Calcium gluconate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Calcium gluconate
Clinical data
PronunciationKAL-see-um GLUE-koe-nate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
topical
ATC code
) (Parenteral)
Identifiers
  • calcium (2R,3S,4R,5R)- 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
JSmol)
Melting point120 °C (248 °F) (decomposes)
Solubility in waterslowly soluble
  • [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO
  • InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Ca/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
  • Key:NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-IYEMJOQQSA-L

Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of gluconic acid and is used as a

injection into a muscle.[1]

Side effects when injected include

kidney stones.[3] At normal doses, use is regarded as safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.[1][4] Calcium gluconate is made by mixing gluconic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.[5]

Calcium gluconate came into medical use in the 1920s.

generic medication.[2][8]

Production

Calcium gluconate is produced commercially through three main methods. These three methods are: chemical oxidation of glucose with a hypochlorite solution, electrolytic oxidation of a glucose solution containing a known value of bromide, and a fermentation process where specific microorganisms are grown in a medium containing glucose and various other ingredients.[9]

Medical uses

Low blood calcium

10% calcium gluconate solution (given

w/v). Therefore, if the hypocalcemia is acute and severe, calcium chloride
is given instead.

High blood potassium

Calcium gluconate is used as a cardioprotective agent in people with

electrocardiogram (ECG) shows changes due to high blood potassium.[2]

Though it does not have an effect on potassium levels in the blood, it reduces the excitability of

cardiac arrhythmias.[12]

Magnesium sulfate overdose

It is also used to counteract an overdose of Epsom salts

deep tendon reflexes (hyporeflexia
).

Hydrofluoric acid burns

Main article: Hydrofluoric acid burn
A tube of calcium gluconate gel

hypocalcemia.[16]

Cardiac arrest

While intravenous calcium has been used in

calcium channel blocker overdose.[1] There is the potential that general use could worsen outcomes.[1] If calcium is used, calcium chloride is generally the recommended form.[1]

Side effects

Calcium gluconate side effects include

cardiac arrhythmias, decreased blood pressure, and bradycardia. Extravasation of calcium gluconate can lead to cellulitis. Intramuscular injections may lead to local necrosis and abscess formation.[17]

It is also reported that this form of calcium increases renal plasma flow, urine production, sodium excretion,[18][19] glomerular filtration rate,[20] and prostaglandin E2 and F1-alpha levels.[21]

Society and culture

  • Shortages of medical calcium gluconate were reported in November 2012 and November 2015 in the United States.[11][22]
  • Historically, intravenous calcium gluconate was used as an antidote for black widow spider envenomation, often in conjunction with muscle relaxants.[23] This therapy, however, has since been shown to be ineffective.[24][25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Calcium Salts". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780857111562
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 9789241547659
    .
  4. ^ "Calcium gluconate Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  5. ISBN 9781118406304. Archived
    from the original on 18 September 2017.
  6. ISBN 9783034882453. Archived
    from the original on 18 September 2017.
  7. hdl:10665/325771
    . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ "Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  9. PMID 24039465
    .
  10. PMID 4288031
    .
  11. ^ a b Miller D, Faine B (December 2013). "The Calcium Quandary". Emergency Physicians Monthly. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  12. PMID 16572868
    .
  13. S2CID 3079436
    .
  14. PMID 2741315
    .
  15. S2CID 3691306
    .
  16. OCLC 830669119
    .
  17. PMID 11296202
    .
  18. PMID 2632708
    .
  19. PMID 8514034
    .
  20. PMID 8440439
    .
  21. PMID 2404858
    .
  22. ^ "FDA Drug Shortages". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  23. ISBN 978-1-5062-0201-3
    .
  24. PMID 22058673
    .
  25. PMID 1351707
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_gluconate&oldid=1216008127"