Nepenthes spathulata
Nepenthes spathulata | |
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A lower pitcher of Nepenthes spathulata | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Caryophyllales |
Family: | Nepenthaceae |
Genus: | Nepenthes |
Species: | N. spathulata
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Binomial name | |
Nepenthes spathulata Danser (1935)[2] | |
Synonyms | |
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Nepenthes spathulata
Botanical history
One of the first collections of N. spathulata was made by Maurits Anne Lieftinck. The specimen Lieftinck 11 was collected in January 1935[note a] on Mount Tanggamus near Lampung, Sumatra, at an altitude of 2000 m.[5]
Nepenthes spathulata was
The next major taxonomic treatment of N. spathulata came only in 1986, when
On Mount Dempo, Mike Hopkins, Ricky Maulder and Bruce Salmon found what they believed to be a new species of Nepenthes. They published an account of their discovery in a 1990 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. It reads:[3]
We headed back up the line and went to G. Dempo as we wanted to climb at least one unknown mountain. On this mountain, we found a new species related to the highland Sumatran species by its leaf shape, stem shape and inflorescence, but its upper pitchers are slightly similar to N. alata from the Philippines. We gave the name N. 'dempoensis' after the mountain from which it originated.
The name N. dempoensis is a nomen nudum and the taxon is now considered conspecific with N. spathulata.[5][8][9]
In 1997, the genus Nepenthes was revised in its entirety by
In 2004, a
Description
Nepenthes spathulata is a climbing plant. The stem may grow to a height of 5 m but is only up to 8 mm in diameter. Internodes are up to 15 cm long and cylindrical to angular or rhomboid in cross section.[5]
Leaves are
Rosette and lower pitchers gradually or abruptly arise from the end of the tendril. The pitcher cup is ovoid in the lower third to two-thirds, becoming cylindrical and somewhat narrower above. N. spathulata probably produces the largest pitchers of the Sumatran Nepenthes species; they may be up to 30 cm high and 10 cm wide. A pair of fringed wings (≤25 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher. The
Upper pitchers are infrequently produced. They are narrowly ovoid in the lowermost quarter to third of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical above. They are much smaller than lower pitchers, only reaching 15 cm in height and 3 cm in width. The mouth is approximately round and is not elongated into a neck. It has an oblique insertion. The peristome is also much thinner (≤7 mm wide) and is often undulate at the margins. Two pronounced ribs are present in place of wings. In other aspects of morphology, upper pitchers are similar to their terrestrial counterparts.[5]
Nepenthes spathulata has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 5 cm long. The rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although it is shorter in female inflorescences. Pedicels are up to 10 mm long and have a filiform bracteole. Sepals are obovate to oblong in shape and up to 4 mm long.[5]
Inflorescences have a dense indumentum of short hairs. Developing pitchers are also densely covered with short hairs, but most of these are caducous. The stem, lamina and tendrils are virtually glabrous.[5]
The stem and lamina are green. Lower pitchers range in colour from light green with a dark purple peristome to yellowish-bronze with a bright red peristome.[5]
Ecology
Nepenthes spathulata is native to the islands of
Plants growing in
Related species
The closest relative of N. spathulata appears to be N. singalana. It differs from this species in having a peristome that is contracted towards the front and very wide at the sides. In addition, it has less prominent peristome ribs and shorter teeth than N. singalana.[5] N. spathulata has an ovate lid, compared to the orbicular operculum of N. singalana. Furthermore, N. spathulata has fewer glands on the lower surface of the lid and they are concentrated near the centre.[10]
In Jambi, the ranges of both species overlap, as the southernmost populations of N. singalana meet the northernmost populations of N. spathulata. Of particular note are plants growing on Mount Masurai, which appear intermediate in form between these two species and cannot be definitively assigned to either. These plants exhibit significant morphological variability, particularly in the development of the peristome, with some resembling N. singalana and others N. spathulata. Clarke writes that it "is possible that one taxon blends into the other in this region".[5]
Nepenthes spathulata is also allied to
The herbarium specimens Junghuhn 274 and Junghuhn 275, which were labelled as N. junghuhnii by John Muirhead Macfarlane, have pitchers that resemble those of N. spathulata (as well as N. bongso and N. singalana). However, the poorly known N. junghuhnii is easily distinguished from these species on the basis of its strongly petiolate leaf bases.[5]
The upper pitchers of N. spathulata, which are ovoid in the lower part and cylindrical above, distinguish it from other related species such as N. bongso and N. ovata.[5]
In 2001, Clarke performed a
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Natural hybrids
Natural hybrids involving N. spathulata are relatively rare, as few other species grow sympatrically with it. Seven putative hybrids have been recorded to date, at least three of which are known from a unique highland
N. mirabilis × N. spathulata
Nepenthes mirabilis × N. spathulata is one of the hybrids recorded from the Lake Kerinci peat swamp. The parent species are not known to be sympatric at any other location and so this hybrid is unlikely to occur elsewhere. The pitchers of N. mirabilis × N. spathulata are reddish-brown with dark speckles and a bright yellowish-red peristome. It differs from N. mirabilis in its wider peristome, which bears distinct teeth and more pronounced ribs. From N. spathulata, it differs in having chartaceous, sub-spathulate leaves, usually with fimbriate margins.[5]
N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata
Nepenthes reinwardtiana × N. spathulata is also known solely from the peat swamp near Lake Kerinci. Like N. mirabilis × N. spathulata, this hybrid is unlikely to occur anywhere else. The lower pitchers are infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming ovoid up to the hip, and cylindrical above. A pair of narrow wings, which may or may not be fringed, run down the front of the pitcher. Upper pitchers are more elongated and less ovoid, with no wings or fringe elements. The peristome is flattened and only slightly expanded. The lid is large and sub-orbicular in shape. The leaves are linear-lanceolate in shape, slightly decurrent towards the base, and have a sessile attachment.[5]
Other hybrids
A third N. spathulata hybrid with
Notes
- a.^ Lieftinck explored Mount Tanggamus between January 1 and January 2, 1935,[24][25] and must have collected N. spathulata during this time.
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Danser, B.H. 1935. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 13: 465–469.
- ^ 19(1–2): 19–28.
- ^ Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ a b McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes spathulata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
- ^ a b c Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ Boediwardhana, W. 2006. Malang hosts Indonesia's first exhibition of insectivorous plants. The Jakarta Post, March 6, 2006.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes adrianii. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Tanaman Kantong Semar di Ambang Kepunahan. Pikiran Rakyat, November 20, 2006.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Wresti, M.C. 2007. Suska, Menyelamatkan Nepenthes[permanent dead link]. Kompas, January 8, 2007.
- ^ Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Archived 2012-07-08 at archive.today. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
- Trubus Info Kit: Nepenthes. PT Trubus Swadaya, Depok.
- ^ Bourke, G. 2012. "Species Profile – Nepenthes "adrianii"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2013-01-03. Captive Exotics Newsletter 2(1): 4.
- ^ Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
- ^
- Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Akhriadi, P., Hernawati, A. Primaldhi & M. Hambali 2009. Nepenthes naga, a new species of Nepenthaceae from Bukit Barisan of Sumatra Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Reinwardtia 12(5): 339–342.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.
- ^ a b (in Indonesian) Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lieftinck, M.A. 1935. De sneeuwkoningin van Tanggamoes. Gedenkboek Dr J. P. Thysse, De Levende Natuur 1935, pp. 167–169.
- ^ van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., et al. 2006. Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: Maurits Anne Lieftinck. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
Further reading
- Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
- (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840.
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490.
- (in Indonesian) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat. [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156. Cover