 (3.48%), Kalinga at 2,992 (3.08%), Kankanaey at 1,208 (1.24%), Bontoc at 1,014 (1.04%), and Ibaloi at 979 (1.01%).[40]

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Apayao

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2006
46.77
2009
45.67
2012
61.37
2015
43.30
2018
19.69
2021
4.70

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Apayao is devoted to agricultural production, particularly food and industrial crops such as

santol, rambutan, coconut and mangosteen.[51] Rice production totaled 98,489 metric tons in 2011.[49] Parts of Apayao are home to rice terraces.[52]

Economic activity is also based on livestock and poultry breeding such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts and house wares making.[53]

Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and agricultural support.

The people of Apayao also have a rich tradition of basket, handicraft, and textile weaving.[54]

References

  1. ^ a b "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  2. ^ "POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025". www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  3. ^ a b Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon" (PDF). Asian Studies. University of the Philippines Diliman. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  5. ^ a b "History". Province of Cagayan (Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cagayan). Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Benguet History". Province of Benguet (official website). Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Historical Background". Provincial Government of Apayao (official website). Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Act No. 1642". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. 1907-05-09. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  9. ISBN 978-9715425803
    . Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  10. ^ a b c "Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. The Library Corporation. 2011–2012. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
    —Executive Order 45 (1915): Executive Orders, 1915. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1916. pp. 91–92. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
    —Executive Order 68 (1927): Executive Orders, 1927. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1928. pp. 48–50. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  11. ^ Executive Orders and Proclamations, 1929. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1930. pp. 81–83. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
  12. ^ a b "Executive Order No. 13, s. 1936" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  13. ^ "Executive Order No. 78, s. 1936". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. 1936-12-23. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  14. ^
    ISBN 971-630-037-9
    . Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  15. ^ "Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  16. ^ "The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  17. ^ "Republic Act No. 7878 - An Act Converting the Sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao into Regular Provinces to be Known as the Province of Kalinga and the Province of Apayao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 4695". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  18. ^ a b Ranada, Pia (July 23, 2015). "Apayao: Where ethnic tradition is saving the Philippine Eagle". Rappler. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  19. ^ Angagan, J. (2009). "Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity conservation practices in Apayao rice terraces [Philippines]: a gender lens perspective". Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines).
  20. ^ a b Ranada, Pia (July 14, 2015). "First active Philippine eagle nest in Luzon found in Apayao". Rappler. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  21. ^ "Eagle Sightings in Apayao". philippineeaglefoundation.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  22. ^ "Bayanihan.org". bayanihan.org.
  23. ^ a b Dumlao, Artemio (July 9, 2018). "Apayao eagle habitat eyed as Unesco protected area". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  24. ^ "Gov Bulut wants Calanasan Philippine Eagle sanctuary declared as protected area | Politiko North Luzon". July 27, 2018.
  25. ^ Geminiano, Pamela Mariz (January 16, 2019). "Apayao eyes UNESCO biosphere reserve title to save PH eagles". Philippines News Agency. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  26. US Government Printing Office
    . 1909. pp. 266–269. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  27. ^ a b c d e Pudtol - A Brief History Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  28. ^ a b "Brief History of Pudtol" Municipality of Pudtol. Retrieved Aug. 1, 2022.
  29. ^ "Pudtol: Executive Summary, 2020" (PDF) Commission on Audit. Retrieved Aug. 1, 2022.
  30. ^ a b c d e History and government of Luna, Apayao (via Department of the Interior and Local Government–CAR). Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  31. ^ "Municipalities: Allacapan" CagayaNET. 1997–1998. Retrieved 08-01-2022.
  32. ^ "Brief History" Municipality of Luna, Apayao. Retrieved July 28, 2022
  33. ^ "Executive Order No. 217, s. 1956" Official Gazette. Retrieved Aug. 1, 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d "Province: Apayao". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Apayao: Executive Summary, 2015" (PDF) Commission on Audit. Retrieved Aug. 4, 2022.
  36. ^ a b Census of Population (2020). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  37. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  38. ^ Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  39. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  40. ^ a b "Apayao: Three Out of Five Academic Degree Holders Were Females; Table 4. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Apayao, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. 12 July 2002. Archived from the original on 9 June 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  41. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  42. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
  43. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 8 February 2011.
  44. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  45. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  46. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  47. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. 4 June 2020.
  48. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  49. ^ a b "DA allots P278M for irrigation, agri projects in Apayao". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Last year, Apayao produced a total of 98,489 metric tons of palay (paddy rice), according to the DA's Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. The volume is equivalent to 64,017 MT of rice at 65 percent milling recovery.
  50. ^ Vanzi, Sol Jose (28 April 1998). "Apayao Secret: Drought-Resistant Corn". Newsflash.Org. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  51. ^ Galvez, James Konstantin (14 January 2014). "Government agri program to promote Apayao's wild fruits". The Manila Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016. The province of Apayao is host to some of the country's indigenous crops including: lubeg, bignay, bignay kalabaw, calumpit, saging matsing, other than the fruit-bearing trees like durian, marang, lanzones, rambutan, pineapple, mangosteen, coconut, santol, among others.
  52. ^ Malingan, Jamie Joie. "Survival and Identity: The Cordillera Rice Terraces in the 21st century". pia.gov.ph. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  53. Philippine Information Agency. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original
    on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  54. ^ Ocampo, R. O. (2009). "Tapping the potentials of the weaving industry in Apayao [Philippines]". Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines).

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