NASA Astronaut Corps

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The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions. It is based at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas
.

History

The first U.S. astronaut candidates were selected by NASA in 1959, for its Project Mercury with the objective of orbiting astronauts around the Earth in single-man capsules. The military services were asked to provide a list of military test pilots who met specific qualifications. After stringent screening, NASA announced its selection of the "Mercury Seven" as its first astronauts. Since then, NASA has selected 22 more groups of astronauts, opening the corps to civilians, scientists, doctors, engineers, and school teachers. As of the 2009 Astronaut Class, 61% of the astronauts selected by NASA have come from military service.[1]

NASA selects candidates from a diverse pool of applicants with a wide variety of backgrounds. From the thousands of applications received, only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. Including the "Original Seven", 339 candidates have been selected to date.[2]

Organization

The Astronaut Corps is based at the

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston
, although members may be assigned to other locations based on mission requirements, e.g. Soyuz training at Star City, Russia.

The

Joe Acaba
.

Salary

Salaries for newly hired civilian astronauts are based on the federal government's

General Schedule pay scale for grades GS-11 through GS-14. The astronaut's grade is based on his or her academic achievements and experience.[3] Astronauts can be promoted up to grade GS-15.[4] As of 2015, astronauts based at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, earn between $66,026 (GS-11 step 1) and $158,700 (GS-15 step 8 and above).[5]

Military astronauts are detailed to the Johnson Space Center and remain on active duty for pay, benefits, leave, and similar military matters.

Qualifications

There are no age restrictions for the NASA Astronaut Corps. Astronaut candidates have ranged between the ages of 26 and 46, with the average age being 34. Candidates must be U.S. citizens to apply for the program.

There are three broad categories of qualifications: education, work experience, and medical.[6]

Candidates must have a

physical science or mathematics.[7]
The degree must be followed by at least two to three years of related, progressively responsible, professional experience (graduate work or studies) or at least 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for experience, such as a doctoral degree (which counts as the two years experience). Teaching experience, including experience at the K – 12 levels, is considered to be qualifying experience.

Candidates must have the ability to pass the NASA long-duration space flight physical, which includes the following specific requirements:

Members

See also: Astronaut ranks and positions

Astronauts

As of March 2023, the corps has 41 "active" astronauts consisting of 16 women and 25 men or 39.0% female and 61.0% male[8] The highest number of active astronauts at one time was in 2000 when there were 149.[9] All of the current astronaut corps are from the classes of 1996 (Group 16) or later.

Astronaut Missions Group
Joe Acaba
 STS-119, Soyuz TMA-04M (Expedition 31/32), Soyuz MS-06 (Expedition 53/54) 2004 Group 19
Michael Barratt Soyuz TMA-14 (Expedition 19/20), STS-133 2000 Group 18
♀
 SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67) 2017 Group 22
Eric Boe STS-126, STS-133 2000 Group 18
Stephen Bowen
70
) (currently in space)		 2000 Group 18
Randolph Bresnik STS-129, Soyuz MS-05 (Expedition 52/53) 2004 Group 19
♀
 None - awaiting assignment 2017 Group 22
Josh Cassada
 SpaceX Crew-5 (Expedition 68) 2013 Group 21
Raja Chari SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67) 2017 Group 22
Matthew Dominick None - awaiting assignment 2017 Group 22
♀
 STS-118, Soyuz TMA-18 (Expedition 23/24) 1998 Group 17
♀
 Boeing Starliner-1 (upcoming flight) 2009 Group 20
Andrew Feustel
 STS-125, STS-134, Soyuz MS-08 (Expedition 55/56) 2000 Group 18
Michael Fincke Soyuz TMA-4 (Expedition 9), Soyuz TMA-13 (Expedition 18), STS-134, Boeing Starliner-1 (upcoming flight) 1996 Group 16
Victor Glover SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65) 2013 Group 21
Nick Hague Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12 (Expedition 59/60) 2013 Group 21
Bob Hines SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68) 2017 Group 22
Warren Hoburg
70
) (currently in space)		 2017 Group 22
Michael Hopkins Soyuz TMA-10M (Expedition 37/38), SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65) 2009 Group 20
Jonny Kim None - awaiting assignment 2017 Group 22
♀
 Soyuz MS-12/Soyuz MS-13 (Expedition 59/60/61) 2013 Group 21
Kjell Lindgren
 Soyuz TMA-17M (Expedition 44/45), SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68) 2009 Group 20
♀
 SpaceX Crew-5 (Expedition 68) 2013 Group 21
♀
 STS-125, SpaceX Crew-2 (Expedition 65/66) 2000 Group 18
♀
 Soyuz MS-11 (Expedition 58/59) 2013 Group 21
♀
 Soyuz MS-15 (Expedition 61/62) 2013 Group 21
♀
 SpaceX Crew-7 (upcoming flight) 2017 Group 22
Andrew Morgan Soyuz MS-13/Soyuz MS-15 (Expedition 60/61/62) 2013 Group 21
♀
 Soyuz MS-24 (upcoming flight) 2017 Group 22
Donald Pettit STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1 (Expedition 6), STS-126, Soyuz TMA-03M (Expedition 30/31) 1996 Group 16
♀
 Soyuz MS-01 (Expedition 48/49), Soyuz MS-17 (Expedition 63/64) 2009 Group 20
Frank Rubio
 Soyuz MS-22 (Expedition 67/68) 2017 Group 22
Scott Tingle
 Soyuz MS-07 (Expedition 54/55), Boeing Starliner-1 (upcoming flight) 2009 Group 20
Mark Vande Hei
 Soyuz MS-06 (Expedition 53/54), Soyuz MS-18/Soyuz MS-19 (Expedition 64/65/66) 2009 Group 20
♀
 Soyuz TMA-19 (Expedition 24/25), SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65) 2004 Group 19
♀
 SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68) 2017 Group 22
Douglas Wheelock
 STS-120, Soyuz TMA-19 (Expedition 24/25) 1998 Group 17
♀
 STS-121, STS-120, STS-131 1996 Group 16
♀
 STS-116/STS-117 (Expedition 14/15), Soyuz TMA-05M (Expedition 32/33), Boeing Crewed Flight Test (upcoming flight) 1998 Group 17
Barry Wilmore
 STS-129, Soyuz TMA-14M (Expedition 41/42), Boeing Crewed Flight Test (upcoming flight) 2000 Group 18
Reid Wiseman
 Soyuz TMA-13M (Expedition 40/41) 2009 Group 20

There are currently 19 "international active astronauts", "who are assigned to duties at the Johnson Space Center",

Spaceflight Participants
go through training with the NASA Astronaut Corps, they are not considered members of the corps.

Management astronauts

As of January 2021, the corps has 16 "management" astronauts, who remain NASA employees but are no longer eligible for flight assignment.[11] The current management astronauts are assigned to NASA operations as follows: Ames Research Center (one astronaut); Goddard Space Flight Center (one); Johnson Space Center (eleven) and NASA Headquarters (four).[11] The current management astronauts includes personnel chosen to join the corps as early as 1985 (Group 11, Associate Administrator Robert D. Cabana)[12] and as recently as 2009 (Group 20, Serena Auñón-Chancellor of medical and CAPCOM branches).[13]

Astronaut candidates

The term "Astronaut Candidate" (informally "ASCAN"[14]) refers to individuals who have been selected by NASA as candidates for the NASA Astronaut Corps and are currently undergoing a candidacy training program at the Johnson Space Center. The most recent class of astronaut candidates was selected in 2021.[15]

Only three astronaut candidates have resigned before completing training:

Apollo missions were cancelled, Llewellyn resigned in August 1968 after failing to qualify as a jet pilot, and Kulin resigned in August 2018 for unspecified personal reasons.[16] Another astronaut candidate, Stephen Thorne, died in an airplane accident before he could finish astronaut training.[17]

Former members

Selection as an astronaut candidate and subsequent promotion to astronaut does not guarantee the individual will eventually fly in space. Some have voluntarily resigned or been medically disqualified after becoming astronauts but before being selected for flights.

Civilian candidates are expected to remain with the corps for at least five years after initial training; military candidates are assigned for specific tours. After these time limits, members of the Astronaut Corps may resign or retire at any time.

Three members of the Astronaut Corps (Gus Grissom, Edward White, and Roger B. Chaffee) were killed during a ground test accident while preparing for the Apollo 1 mission. Eleven were killed during spaceflight, on Space Shuttle missions STS-51-L and STS-107.[note 1] Another four (Elliot See, Charles Bassett, Theodore Freeman, and Clifton Williams) were killed in T-38 plane crashes during training for space flight during the Gemini and Apollo programs. Another was killed in a 1967 automobile accident, and another died in a 1991 commercial airliner crash while traveling on NASA business.

Two members of the corps have been involuntarily dismissed: Lisa Nowak and William Oefelein. Both were returned to service with the US Navy.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Y

Z

Selection groups

  • 1959 Group 1 – "The Mercury Seven"
  • 1962 Group 2 – "The New Nine"
  • 1963 Group 3 – "The Fourteen"
  • 1965 Group 4 – "The Scientists"
  • 1966 Group 5 – "The Original 19"
  • 1967 Group 6 – "The Excess Eleven (XS-11)"
  • 1969 Group 7 – USAF MOL Transfer, no official nickname (Astronauts selected from the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program)
  • 1978 Group 8 – "Thirty-Five New Guys (TFNG)" (class included first female candidates)
  • 1980 Group 9 – "19+80"
  • 1984 Group 10 – "The Maggots"
  • 1985 Group 11 – no official nickname
  • 1987 Group 12 – "The GAFFers"
  • 1990 Group 13 – "The Hairballs"
  • 1992 Group 14 – "The Hogs"
  • 1994 Group 15 – "The Flying Escargot"
  • 1996 Group 16 – "The Sardines" (largest class to date, 35 NASA candidates and nine international astronauts)
  • 1998 Group 17 – "The Penguins"
  • 2000 Group 18 – "The Bugs"
  • 2004 Group 19 – "The Peacocks"
  • 2009 Group 20 – "The Chumps"
  • 2013 Group 21 – "The 8-Balls" (composed of four male and four female candidates; highest percentage of females)
  • 2017 Group 22 – "The Turtles"
  • 2022 Group 23 – "The Flies"

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Three payload specialists were also killed on the two missions, but are not counted here because as payload specialists they were not considered members of the NASA Astronaut Corps.

References

  1. ^ "Astronauts". nasa.gov. 11 February 2015.
  2. ^ "NASA – Astronaut Selection". Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  3. ^ NASA – Astronaut Selection Archived 2010-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "Astronaut Job". Scribd.
  5. ^ "Pay & Leave : Salaries & Wages - OPM.gov". U.S. Office of Personnel Management.
  6. ^ "- Astronaut Candidate Program".
  7. ^ Potter, Sean (Feb 11, 2020). "Explorers Wanted: NASA to Hire More Artemis Generation Astronauts". NASA. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  8. ^ "NASA Active Astronauts". nasa.gov. 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  9. ^ "How Many Astronauts Does NASA Need? (Dec. 7, 2010)". 7 December 2010.
  10. ^ "Partner Astronauts". NASA. 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  11. ^ a b "NASA Management Astronauts". NASA. 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  12. ^ "Biographical Data: Robert D. Cabana" (PDF). NASA. July 2014. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  13. ^ "Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor (M.D.) NASA Astronaut" (PDF). NASA. October 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  14. ^ "Breaking News | NASA instroduces its new class of astronauts". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
  15. ^ [1] Archived August 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ chron.com/news/nation-world/space/article/2017-NASA-astronaut-candidate-resigning-this-month-13185081.php
  17. Houston, Texas: NASA. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

Astronaut Candidate Program=== Citations ===

Sources

  • Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    .

External links

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