Magnesium (medical use)
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Formula | Mg+2 |
Molar mass | 24.305 g·mol−1 |
Magnesium salts are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat
Usually in lower dosages, magnesium is commonly included in
In 2021, it was the 313th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 300,000 prescriptions[1][2] and magnesium salts were the 211th most commonly prescribed medication, with more than 2 million prescriptions.[1][3]
Medical uses
- As a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma.[4]
- Obstetrics:
Side effects
More common side effects from magnesium include upset stomach and diarrhea, and calcium deficiency if calcium levels are already low.[7]
Application of magnesium in orthopedic
Magnesium metal, as a biodegradable metal, has recently been considered for the construction of stents and biomedical implants[8][9][10]
Overdose
Overdose of magnesium (
Magnesium overdose can be counteracted by administering calcium gluconate.[12]
Types of preparations
- Magnesium deficiency treatment:
- Laxative
- Misc
- dyspepsia.
- Magnesium carbonate: Antacid
- Magnesium hydroxide: Antacid
- Multiple applications
- Magnesium sulfate: It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
In practice, magnesium is given in a
Magnesium is absorbed orally at about 30% bioavailability from any water soluble salt, such as magnesium chloride or magnesium citrate. The citrate is the least expensive soluble (high bioavailability) oral magnesium salt available in supplements, with 100 mg and 200 mg magnesium typically contained per capsule, tablet or 50 mg/mL in solution.[29]
Magnesium aspartate, chloride, lactate, citrate and glycinate each have bioavailability 4 times greater than the oxide form and are equivalent to each other per amount of magnesium, though not in price.[30][31]
The ligand of choice for large-scale manufacturers of multivitamins and minerals containing magnesium is the
Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is soluble in water. It is commonly used as a laxative, owing to the poor absorption of the sulfate component. In lower doses, they may be used as an oral magnesium source, however.
Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is generally in the form of magnesium sulfate solution. Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is completely bioavailable, and effective. It is used in severe hypomagnesemia and eclampsia.
Research
Research on
Studies have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.[4]
References
- ^ a b "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Magnesium - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Magnesium Salts - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ PMID 16002955.
- S2CID 33483604.
- PMID 25126773.
- ^ a b c Ehrlich SD (17 June 2011). "Magnesium". at University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMCb. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011.
- ^ Zhao, J.; Haowei, M.; Saberi, A.; Heydari, Z.; Baltatu, M.S. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Encapsulated Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites to Improve Mechanical, Degradation and Antibacterial Performances for Biomedical Device Applications. Coatings 2022, 12, 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101589
- ^ Zhang, H.; Saberi, A.; Heydari, Z.; Baltatu, M.S. Bredigite-CNTs Reinforced Mg-Zn Bio-Composites to Enhance the Mechanical and Biological Properties for Biomedical Applications. Materials 2023, 16, 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041681
- ^ Saberi, A.; Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R.; Abazari, S.; Ismail, A.F.; Sharif, S.; Ramakrishna, S.; Daroonparvar, M.; Berto, F. A Comprehensive Review on Surface Modifications of Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implant Alloy: Polymer Coatings Opportunities and Challenges. Coatings 2021, 11, 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070747
- ^ "Health Risks from Excessive Magnesium". Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
- PMID 18408392.
- ^ "Magnesium Aspartate HCl Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Carbonate Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Chloride Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Gluconate". MedlinePlus.
- ^ "Magnesium Glycinate Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Lactate Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Mg-Orotate Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Oxide Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Carbonate - an overview". ScienceDirect.
- ^ "Magnesium Citrate Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Citrate". MedlinePlus.
- ^ "Magnesium Citrate - an overview". ScienceDirect.
- ^ "Magnesium Hydroxide Oral". WebMD.
- ^ "Magnesium Oxide". MedlinePlus.
- ^ "Health Benefits of Magnesium Oxide". WebMD.
- ^ "BARIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE 4. First Aid Measures". Jtbaker.com. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ "Rougier Pharma Citro Mag Laxatif/purgatif – CTC Health". ctchealth.ca. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- PMID 11794633.
- PMID 2407766.
- ^ Rath L. "Why Take an Epsom Salts Bath?". WebMD.