Karl Graul
Karl Graul | |
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Karl Graul (6 February 1814 – 10 November 1864) as the director of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission in 1849 and there he mastered Tamil.
Graul was one of the foremost figures in
Anglicans
in India.
Early life
Karl Graul was born in
modern languages as well as in theology. However, as for as mission and missiology is concerned he was entirely self-taught.[1]
Tamil scholar
Karl Graul was appointed the director of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission in 1844. The Lutheran mission had succeeded the Danish-Hale mission in
Tirukkural in Latin, German,[4] and the standard spoken Tamil with notes and glossaries. It was published by his student Wilhelm Germann the year after Graul's death in Erlangen. Graul also wrote a Tamil Grammar in German (1855).[1]
Missiology
Graul being one of the foremost figures in missiology, insisted that other missionaries should go through academic training both in mission as well in theology. He insisted that the knowledge of locals with contextual approach towards indigenous churches.[1]
Views on caste system
Graul's views on
Protestant missionary societies agreed to these terms except for Graul's Leipzig Evangelical Lutheran Mission. This was since Graul, who took a “middle” standpoint and regarded the caste as “a natural kingdom lying between the divine and the demonic”,[5] believed that caste system can be removed only as a slow process[6][7] and making it mandatory is not needed.[7] It was his view that missionaries should not interfere with indigenous social orders unless they are wholly incompatible with the Gospel.[8]
Supremacy of Lutheranism
Graul believed in supremacy of Lutheranism over other Christian denominations.Anglicans in India especially on communion.[9]
Death
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Graul in 1864 qualified himself as a university lecturer in missiology at Erlangen. However, he died the same year even before taking up the position.[1]
Works
- Übersetzung von Dante Allghieri's Göttlicher Komödie; 1843. (Elektronischer Text auf www.dantealighieri.dk)
- Unterscheidungslehren der verschiedenen christlichen Bekenntnisse; 1845
- Die Ev.-Luth. Mission an die ev-luth. Kirche aller Lande; 1845
- Explanations concerning the principles of the Leipzig Society with regard to the Caste-Question; Madras 1851
- Reise nach Ostindien, 5 volumes; 1854–56
- Bibliotheca Tamulica sive Opera Praecipia Tamuliensium, 4 volumes
- Volume 1: Tamulische Schriften zur Erläuterung des Vedanta-Systems oder der rechtgläubigen Philosophie der Hindus. Übersetzung und Erklärung von Karl Graul. Leipzig 1854. (Digitalisat)
- Volume 2: Kaivaljanavanīta. A Vedanta Poem. The Tamil Text with a Translation and Glossary and Grammatical Notes. Leipzig/London 1855. (Digitalisat)
- Volume 3: Der Kural des Tiruvalluver. Ein gnomisches Gedicht über die drei Strebeziele des Menschen. Übersetzung und Erklärung von Karl Graul. Leipzig 1856. (Digitalisat)
- Volume 4: Kural of Tiruvalluver. High-Tamil Text with Translation into Common Tamil and Latin, Notes and Glossary. Leipzig 1865. (Digitalisat)
- Outline of Tamil Grammar; 1855
- Die christliche Kirche an der Schwelle des irenäischen Zeitalters; 1860
- Die Stellung der evangelisch-lutherischen Mission in Leipzig zur ostindischen Kastenfrage; 1861
- Über Stellung und Bedeutung der christlichen Missionen im Ganzen der Universitätswissentschaften; 1864
- Indische Sinnpflanzen und Blumen zur Kennzeichnung des indischen, vornehmlich tamulischen Geistes; 1864
See also
Sources
- Werner Raupp (Ed.): Mission in Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990 (ISBN 3-87214-238-0 / 3-88002-424-3), p. 336-343 (a) Stellung der evanglisch-lutherischen Mission in Leipzig zur ostindischen Kastenfrage, 1861, p. 1-22; b) Über Stellung und Bedeutung der christlichen Missionen im Ganzen der Universitätswissentschaften, 1864, p. 4-14).
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions p. 257
- ^ ADB:Graul, Karl at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
- ^ The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions p. 80
- ^ Sanjeevi, N. (1973). Bibliography on Tirukkural. In First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers. Chennai: University of Madras. pp. 146–147.
- ^ Werner Raupp, Mission in Quellentexten, 1990 (see above, Sources), p. 337.
- ^ Christianity and African Culture p.24
- ^ a b A History of Christianity in India p. 407
- ^ Christianity and African Culture p.23
- ^ A History of Christianity in India p. 396
References
- Anderson, Gerald (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.
- Fiedler, Klaus (1996). Christianity and African Culture. Brill. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-90-04-10497-6.
- Neill, Stephen (2002). A History of Christianity in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 396 and 407. ISBN 978-0-521-89332-9.
- Scherer, James. A. (1993). "The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions" (PDF). Missio Apostolica. 2: 71–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
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