Mani Madhava Chakyar
Nāṭyācārya Govt. of India Emeritus Fellowship Sammanam1982: Kalidasa Academy Fellowship 1983: Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship 1987: Tulsi Samman 1991: Guruvayoorappan |
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Known as "the Emperor of
He was the first one to take Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu outside the precincts of the temples of Kerala to all over India and to impart training in Kudiyattam to non-
He was a Sanskrit scholar and was used to give lectures and talks in Sanskrit.He is the author of Nātyakalpadrumam – an encyclopaedic treatise on all aspects of Koodiyattam. He was a Fellow of national art academies including Sangeet Natak Akademi[9] and recipient of coveted titles like "Nātyāchārya", "Vidūshakaratnam" and awards including Padma Shri and Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.
Early life and education
Mani Madhava Chakyar was born on 15 February 1899, in his ancestral home at Thiruvangayoor near Karayad,near
He trained in Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam in traditional way, under the direct guidance of his uncles who were great scholars and masters of these art forms. They were Guru Māni Parameswara Chakyar, Guru Māni Neelakandha Chakyar and Guru Māni Narayana Chakyar.[4] He belonged to the "Mani" tradition of Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu which gives importance to both Rasa-abhinaya and Vachika-abhinaya.[citation needed]
Chakyar was a
His first performance (Arangettam) of Koodiyattam was at the age of 14 at Trikkaikkunnu Temple of North Kottayam of
He married P. K. Kunjimalu Nangiaramma, the daughter of his uncle, Mani Parameshwara Chakyar. She was an exponent in female characters of Kudiyattams and
Master of Rasa-Abhinaya
He is considered as the all-time great master of Rasa-abhinaya (enacting sentiments in their perfection) with special reference to Netrābhinaya (enacting sentiments, etc. through the beautiful and masterly movements of eyes only). He was exceptionally well in the field of Satwika-Abhinaya. He is considered as "one of the most wonderful theatre actors of the last century".[11]
He was known for his roles ( which has importance of Satvika-Abhinaya in Koodiyattams ) like Ravana (Katti vesha), Arjuna (Pacha vesha), Udayana (Pacha vesha), Jeemootavahana (Pazhukka vesha) etc.[12]
His abhinaya of Kailasoddhārana (lifting of
enriched with the Netrabinaya and Pakarnnaattam – Abhinaya (actor playing the role of another or more than one character shifting constantly without changing costume), were widely acclaimed.He was known for the abhinaya of the slokas like "sikhinishalabham.." of the play Subhadradhananjayam by playing it with mere eyes. He was able to act in detail the
Reforming the art form
In 1949 he performed Chakyar Koothu for All India Radio, which was the first time the art was performed outside Koothambalam. In 1955, under his leadership, Kutiyattam was performed outside the temple for the first time[4] in his village at Killikkurussimangalam. For performing the art forms outside the temples he faced lot of objections from the Chakyar community.[17] In an interview, he remembered
My own people condemned my action (performing Koothu and Kutiyattam outside the precincts of the temples), Once, after I had given performances at Vaikom, they even thought about excommunicating me. I desired that this art should survive the test of time. That was precisely why I ventured outside the temple.[18]
In 1962, under the leadership of V. Raghavan- an art and Sanskrit scholar - Sanskrit Ranga of Madras invited Chakyar to perform Kutiyattam there. This was the first time Kutiyattam was performed outside Kerala by his troupe.[19][20]
[21]
They performed at Madras on three nights, showing Kutiyattam scenes from three plays: Abhiṣeka, Subhadrādhanañjaya and Nāgānda.[22]
Chakyar's performance made great impact on the people and art critics so that the artform and Chakyar himself became known outside Kerala.
After Chakyar's first tour to New Delhi, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1964 for his contributions to Chakyar Koothu and Kutiyattam. This was his first national recognition.[citation needed]
He performed Kudiyattam all over India and popularised the same. He along with his troop did Koodiyattam performance in places like
]The President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, invited him to perform Kutiyattam at Rashtrapati Bhavan in 1964 and was impressed by his exceptional acting skill. His Kutiyattam performances, lectures and demonstrations at well-known centres such as the Madras Music Academy, the International Centre for Kathakali in New Delhi, the Experimental Theatre in New Delhi and Bombay and the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Bombay brought him wide popularity and recognition.[citation needed]
He choreographed and directed acts of the plays like
When his guru, Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran, wrote a new Sanskrit champu prabandha called
He performed Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam for
Teaching
He is considered the greatest guru of Kutiyattam of the modern times, producing many accomplished disciples.
When Kerala Kalamandalam (a school for the performing arts) was founded by Vallathol Narayana Menon, he invited authority of Rasa-abhinaya, Mani Madhava Chakyar as the master trainer for Rasa-abhinaya to the Kathakali students. Later Kathakali Yogam- Katathandu, Kerala Kalamandalam, PSV Natyasangham- Kottakkal and Gandhi Seva Sadanam Kathakali Academy- Perur used his services as visiting professor of Rasa-abhinaya and taught advanced students in Kathakali and Kutiyattam.[29][30][31]
He is known as "the master who gave eyes to Kathakali". His influence on the classical performing arts of Kerala is famous. Many Koodiyattam, Kathakali, Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam artists were trained by this great master.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Kathakali artists including legendary Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair, Guru Kelu Nair, Guru Anand Shivram, Guru Kalamandalam Madhavan, Guru Gopinath, Sadanam Krishnankutty are his disciples.[40][41][42][43][44]
Guru, who was an eminent teacher and performer opened a Gurukulam (training centre) in 1982 for teaching Kutiyattam, Chakyar Koothu, Nangyar Koothu and related art forms at Killikkurussimangalam (Lakkidi).[45][46] After Guru's death it was named as Padmasree Mani Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Gurukulam in memory of the Guru. This institution still keeps its tradition and plays a major role in Kutiyattam teaching, revival and performance.[25]
Guru, who had dedicated his life to Kutiyattam was concerned about the fate of this classical art form. Māni Mādhava Chākyār's conversation with famous Bharatanatyam dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale, when she visited Guru at his residence a year before his death, reflects his anxiety[47]
At least Bharatanatyam is now world famous, with thousands of new votaries. What about Koodiyattam?.....I have done what I can. It has not been easy. One has to sacrifice a lot to learn Koodiyattam. How many persons will be ready for it these days? Will there be an audience capable of imbibing it?
Awards and honours
Mani Madhava Chakyar received many titles, awards and degrees. He is one of the most felicitated artist from Kerala. His first major recognition came from HH Bhattan Thampuran[48] (Bhatta Raja) of Kodungallur Kovilakam himself at the age of 22. Bhattan Thampuran awarded him with a Mudramothiram (signed ring) (1921). Mani Madhava Chakyar considered this Mudramothiram as the prestigious award that he ever got.[49]
He received the most prestigious sacred Vīrasringhala or Veerashringhala (It's a kind of Golden Bracelet, given to the greatest artist/scholar of that era) from
He was honoured with ponnada (a kind of silk cloth given as a gesture of honour and respect) from Maharani (
In 1930, he was awarded the title Nātyāchārya (Guru of
Government of India conferred Padma Shri (1974) and Emeritus Fellowship (1982) on him. He was conferred by an honorary degree from Banaras Hindu University in 1964.
He has received major National and International Awards and Fellowships such as
- 1964 – Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (New Delhi)[52]- first national recognition for a Koodiyattam/Chakyar Koothu artist.
- 1964 – PaderewskiFoundation (New York) Certificate of Merit – first international recognition for Koodiyattam.
- 1974 – Padma Shri[53]
- 1975 – Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award – for the book Nātyakalpadrumam
- 1975 – Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship[54]
- 1982 – Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (New Delhi)[55]
- 1982 – Government of India Emeritus Fellowship[56]
- 1982 – Kalidasa Academy Fellowship ( Ratna Sadasyata ) (1982)
- 1983 – Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship
- 1987 – Tulsi Samman of Govt. of Madhya Pradesh[57][58][59][60][61]
- 1991 – Guruvayoor Devaswam Award etc.[62]
He was the first Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam artist to receive these.
He has received numerous Honours and Certificates from distinguished institutions and individuals such as Akhila Bharata Sanskrit Sammelan (World Sanskrit Conference) – New Delhi, Samskrita Ranga – Chennai, Fifth World Sanskrit Conference –
Even though Guru Mani Madhava Chakkiyar received lot of national recognitions art critics widely believe that he truly deserved a lot more and recognitions came very late. ..I felt angry when I learnt that a great artist like Mani Madhava Chakyar was awarded a mere Padma Shri. A man of his artistic genius and erudition deserved to be decorated with the highest state honour (Bharat Ratna
Publications
He has written an authoritative, award-winning book (in Malayalam) on Koodiyattam called Nātyakalpadrumam (1975).[66] This work is being used as a reference by scholars and students. Natyakalpadrumam deals with all aspects of Koodiyattam in a scientific and critical manner. This book is considered the encyclopaedia of Koodiyattam.[21] It won the prestigious Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award (1976).[67] This book is translated into Hindi by Sangeet Natak Akademi of New Delhi.[68][69][70]
One of his other book is Matha Vilasam (Mattavilasam 1968), the choreography and play part ( actor's manual – Attaprakara) used in Mattavilasaprahasana Kudiyattam.[71] He wrote the Attaprakaras of Abhijñānaśākuntala, Swapnavāsavadatta, Vikramorvaśīya, Mālavikāgnimitra, Pancharātra and Nagananda (Not published).
His biography (in Malayalam), Mani Madhaveeyam (1999) was published by Department of Cultural Affairs Publications of the Government of Kerala.[72][73] The book gives the picture of astonishing accomplishing and momentous life of the Guru. It gives an excellent account of his struggles and his lifelong devotion towards the art form. The book includes Guru's memoirs of his illustrious stage life spanning about 80 golden years. Book contains a lot of rare photos giving us an insight to maestro's both personal and theatre life.
Guru has written articles in various journals
Films and documentaries
There are several films and documentaries featuring Chakyar's Rasa-Abhinaya, Koodiyattam performances and life.
- Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work (1994, English, Kavalam Narayana Panikar,[76] Central Sangeet Natak Academy, New Delhi) is a biographical film on the life and work of Chakyar.[14][77] The film contains an interview with Chakyar where he explains the difficulty he had to face from hardliners when he took the traditional art forms outside temple for the first time in 1949. The film contains a session focussed on Rasa abhinaya by Chakyar, where he enacts various Rasas.
- Parvati Viraham: Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana (1993, English, Central Sangeet Natak Academy, New Delhi) features Chakyar as Ravana in the Pārvatī Viraham (separation of Pārvatī) in Koodiyattam form. It shows the Pārvatī Viraham part of the Ascharyachodamani Kutiyattam and includes the Pakarnnattam abhinaya.[14]
- Kutiyattam - Sanskrit Theater of India[82] (2002, English, Multimedia CD, Farley Richmond (University of Georgia), The University of Michigan Press, USA) contains rare videos of Chakyar's Rasa Abhinaya including glimpses of his Netrabhinaya.[83] The CD also contains the audios of recital of Shlokas and play parts by him.
- Kudiattam (1986, Hindi, Prakash Jha, India)[84] features Chakyar's abhinaya and shows him explaining the concepts of Kutiyattam and its abhinaya techniques. It also features him teaching etc. This film has won Indian government's National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film (1987).
- Mani Madhava Chakkiar (1977, English, Classic Films)[85] is a documentary film about Chakyar. It shows his Abhinaya in different Kutiyattams, his Chakyar Koothu performance etc. It also gives a picture of his personal life.
- Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar (2009, Malayalam, Krishnan Unni, Govt. of Kerala)[86] is a documentary about the guru. This project is by Information and Public Relations Dept. of Govt. of Kerala as part of capturing the eminent personalities in Kerala and to highlight their contribution to the State.[87]
- Prahladacharitham Chakyar Koothu (1986, audio, Harisree Audios, Kerala) features Chakyar Koothu performance of the prabandha Prahlādacharita, giving a glimpse into Chakyar's ability in narration and recital. It is unique because he did not perform Prahlādacharita after the death of his guru, Thampuran, in 1964, except for this recording.
Many of his Koodiyattam, Chakyar Koothu performances, demonstrations, interviews etc. were documented by
Death and legacy
Chakyar died at the age of 90 on 14 January 1990 in a private hospital at
His birth and death anniversaries are celebrated by various cultural programmes, commemorative sessions and Kutiyattam festivals by various cultural organisations and institutes.[25][88][89][90]
He is one of the most felicitated artist from Kerala and was the first recipient of all major awards for Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam. Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi's annual Koodiyattam Award is known as Maani Madhava Puraskaram[91] as a tribute to him.
Many of Chakyar's films are still screened regularly at art theatres across and outside India.[92][93][94] His Kutiyattam and Chakyar Koothu performances and other documentaries are broadcast from major Doordarshan and All India Radio stations regularly (Guru himself had initiated performance of these art forms for these media for the first time).[citation needed]
Art and cultural festivals are organised by various associations as a dedication to Chakyar regularly.[95]
See also
- Thulall
Notes
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- ^ enacting different sentiments, etc. through the beautiful and masterly movements of eyes only
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- ^ a b Dr. V Raghavan, p.21 Archived 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Natya, Bharatiya Natya Sangh, 1962.
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Further reading
- Sruti- India's premier Music and Dance magazine, Chennai, August 1990 issue (71) dedicated to the Guru
- L.S. Rajagopal, The Wizard of Eyes, Journal of Madras Music Academy, 1974
- ISBN 978-81-240-0011-3.
- K. K. Gopalakrishnan, Eyes that conveyed myriad moods (Art/Dance), "The Hindu", 12 January 2012
- Natyacharya Mani Madhava Chakyar, Attendance – The Dance Annual of India 2009
- Vijay Shankar, Mani Madhava Chakyar, Bhavan's Journal, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, v.30, p. 67, 16 June 1984
- Chākyār, Māni Mādhava (1991). Nātyakalpadrumam(in Hindi). Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi.
- Narayanan, Dr. Akavoor. Arangaaliyavar (in Malayalam). Poorna Publications, Kozhikode.
- collection of articles (2005). Manjusha – A tribute to Mani Madhava Chakyar (in Malayalam). Mani Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Gurukulam, Killikkurussimangalam.
- ISBN 978-81-7180-858-8.
- ISBN 978-81-86365-78-6.
External links
- Kutiyattam: Sanskrit Theater of India (Multimedia CD) by Dr.Farley Richmond (It contains rare video collections of Rasa Abhinaya and Netrabhinaya by the maestro)
- Kathak maestro Birju Maharaj on top Indian dancers
- Chakkiar, Mani Madhava at the British Film Institute
- video clip: Kutiyattam – Natyacharya Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana on YouTube