Kumbakonam

Coordinates: 10°57′37″N 79°23′04″E / 10.960200°N 79.384500°E / 10.960200; 79.384500
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Kumbakonam
Kudandhai
City Municipal corporation
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
612001-6
Telephone code(91) 435
Vehicle registrationTN 68

Kumbakonam (formerly spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum),

Mahamaham festival
, which happens once in 12 years, attracting people from all over the country.

Kumbakonam dates back to the

Thanjavur Marathas. It rose to be a prominent town between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas. The city reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture; and it acquired the cultural name, the "Cambridge of South India
". In 1866, Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality, which today comprises 48 wards, making it the second largest local civil body in Thanjavur district. It became a municipal corporation on 24 August 2021.

Etymology

The name "Kumbakonam", roughly translated in English as the "Pot's Corner",

Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil.[8]

History

old map of a town
A 1955 map of Kumbakonam municipality and surrounding areas
Nageswaran Temple

The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age (third century BC to third century AD). The present-day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the

Gangas.[7]

Kumbakonam came into the limelight during the rule of the

Pazhaiyaarai, 8 km (5.0 mi) from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the ninth century.[13]

Following the decline of the Chola kingdom, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290.[14] Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century, Kumbakonam was conquered by the

demographics and culture of the region.[16][17][18][19][20] When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565, there was a mass influx of poets, musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom.[20][21]

a memorial with sculpture of children and parents
Kumbakonam school fire accident memorial

According to the chronicles of the Hindu monastic institution, the

Mysore.[4][22][23][24] When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion.[15][25] The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed.[15][25] Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity until the beginning of the 19th century.[25]
Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the
Tuticorin and Nagapattinam.[15] The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863.[28]

Kumbakonam continued to grow even after

stampede in which 48 people were killed and 74 were injured.[30][31] On 16 July 2004, a devastating fire accident in the Sri Krishna school killed 94 children.[32][33]

Geography

a river with a small brick structure in the middle
River Kaveri as viewed from bridge

Kumbakonam is located at 10°58′N 79°25′E / 10.97°N 79.42°E / 10.97; 79.42.

Cauvery River on the north and Arasalar River on the south.[7]

Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot, the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy

cereals and sugarcane.[45][46]

The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields. Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the

sedimentary topsoil.[49][50]

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 86.07%
Muslim
 
 9.57%
Christian
 
 3.99%
Sikh
 
 0.0%
Buddhist
 
 0.0%
Jain
 
 0.23%
Other
 
 0.13%

According to 2011 census, Kumbakonam had a population of 140,156 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[52] A total of 12,791 were under the age of six, constituting 6,495 males and 6,296 females. The average literacy of the town was 83.21%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[52] There were a total of 9,519 workers, comprising 32 cultivators, 83 main agricultural labourers, 1,206 in household industries, 7,169 other workers, 1,029 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 212 marginal workers in household industries and 0 other marginal workers.[53]

Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority, but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations.

Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz.[54] The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899.[61][62]

The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil-speaking. The commonly used dialects is the

Kannada[16][64] and Saurashtra as their mother tongue.[16][65][66]

slums with a population of 49,117.[68]

As per the religious census of 2011, Kumbakonam had 86.07%

Buddhists, 0.23% Jains, 0.13% following other religions and 0.% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[69]

Administration and Politics

Municipal Corporation

Municipality corporation officials
Mayor K.Saravanan(Congress) [70]
Corporation Commissioner M.Senthil Murugan[71][72]
Deputy Mayor Tamilazhagan(DMK)[73]
Elected members
Member of Legislative Assembly G. Anbalagan[74]
Member of Parliament S. Ramalingam [75]

The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866.[15][76] Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi) and its affairs were administered by a town-level committee or municipal committee.[76] Later it was constituted special-grade municipality[77] and currently, exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km2 (4.86 sq mi)[76] out of the town's total area of 64.02 km2 (24.72 sq mi).[67] It comprises 48 wards[76] and is the biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.[26] The town was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation on 24 August 2021, with an administration authority area of 42.9 km2 (16.6 sq mi).[78]

The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing.[79] All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[79] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 48 members, one each from each of the 48 wards.[76] The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson who is assisted by a deputy chairperson.[80]

Politics

Kumbakonam is a part of the

Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since.[81]

Law Enforcement

Law and order in Kumbakonam in maintained by the Thanjavur subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP).[97] There are four police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station.[98] There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[97] Suburban localities are under the jurisdiction of Swamimalai, Patteswarm, Nachiyarkovil, Tiruvidamarudhur, Thiruneelakudi police stations. Recently, the government has established one police station at Cholapuram by reorganizing Kumbakonam Taluk, Swamimalai and Thirupanandal Police station.

Economy

A man dyeing silk red in boiling water in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
A silk saree loom in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu

The important products of Kumbakonam include brass, bronze, copper and pewter vessels, silk and cotton cloths, sugar,

Thirubuvanam silk sarees.[99] Kumbakonam was also an important salt-manufacturing area during British rule.[103] The town lends its name to the Kumbakonam Degree Coffee, a blend of coffee prepared using undiluted pure milk.[104] In recent times, Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers.[15]

Apart from manufacturing, tourism is also a major source of income for the town. Many lodges and resorts from budget to high-end categories are functioning in Kumbakonam. The Hindu temples[105][106] and colonial-era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential.[107] The 12th-century Airavatesvara Temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.[108] Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios.[109] Banks such as the Axis Bank, Bank of Baroda,[110] IDBI Bank, State Bank of India,[110] Tamilnad Mercantile Bank,[110] Canara Bank,[110] Indian Bank,[110] Indian Overseas Bank,[110] Bank of India,[110] Union Bank of India,[110] Corporation Bank,[110] Lakshmi Vilas Bank,[110] ICICI Bank,[111] ING Vysya Bank,[112] Karur Vysya Bank,[110] Punjab National Bank,[110] Syndicate Bank[110] and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam. The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited and it is headquartered in the town.[113]

Utility services

Electricity supply to Kumbakonam is regulated and distributed by the Kumbakonam circle of

Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Power Substations are existing viz. Kumabakonam Urban 33/11 kV SS at Rajan Thottam, Kumbakonam Township (Nagariyam) 110 kV at Needamangalm Road, 110 kV SS at Sakottai and Patteswaram 230/110 kV. Water supply is provided by the Kumbakonam municipality from Cauvery river and Coleroon river; the distribution is managed through head works located at Valayapettai and Kudithangi, supplying 3,265 kl (863,000 US gal) of water to the town.[114] About 18 t (40,000 lb) of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 53% domestic wastes and 32% commercial wastes.[115] The collected wastes are dumped in yards outside the town and segregated to produce organic manure.[115] Kumbakonam municipality has partial underground drainage connectivity and the municipality is implementing the underground drainage to the uncovered areas.[116] The major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.[116] Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulate in a low-lying area.[116]

Kumbakonam comes under the Cauvery River Delta Area (CRDA) of the

broadband internet service.[117] Kumbakonam hosts the district headquarters hospital, Thanjavur District at Kumbakonam and Coronation Municipal Hospital, Melakaveri Urban Primary Health Centre, 34 private hospitals & clinics and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.[118]

Landmarks

Temples

Mahamaham tank
– one of the most prominent landmarks of the town
Main article:
Temples of Kumbakonam

Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas (monasteries). There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam.[26] Apart from these, there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets "Temple Town" and "City of temples".[119]

Nageswaraswamy Temple has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped Shiva at this place.[121] Adi Kumbeswarar temple, Nageswaraswamy temple and Kasi Viswanathar temple are Shiva temples in the town revered in the Tevaram, a Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the seventh to the eighth century.[122] Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the god Brahma.[123]

Mahamaham tank.[26][120][127] Over 40 lakh pilgrims participated in the festival during the 2016 event which is also known as the Southern Kumbha mela.[30] Govinda Dikshitar constructed the sixteen mandapams (shrines) and stone steps around this tank.[127][129]

Kumbakonam also has a number of mathas. The Sri Sankara matha of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of

Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam.[132]

The

Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur and the Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are collectively referred as the Great Living Chola Temples.[108]

Transport

railway line inside a station
Kumbakonam railway station (southern side)

Kumbakonam is connected by road and rail. The National highway

Puducherry, and Tirunelveli.[76] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)(SETC) operates daily services from Bengaluru and mysuru to Kumbakonam.[136] On 1 March 1972, the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu[137] with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu.[138] The organisation acquired the fleets of buses earlier owned by private operators – Sri Ramavilas Service, Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas.[137] On 1 July 1997, the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Kumbakonam and presently forms division no. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation.[137][138] The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re-threading unit in Kumbakonam.[138]

Kumbakonam is connected by rail with towns and cities in South India. The

Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram and Mayiladuthurai.[139] The upgrading of NH 36 from two-lane to four-line is under progress, which upon completion will greatly reduce to time of travel to Thanjavur and Chennai.[140]

The traditional modes of transportation are

ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery.[142] Till the beginning of the 20th century, students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries to attend college.[142] Since the construction of a bridge in 1944,[143] the practice of transporting men and goods by coracles has greatly diminished.[142]

Education

campus of a college with shaded trees
Government Arts College, Kumbakonam

The

Cambridge Wrangler, who, along with T. Gopala Rao, was instrumental in its elevation to a government college.[148] He is also credited with framing the college's acclaimed educational policy.[150] In 1881, it became a full-fledged college and high school courses ceased to be taught.[150] Notable faculty members included U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942)[151] while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (1869–1946), an Indian politician and administrator, are its notable alumni.[148] The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963[152][153] and had a total strength of 2,597 pupils in February 2006.[154] The college offers various undergraduate courses and one post-graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University.[154] Other colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Annai College of Arts and Science, Annai Engineering College, Mass College, Sankara Arts college, PRIST University Kumbakonam Campus, Government College Of Fine Arts and Arasu Engineering College, KSK Engineering college, As Slam Engineering college at nearby Thirumanglakudi.[155] The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where disciplines of Engineering(electronics and communication Engineering & computer science Engineering), arts and sciences are taught.[155]

The Native High School, founded in 1876,[156] and the Town Higher Secondary School, one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan, were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency.[157] At present, there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam.[155]

Notes

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References

Further reading

  • Students' Britannica India, Volume 1. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p. 259.
    ISBN 0852297602
    .

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kumbakonam.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kumbakonam.
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