Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps
Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps, such as Private France Silva who during the Boxer Rebellion became the first Marine of the thirteen Marines of Latin American descent to be awarded the Medal of Honor,[1] and Private First Class Guy Gabaldon who is credited with capturing over 1,000 enemy soldiers and civilians during World War II,[2] have distinguished themselves in combat. Hispanics have participated as members of the United States Marine Corps in the Boxer Rebellion, World War I, the American intervention in Latin America also known as the Banana Wars, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and most recently in the military campaigns of Afghanistan and Iraq.
Hispanics are also reaching the top ranks of the Marine Corps, serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign shores, with generals such as Major General Angela Salinas and Lieutenant General Pedro del Valle.[3] Many Hispanic Marines went on to distinguished careers outside of the military in different fields such as sports and space exploration.
Hispanics (sometimes also referred to as "
Terminology
Background
Originally organized as the Continental Marines on November 10, 1775, as naval infantry, the Marine Corps has evolved in its mission with changing military doctrine and American foreign policy. The Marine Corps has participated in every American armed conflict including the Revolutionary War.[11]
There are various factors that make it difficult to determine when exactly Hispanics began to serve in the Corps; one is that statistics on Hispanics were not kept by the military until the 1970s when the United States Census Bureau coined the phrase. Before then only unreliable estimates were made.
Unlike the
As of 2003, those who join the U.S. Armed Forces are not required to identify themselves as Hispanics, therefore a person of Hispanic descent who decides that he or she does not want to be considered as a Hispanic and chooses to identify themself with any race was not included in the statistics of the Department of Defense as Hispanics.[14][17]
Boxer Rebellion
While specific statistics were not kept on the number of Hispanics in the Marine Corps, history documents instances of their heroic actions. During the
Private Silva joined the Marines on September 12, 1899, in San Francisco. In 1900, he was a member of the
On June 19, 1900, the 1st Regiment (Marines) attempted to take the city of Tientsin and failed. Then, on June 23, the Regiment, under the command of Major Waller, entered Tientsin in their second attempt after a Japanese blew open a gate to allow the Chinese to escape.[21] Private Silva, who was seriously wounded and two sailors, Navy Seaman Axel Westermark and Chief Machinist Emil Peterson, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their defense of the civilian compound (legation) at Peking—they defended the walled city from June 28 until the fall of the city which occurred on August 17.[22]
World War I
During World War I, the Marine Corps' 2nd Division fought alongside the
Private Joe Nichols Viera of the 78th Company,
Marine aviation was fairly new, it came into existence on May 22, 1912, and the first major expansion of the Marine Corps' air component, of which Puerto Rico played a major rule, came with America's entrance into World War I. On January 6, 1914, First Lieutenant Bernard L. Smith established the Marine Section of the Navy Flying School in the island municipal
In 1915, Lieutenant
Lieutenant del Valle helped the Marine Corps in the capture of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, in 1916, for which he was awarded his first Legion of Merit. He commanded the Marine detachment on board the USS Texas (BB-35) in the North Atlantic during World War I. In 1919, del Valle participated in the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet.[28]Second Nicaraguan Campaign 1926–1933
Civil war broke out in Nicaragua during the first months of 1926, and upon the request of the Nicaraguan government, 3,000 U.S. Marines were sent to establish a neutral zone for the protection of American citizens. The American intervention was also known as the Banana Wars. Both Captain Pedro del Valle and Private Rafel Toro from Puerto Rico, participated in the Second Nicaraguan Campaign.[29]
In 1926, Captain del Valle served with the
Private Rafel Toro, from
In 1931, Brigadier General
In 1933, Lieutenant James Rockwell, a native of San Juan, Puerto Rico, became the third Marine of Hispanic (Puerto Rican) descent to graduate from the USNA.[30]
World War II
PFC Richard I. Trujillo was serving aboard the Battleship USS Nevada (BB-36) when on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The Nevada was among the ships which were in the harbor that day. As her gunners opened fire and her engineers got up steam, she was struck by torpedoes and bombs from the Japanese attackers. Fifty men were killed and 109 wounded. Among those killed was Trujillo, who became the first Hispanic Marine casualty of World War II.[33]
After the United States officially entered the war, Hispanic Americans were among the many American citizens who joined the ranks of the United States Marine Corps as volunteers or through the
Colonel Pedro del Valle (1893–1978) was the commanding officer of the
Colonel Jaime Sabater, Sr. (1904–1955), a United States Naval Academy graduate, Class of 1927, commanded the
When the Marines landed in Saipan in 1944, among the commanders was Lieutenant Colonel Chester J. Salazar. Salazar was the commanding officer of the 2d Battalion, 18th Marines. Salazar had in 1943 served as commanding officer of the same unit in the Gilbert Islands which fought in the Battle of Tarawa.[42] During the Battle of Saipan, PFC Guy Gabaldon captured over a 1,000 prisoners.
PFC Guy Gabaldon (1926–2006) went to live with the parents of his
On April 1, 1944, Brigadier General Pedro del Valle, as Commanding General of the Third Corps Artillery,
In late October 1944, Brigadier General Pedro del Valle succeeded Major General
The
On February 23, 1945, Antonio F. Moreno witnessed the first flag raising photographed by
On May 29, 1945, Brigadier General Pedro del Valle participated in one of the most important events that led to victory in Okinawa. After five weeks of fighting, del Valle ordered Company A of the
PFC
After Guam, the regiment went back to Guadalcanal, where in November they were detached from the 22nd Marines and joined the
Two weeks later, on April 15, the 19-year-old Marine was a member of an eight-man forward observer team which was engaged in directing artillery fire in support of an attack by the infantry on Japanese positions on Motobu Peninsula. When it finally became necessary for the team to advance to the actual front lines, the officer in charge took PFC Gonsalves and one other man with him. PFC Gonsalves was acting Scout Sergeant of the team. He and the other Marine were to lay telephone lines for communication with the artillery battalion.
As the team advanced to the front, they were brought under heavy enemy rifle, grenade and mortar fire. Just as the three had reached the front lines, a Japanese grenade landed among them. It was less than a foot from the two Marines with PFC Gonsalves. Without a moment's hesitation, he flung himself on the grenade, taking the full explosion into his own body. He gallantly gave his life for his fellow Marines and his country. The other two were not even touched by grenade fragments and they successfully completed their mission.[50]
In 1945, when Kwajalein of the
Prior to World War II, traditional Hispanic cultural values expected women to be homemakers, thus they rarely left the home to earn an income. As such, women were discouraged from joining the military. Only a small number of Hispanic women joined the military before World War II.[52] However, with the outbreak of World War II, cultural prohibitions began to change. With the creation of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, women such as Corporal Maria (Torres) Maes could attend to certain administrative duties left open by the men who were reassigned to combat zones. After completing boot camp at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, she was sent to Quartermaster School and assigned to the Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Virginia.[52]
Post World War II
The American participation in the Asian theater came to an end on August 14, 1945 "
Among the Hispanics who graduated from the USNA during the 1940s and who would serve in the Marines during the Korean War were Lieutenants Leon J. Hernandez (Class of '44), Baldomero Lopez (Class of '47) and George A. Bacas (Class of '48).[30]
Korean War
The Korean War was an escalation of a civil war between two rival Korean regimes, each of which was supported by external powers, with each trying to topple the other through political and guerrilla tactics.[53] The conflict was expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.[54]
In July 1950, there were about 20,000 Hispanics in the armed forces. Over the next three years, nearly 148,000 Hispanic-Americans volunteered for or were drafted into military service. As in other conflicts, Hispanics fought as members of the Armed Forces, most Hispanic-Americans served in the Army and Marine Corps.
First Lieutenant
Lopez engaged the enemy immediately after landing with the assault waves. He exposed himself to enemy fire in an attempt to throw a hand grenade into a pillbox whose fire was pinning down that sector of the beach. He was wounded by enemy gun fire and dropped the grenade. Unable to grasp the hand grenade firmly enough to hurl it, he chose to sacrifice himself rather than endanger the lives of his men. He cradled the grenade under him and absorbed the full impact of the explosion, thus saving the lives of his comrades. Lopez was nominated for the Medal of Honor.[59] Lopez however, was not the only Hispanic member of the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division to be awarded the Medal of Honor. PFC Eugene Arnold Obregon (1930–1950), who also participated in the Inchon landing, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions 11 days after Lopez gave his life. Obregon was killed in action while using his body to shield a wounded fellow Marine.[60]
On September 14, 1951, PFC
PFC
On September 8, 1952, Private First Class Ramón Núñez-Juarez (1932–1952) who was assigned as an automatic rifleman to Company E of the
Distinguished Flying Cross
Major George A. Bacas (1916–1961) was a Marine fighter pilot who flew an
Staff Sergeant
Four of those who served in the Korean War were awarded the Navy Cross, they were Private First Class Adolfo Benavides, Private First Class Mario Cardillo, Private First Class Ramon Nunez-Juarez and Private First Class Enrique Romero-Nieves.[67]
Name | Rank | Unit | Date of Action |
---|---|---|---|
Benavides, Adolfo | Private First Class |
Co. D 1st MarDiv | October 6, 1952 |
Cardillo, Mario J. | Private First Class |
Co. A 5th MarDiv | May 9, 1952 |
Nunez-Juarez, Ramon | Private First Class |
Co. E 1st MarDiv | August 9, 1952 |
Romero-Nieves, Enrique | Private First Class |
Co. A 7th MarDiv | October 26, 1952 |
The Korean War also witnessed an increase in the recruitment of Hispanic women in the Marine Corps. Among them was Rose Franco who became one of the first female
CWO3
In the 1950s, three Hispanics who graduated from the United States Naval Academy became Marines and participated in the Vietnam War. They were Lieutenants John Gonzalez (later Colonel), Class of 1955, Ramiro Saenz (later Lieutenant Colonel), Class of 1959 and Angelo Fernandez (later Colonel), Class of 1959.[30]
Vietnam War
The Marine Corps served an important role in the
Corporal
On April 30, 1968, Captain
He believed that he and his men had secured Dai Do and wasn't expecting a sudden massive counterattack by the NVA. Company G took cover in the village cemetery and the fight raged through the night. The next morning, the bodies of more than three hundred enemy soldiers lay near their positions. Vargas's battalion commander arrived on the scene and ordered a renewed assault on the village. He carried to safety a Marine whose arm had been severed, and when the soldier pleaded for his arm, Vargas went back and found it. When the battalion commander, fighting like any other rifleman, was shot in the back three times, Vargas dragged him a hundred yards to an evacuation point, firing at the enemy as he went with an AK-47 he had picked up on the battlefield. By the end of the third day of battle, the North Vietnamese retreated and Vargas finally allowed himself to be treated for a bullet wound in his side and shrapnel from mortar blasts.[75]
Lance Corporal
Lance Corporal Jimenez was not the only Hispanic Marine from the 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division to be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in
On April 11, 1970, Lance Corporal
A month later on May 8, 1970, Lance Corporal
On April 23, 1975,
The following nineteen Marines of Hispanic descent in the table were awarded the Navy Cross for their actions in Vietnam.[72]
Name | Rank | Unit | Date of Action |
---|---|---|---|
Arquero, Elpidio A. | Staff Sergeant |
Battalion Landing Team 13 | May 10, 1967 |
Cisneros, Roy | Corporal | B Co. 1/3 3rd MarDiv | September 11, 1968 |
Covella, Joseph F. | Gunnery Sergeant |
Advisor (ARVN) | January 3, 1966 |
Castillo, William | Private First Class |
E Co. 2/4 3rd MarDiv | February 25, 1969 |
Estrada, Manuel A. | Lance Corporal |
A/3rd Recon 3rd MarDiv | August 25, 1968 |
Gomez, Ernesto L | Corporal | January 25, 1968 | |
Gonzales, Daniel G. | Corporal | B Co. 1/7 1st MarDiv | June 7, 1969 |
Guerra, Victor J. | Staff Sergeant |
L Co. 3/1 1st MarDiv | October 27, 1969 |
Herrera, Felipe L | Corporal | A/1st Recon 1st MarDiv | September 20, 1968 |
La Porte, Alfred P., Jr. | Sergeant | H Co. 2/4 3rd MarDiv | February 25, 1969 |
Lazaro, Lawrence J. | Corporal | E Co. 2/7 1st MarDiv | September 19, 1966 |
Lopez, Jose G. | Sergeant | September 2, 1967 | |
Lopez, Steven D. | Corporal | A/3rd Recon 3rd MarDiv | May 10, 1967 |
Mendez, Angel | Sergeant | F Co. 2/7 1st MarDiv | March 16, 1967 |
Rivera, Jose L. | Lance Corporal |
L Co. 3/5 1st MarDiv | March 26, 1969 |
Rodrigues, Joe G., Jr. | Sergeant | L Co. 3/4 3rd MarDiv | March 3, 1969 |
Soliz, Thomas | Corporal | A/1ATB 3rd MarDiv | September 6, 1967 |
Sotomayor, Miguel A. | Corporal | F Co. 2/9 3rd MarDiv | July 7, 1967 |
Vasquez, Jesus R. | Sergeant | 1st FSR (Force Log. Comm.) | January 30, 1968 |
Women in the Marine Corps did not participate in active combat duty, most were assigned to administrative duties. In the case of Staff Sergeant Norma Alvarado of El Campo, Texas, who enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1973, she spent three years as a drill instructor and depot inspector at the Women Recruit Training Command at Parris Island, South Carolina.[52]
1983 Beirut Bombing
In 1982, at the request of the
Name | Rank | Place of birth |
---|---|---|
Caesar, Johnnie D. | Lance Corporal |
El Campo, Texas |
Comas, Juan M. | Private First Class |
Hialeah, Florida |
Garcia, Randall J. | Lance Corporal |
Modesto, California |
Garcia, Ronald J. | Lance Corporal |
Jacksonville, North Carolina |
Hernandez, Jr., Matilde | Gunnery Sergeant |
Austin, Texas |
Melendez, Louis | Private First Class |
Puerto Rico |
Munoz, Alex | Corporal | Bloomfield, New Mexico |
Nava, Luis A. | Lance Corporal |
Gardena, California |
Ortega, Alexander | Staff Sergeant |
Rochester, New York |
Ortiz, Richard C. | Chief Warrant Officer |
New York City, New York |
Pomales Torres, Rafael | Sergeant | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Rodriquez, Juan | Sergeant | Miami, Florida |
Rotondo, Louis | Lance Corporal |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
San Pedro, Guillermo | Lance Corporal |
Hialeah, Florida |
Silvia, James F. | Lance Corporal |
Middletown, Rhode Island |
Valle, Pedro J. | Corporal | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
Gulf War and Operation Restore Hope
On August 2, 1990, Saddam Hussein sent an invading force of Iraqi troops into Kuwait. According to the United States government Hussein's forces would continue south into Saudi Arabia's oil fields. The United States military deployment to Saudi Arabia, Operation Desert Shield, grew rapidly to become the largest American deployment since the Vietnam War.[84]
On January 22, 1991, Captain Manuel Rivera Jr., a Marine aviator, became the first Hispanic soldier to be killed in Operation Desert Shield. Rivera was killed during a support mission over the
In the 1950s, Rivera's parents moved from
He joined the
On January 30, 1991, the United States House of Representatives paid tribute to Capt. Manuel Rivera and on May 9, 1991, the Hon. James H. Scheuer of the House of Representatives also paid tribute to the fallen Marine. P.S. 279 (Public School 279) was renamed P.S. 279 Capt. Manuel Rivera Jr. honoring his memory. Also, a street, park and public housing project were named after him in the South Bronx.[88] In March 1995, the United States Marines donated a McDonnell-Douglas TA-4F, a Marine Corps fighter jet, to Aviation High School in memory of Rivera Jr.. The students at the school will use the jet to learn inspection and maintenance procedures.[89] His name was engraved in "El Monumento de la Recordación" (Monument of Remembrance), dedicated to Puerto Rico's fallen military members and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and unveiled by Puerto Rico Senate President Kenneth McClintock and PR National Guard Adjutant General Col. David Carrión Baralt on Memorial Day, 2007.
Major Michael J. Aguilar, an experienced
type of aircraft flown by Aguilar
Also, among those who participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm were United States Naval Academy graduates and future astronauts, Christopher J. "Gus" Loria, Class of 83' and George David Zamka, Class of 84'. They flew combat missions in support of allied operations during both operations. Loria flew 42 and Zamka flew 66 combat missions.[92][93]
Colonel Leonardo G. Hernández (USMC, Retired) entered the Marine Corps in 1973 as an infantry officer and served thirty-one years on active duty which included combat in Somalia, El Salvador and Bosnia.[96]
War on Terrorism.
The past 20 years have witnessed dramatic increases in the percentage of Latinos (of both sexes) among active duty enlisted personnel. Nearly 15 percent of U.S. Marine Corps enlisted personnel were Hispanic. The various recruitment efforts do have critics, both within and outside the Hispanic community, particularly during this time of war and a growing number of reported Hispanic casualties.[17]
In the military campaigns of
During the
The insurgents responded by throwing a
Sgt. Peralta was under consideration to receive the Medal of Honor.
Six Marines of Hispanic descent have been awarded the Navy Cross, they are:[99]
Name | Rank | Unit | Date of Action |
---|---|---|---|
Esquibel, Dominic | Corporal | 1st Bn, 8th Marines, 2d Marine Div. | November 25, 2004 |
Martinez, Marco A. | Corporal | Co G, 2d Bn, 5th Marines | April 12, 2003 |
Montoya, Scott C. | Sergeant | Scout Sniper Platoon, 2d Bn., 23d Marines | April 8, 2003 |
Peralta, Rafael | Sergeant | 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, III Marine Expeditionary Force | November 15, 2004 |
Perez, Joseph B. | Lance Corporal |
Co I, 3d Bn, 5th Marines | April 4, 2003 |
Rodriguez Chavez, Juan | Staff Sergeant |
Marine Embedded Training Team 2-8 | September 8, 2009 |
On June 10, 2004, during Operation Iraqi Freedom Brigadier General Joseph V. Medina became the first Marine general ever assigned commander of naval ships. Medina oversaw the manning and equipping of ESG-3. From his flagship, the USS Belleau Wood, he then led the Belleau Wood Strike Group (BWDESG) through a 6-month deployment in support of where he was assigned as Commander Task Force 58.[100]
Source: CNA's Marine Corps Street to Fleet database
Hispanic women are now more highly represented among enlisted women in the Marine Corps than the other services.
Corporal Ramona M. Valdez (1984–2005) was assigned to Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Marine Division, II Marine Expeditionary Force. Valdez, whose mother immigrated from the Dominican Republic, was a communications specialist. Valdez's most significant work was with Division's Counter Improvised Explosive Device Working Group. The success of the tests conducted by CIEDWG was in a large part attributed to Valdez's knowledge of single-channel radios.[107]
Valdez, who was stationed at
Hispanic immigrants in the Marine Corps
Since the
On July 3, 2002, President George W. Bush issued an order to speed up the process of citizenship for immigrants serving in the nation's military services. Immigrant service members can now qualify for citizenship after serving honorably for one year in the armed forces or for serving on active duty during an authorized period of conflict, among other qualifications listed under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 328.[111] One of the privileges of U.S. citizenship is the opportunity to become a commissioned officer in the Marine Corps. When there is a draft, a non-citizen can be drafted as a resident alien, or can join in the ranks as a foreigner, but cannot be an officer without U.S. citizenship.[112][113] Lance Corporal Jose Vasquez, a 28-year-old Marine who was born near
Mexicans are the largest immigrant group in the Marine Corps. As of 2005, 59 immigrant casualties have been granted posthumous citizenship.[115] Among those who have been granted posthumous citizenship are three foreign-born Hispanic Marines, Lance Corporal Jesus Suarez del Solar, Corporal Jose Angel Garibay and Lance Corporal Jose Antonio Gutierrez.[116]
On March 21, 2003, Lance Corporal José Antonio Gutierrez (1981–2003), member of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines was killed by enemy fire while trying to secure Umm Qasr, a port vital for humanitarian aid.
Gutierrez was born in Guatemala. His mother died when he was three. Five years later his father was dead. He left school to work a series of odd jobs to buy food for himself and his sister, Engracia. He learned about the U.S. from an American aid worker at a shelter. Gutierrez decided to head for America by stowing away on freight trains. He got stuck in Mexico for a couple of years, crossing into California when he was 14. He slept on park benches and got food from a shelter.
In 2000, he came to live with Nora and Marcelo Mosquera (themselves immigrants from Costa Rica and Ecuador). A few months after September, 11, he surprised everyone by announcing he'd joined the Marines. On March 21, 2003, Gutierrez, who come to the United States illegally as a teenager, became one of the first U.S. servicemembers to die in Iraq. He was awarded his American citizenship posthumously.[117] Lance Cpl. José Antonio Gutiérrez is the subject of the 2006 nonfiction film "The Short Life of José Antonio Gutierrez"; Directed by Heidi Specogna.[118]
Further increases likely
(Source: Department of Defense, Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 2004; and data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense).
Hispanics comprise 18 percent of enlisted Marines today up from 15 percent when the Iraq war began.[5]
The number of Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps over-represent their percentage of the population. Today the United States Department of Defense faces a nationwide problem in recruiting men for the all volunteer
- There is widespread support for military service within the Hispanic community.
- The propensity to serve in the military (generally measured by the desires of young people to consider the military as one of their first choices of activities) – especially in the Marine Corps – is high among Latinos (Hispanics).
- Hispanics are more likely to complete boot camp, to finish their military service, and to reenlist than any other group of Marines.
Brigadier General Joseph V. Medina has been quoted as saying:[119]
"We understand the importance of diversity in the Marine Corps", said the senior ranking Hispanic in the Marine Corps. "That's why the Marine Corps is so strong... we are able to embrace all different elements of society to make the Corps a strong organization."[120]
On September 17, 1968, President
High-ranking Hispanics in the Marine Corps
Highest-ranking enlisted personnel
Hispanics have been more highly represented among enlisted personnel in the Marine Corps than in the other services.[17] On June 27, 2003, Sergeant Major John L. Estrada,[123] originally from the nation of Trinidad and Tobago, became the 15th sergeant major of the United States Marine Corps and the first person of Hispanic descent promoted to that rank. Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a unique non-commissioned rank in the United States Marine Corps. The holder of this rank and post is the senior enlisted member of the Marine Corps. Estrada enlisted on September 19, 1973, and has been assigned to various units and positions during the years which he served. From December 2001 to May 2003, Estrada served as the Sergeant Major, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. During this assignment, he was forward deployed and participated in Operation Southern Watch and Operation Iraqi Freedom. His personal awards include the Bronze Star, the Meritorious Service Medal with three gold stars, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, the Joint Service Achievement Medal, and the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal. On April 25, 2007, SgtMaj Estrada stepped down from his post as Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps.[124]
Aside from Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps,
- MGySgt Guadalupe Denogean is an immigrant from Mexico who has served in the Marine Corps for 25 years. Denogean was wounded in combat in Basra, Iraq. During the time that he received treatment for his wounds, he was asked if he had any requests. His answer was that he had two: First, he wanted a promotion for the corporal who helped rescue him, and second he wanted to be an American citizen.[127]
- MGySgt Frankie Segarra, a veteran of Okinawa, Japan.[128]
- MGySgt Abigail D. Olmos became the first female MGySgt in the history of the Marine Corps on August 13, 2004. Olmos, a native of St. Louis, Missouri, joined the armed services for college money and almost joined the Air Force, but opted for the Marine Corps when she was guaranteed a technical specialty. Her military decoration include four Navy Commendation medals, one Navy Achievement Medal and seven good conducts.[102]
- Sergeant Major Jorge F. Sosa, is the acting sergeant major for 2nd Force Service Support Group. He served in Kuwait as the sergeant major for 2nd Transportation Support Battalion.[129][130]
- Sergeant Major Jose Luis Santiago, who participated in both 2nd Battalion 9th Marines first Hispanic Sergeant Major and its first Sergeant Major since its reactivation on July 13, 2007.[131]
- Sergeant Major Federico Perez Jr., has served in the Marine Corps for over 30 years in various positions and is currently the Personnel Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps at Marine Corps Headquarters in Quantico, Virginia.[132]
Highest-ranking officers
According to the Air War College, Air University, Hispanics had been underrepresented in the all-volunteer armed forces, especially among officers. Although Hispanics made up 18% of the total Marine population, they made up 5.5% of the officers corps. Hispanics have been underrepresented in the all-volunteer armed forces, especially among officers.[133] This began to change, as increasing numbers of Hispanics entered the military.[134] The Marine Corps, realizing its shortage of Hispanics in the officer ranks, developed a program to grow its own and sends young enlisted Marines to college while on active duty to obtain a degree and a commission.[96] Prior to 2000, two Marines of Hispanic descent reached the ranks of brigadier general and above. Since then, seven Hispanics have been promoted to the rank of brigadier general and above. One of the seven, Joseph V. Medina, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy. The other six obtained their commissions after enlisting in the Marines upon receiving their college degrees.
- Lindbergh Field.[90]
- Major General Christopher Cortez (Ret.) was a graduate of Microsoft Corp. as managing director, Government Industry Team, Worldwide Public Sector, reports Wes Poriotis, chairman of Wesley, Brown & Bartle Co. (WB&B).[136]
- Major General William D. Catto served concurrently as commanding general of Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory and Vice Chief of Naval Research, Office of Naval Research from June 2000 to June 2002. Catto earned an undergraduate degree from Bethel College and his M.A. from Webster University. From July 2002 to June 2006, he assumed duties as the commanding general of Marine Corps Systems Command. Catto is the commanding general of Marine Corps Systems Command, Chief of Staff, United States European Command.[137]
- On August 2, 2006, Major General San Antonio, Texas. In 1977, she was selected for the Enlisted Commissioning Program[138] and commissioned a second lieutenant after graduation from Dominican College of San Rafael, California, with a B.A. in history. She was subsequently assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, and served as a legal services officer. Salinas served in various positions prior to her promotion. On August 2, 2006, Salinas was promoted to brigadier general, and on August 4 she assumed command of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. She was promoted to the rank of major general in 2010 and serves as the director of manpower management at Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps.[103]
- Brigadier General 3rd Marine Division.
- Brigadier General David C. Garza is the Deputy Commander, Marine Forces Central Command. He was nominated on January 16, 2007, by the Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates for appointment to the grade of brigadier general.[139]
- Brigadier General Juan G. Ayala was promoted to his current rank on August 8, 2008, and is currently the Commanding General of 2nd Marine Logistics Group at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He served as the commanding officer of 2d Marine Aircraft Wing at Cherry Point, North Carolina, Marine Wing Support Squadron 271. During this period the Squadron was recognized as the Marine Corps’ MWSS of the Year for 1998 and received the Marine Corps Aviation Association's Jim Hatch Award. In 1999 the Squadron's Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Section was recognized by the U.S. Navy & Marine Corps Firefighting Association as the best in the Marine Corps and Navy and received the Ogden Award. The Squadron participated in operations and exercises in Lithuania, Norway, Nicaragua, Haiti and counter drug missions along the U.S. Southwest Border.[140]
Medal of Honor
Thirteen Marines of Hispanic descent have been awarded the Medal of Honor – the highest military decoration of the United States:
This along with the *, indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously
The United States Naval Academy is an institution in
Name | Class | Highest rank reached |
---|---|---|
Pedro Augusto del Valle | 1915 | Lieutenant General
|
Jaime Sabater | 1927 | Colonel |
James Rockwell | 1933 | 1st Lieutenant
|
Leon J. Hernandez | 1944 | Colonel |
Baldomero Lopez | 1947 | 1st Lieutenant
|
George A. Bacas | 1948 | Major |
John Gonzalez | 1955 | Colonel |
Ramiro Saenz | 1959 | Lieutenant Colonel
|
Angelo Fernandez | 1959 | Colonel |
Joseph V. Medina | 1979 | Brigadier General
|
Christopher J. "Gus" Loria | 1983 | Lieutenant Colonel
|
George David Zamka | 1984 | Colonel |
Notable Marines of Hispanic descent
The following is a list of Hispanics who served in the United States Marine Corps and have gained fame through previous or subsequent endeavors or successes:
- Reserves, where he served for six years.[144]
- mini-series about Camarena, starring Treat Williams and Benicio del Toro, was produced (Drug Wars: The Camarena Story).[145]
- Rod Carew – baseball Hall of Famer: Carew joined the Marine Corps in 1965, and served on active duty with Headquarters Company, 8th Engineer Support Battalion, 2nd FSSG at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He completed his Marine Corps career serving in the reserves from 1966 to 1971.[146]
- Roberto Clemente – baseball Hall of Famer: He joined the Marine Corps on September 12, 1958. At Parris Island, Clemente received his basic training with Platoon 346 of the 3rd Recruit Battalion.[147] As an infantryman he served on active duty at Camp Lejeune until 1959; he remained in the reserves until September 1964.[148]
- NYPD to reach the three-star rank of Chief of Patrol.[149] He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and was a member of the 3rd Force, Recon Co. of the Marines Recon Force.[149]
- Mexican American musician of Tejano, country, and rock and roll music who in 1975 had a hit song, "Before the Next Teardrop Falls", which gave him national exposure. Born Baldemar Huerta, he joined the Marines in 1953 at the age of 16 and served for three years.[150]
- Lieutenant Colonel Christopher J. "Gus" Loria – NASA astronaut – USMC – USNA Class of 1983: Loria was born on July 9, 1960, in Belmont, Massachusetts. His educational background include a Bachelor of Science degree in general engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy (1983); 30 credits from Florida Institute of Technology towards completion of a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering; and a Master in Public Administration from John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2004). Loria flew 42 combat missions in support of allied operations during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Selected by NASA in April 1996, Loria completed two years of training and evaluation; he is qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. From September 2002 through July 2003, he served as the Chief of Flight Test for the Orbital Space Plane Program.[92]
- EVA hours in three space walks. Following STS-97, Noriega trained as the backup commander for IIS Expedition 6 and later as a member of the crew of STS-121. In January 2005, Noriega retired from the NASA Astronaut Corps, but continued working for NASA as the manager, Advanced Projects Office, Constellation Program, Johnson Space Center.[151]
- recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California. On completion of boot camp and follow-on training, he served as a machine gunner with the 9th Marines on Okinawa from July 1957 until August 1958, when he was transferred to the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California. Trevino served with the division until March 1959, and was transferred to the 3rd Marine Division. He remained with the 3rd Marine Division until his discharge as a corporal in November 1960.[152]
- baseball's Hall of Fame in 1966.[155]
- Colonel Operation Desert Storm. In June 1998, Zamka was selected for the astronaut program, and reported for training in August. Zamka served as lead for the shuttle training and procedures division and as supervisor for the astronaut candidate class of 2004. Zamka completed his first spaceflight as the pilot of STS-120 (October, 13 – November 7, 2007). STS-120 (Discovery) traveled to the International Space Station to deliver the U.S. Node 2 Module, while also reconfiguring part of the station to prepare it for future assembly missions.[93][156]
See also
- Hispanics in the United States Navy
- Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard
- Hispanics in the United States Air Force
- Hispanic Americans in World War II
- Hispanics in the American Civil War
- History of the United States Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps
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Further reading
- Del Valle, Pedro Augusto. Diary and reports of the U.S. naval observer of Italian operations in East Africa: March 1937 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937).
- Del Valle, Pedro Augusto. Roman Eagles Over Ethiopia (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Military service Pub. Co., 1940).
- Del Valle, Pedro Augusto. Semper fidelis: An autobiography (Hawthorne, California: Christian Book Club of America, 1976).
- Lieutenant General Pedro A. del Valle, U.S. Marine Corps (retired) (Oral history program).
- "Battle for Dong Ha", in The Operations and The Battles, The 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion (Amtrac.org).
- Jordan, Kenneth N. Men of Honor: Thirty-Eight Highly Decorated Marines of World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, A Schiffer Military History Book, 1997. (ISBN 0-7643-0247-7)
- Nolan, Keith William. The Magnificent Bastards The Joint Army-Marine Defense of Dong Ha, 1968, Presidio Press, 1994. (ISBN 0-89141-485-1)
- The Morenci Marines: A Tale of Small Town America and the Vietnam War (Modern War Studies); by Kyle Longley (Author); .