Nepenthes tentaculata
| Nepenthes tentaculata | |
|---|---|
| |
| A climbing plant with upper pitchers from Mount Kinabalu | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Nepenthaceae |
| Genus: | Nepenthes |
| Species: | N. tentaculata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nepenthes tentaculata | |
Nepenthes tentaculata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz tɛnˌtækjʊˈlɑːtə/, or the fringed pitcher-plant,[3] is a tropical pitcher plant with a wide distribution across Borneo and Sulawesi. It grows at altitudes of 400–2550 m.[4]
The
Botanical history
Nepenthes tentaculata was formally described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1873 monograph, "Nepenthaceae",[2] based on specimens collected by Thomas Lobb in 1853.[3]
In subsequent years, N. tentaculata was featured in a number of publications by eminent botanists such as
John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph included a revised description and illustration of the species.[13] Macfarlane also wrote about N. tentaculata in the Journal of the Linnean Society in 1914.[14]
An emended Latin diagnosis
Two
- Nepenthes tentaculata var. imberbis Becc. (1886)
- Nepenthes tentaculata var. tomentosa Macfarl. (1908)[13]
Description
Nepenthes tentaculata is a climbing plant. The stem may reach a length of 3 m and is up to 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are circular to triangular in cross section and up to 10 cm long.[16]
The leaves of this species are
The pitchers of N. tentaculata are generally quite small, rarely exceeding 15 cm in height.[3] However, in exceptional specimens they may be up to 30 cm high by 8 cm wide. Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the basal third and cylindrical above. Upper pitchers are more cylindrical throughout. A pair of fringed wings runs down the front of lower pitchers, while in upper pitchers these are often reduced to ribs. The pitcher mouth is usually ovate, becoming acute at the front and rear. Its insertion very oblique. The peristome is roughly cylindrical in cross section and up to 5 mm wide. It bears small ribs and its inner margin is lined with tiny teeth.[16] The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 57% of its total cross-sectional surface length.[17] The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and typically obtuse. Often, numerous filiform appendages are present on the upper surface of the lid, concentrated near the edge.[16] However, some forms of the species lack these structures altogether.[3]
Nepenthes tentaculata has a
Nepenthes tentaculata has no indumentum (hairs); all parts of the plant are glabrous.[16]
Ecology
Nepenthes tentaculata has a wide distribution that covers Borneo and Sulawesi. It is particularly widespread in the former, where it has been recorded from almost every mountain exceeding 1000 m.[16] It usually grows at altitudes of between 1200 and 2550 m above sea level.[3] However, on coastal mountains such as Mount Silam in Sabah and Mount Santubong in Sarawak, N. tentaculata has been found at elevations as low as 740 m,[3] and sometimes even down to 400 m.[4]
The species typically inhabits
The
Related species
Nepenthes tentaculata belongs to what has been called the "Hamata group", which also includes four other closely related species from Borneo and Sulawesi: N. glabrata, N. hamata, N. muluensis, and N. murudensis.[22] More recently, N. nigra has joined this group of related taxa.[23]
Nepenthes tentaculata is most easily confused with N. muluensis. The lower pitchers of these species are almost identical, but those of N. muluensis have a rounder mouth. The climbing stem, growth habit and leaves are also similar, although N. muluensis usually has a narrower lamina. However, the upper pitchers of N. muluensis are distinctive; they usually have a white lid, a round mouth, and their wings are either greatly reduced or absent altogether.[16]
Nepenthes tentaculata is also similar to N. murudensis, which is often described as resembling a giant form of the species.[3][16] Nepenthes murudensis differs in lacking filiform hairs on the upper surface of the lid, being more robust in all respects, and having a dense indumentum on inflorescences and some vegetative parts.[16][24][25] However, a number of populations of N. tentaculata from northern Sarawak produce pitchers exceeding 20 cm in height and these may be very similar in appearance to N. murudensis.[16] Nepenthes murudensis also differs in that its aerial pitchers lack wings. Although N. tentaculata is variable in this respect, plants from Mount Murud usually produce upper pitchers with wings.[20]
Natural hybrids
The following natural hybrids involving N. tentaculata have been recorded.
- N. burbidgeae × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. fusca × N. tentaculata[26]
- N. glabrata × N. tentaculata[4]
- N. hamata × N. tentaculata[4]
- ? N. lowii × N. tentaculata[25]
- N. macrovulgaris × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. maxima × N. tentaculata[27]
- N. × sarawakiensis][16]
- N. nigra × N. tentaculata[23]
- N. pitopangii × N. tentaculata[28]
- N. rajah × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata[4] [=?N. murudensis][16]
- N. stenophylla × N. tentaculata[16]
Nepenthes × sarawakensis
The natural hybrid N. muluensis × N. tentaculata was described as
| Taxon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Specimen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. muluensis | - | + | ++ | + | + | - | 3+ | - | Jumaat 2400 |
| N. tentaculata | + | + | - | ± | - | + | - | - | Jumaat 2392 |
| N. × sarawakiensis | + | + | + | + | + | + | 3+ | - | |
| N. × sarawakiensis (in vitro) | + | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | - | |
| Key: 1: Phenolic acid, 2: Ellagic acid, 3: Quercetin, 4: Kaempferol, 5: Luteolin, 6: 'Unknown Flavonoid 1', 7: 'Unknown Flavonoid 3', 8: Cyanidin
±: very weak spot, +: weak spot, ++: strong spot, 3+: very strong spot, -: absent | |||||||||
In 2002,
Phenolic acid, 'Unknown Flavonoid 1' and cyanidin were undetected in N. muluensis, while N. tentaculata lacked quercetin, luteolin, 'Unknown Flavonoid 3', and cyanidin. Chromatographic patterns of the N. × sarawakiensis samples studied showed complementation of its putative parental species.[citation needed]
Myricetin was found to be absent from all studied taxa. This agrees with the findings of previous authors[30][31] and suggests that the absence of a widely distributed compound like myricetin among the Nepenthes examined might provide additional diagnostic information for these taxa.[citation needed]
Notes
Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina elliptica ad lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 2–8, plerumque 4, basi profunde oblique amplicauli fere, in alas 2 decurrente ; ascidia rosularum ignota ; ascidia inferiora parva, ovato-conica, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico, ad l l/2 mm lato, costis c. 1/2 mm distantibus v. indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato, facie exteriore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, superea basi fascibus 2 filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; ascidia superiora magnitudine mediocria, subtubulosa, parte inferiore paulum dilatata, alis 2 fimbriatis raro costis 2 prominentibus ; peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico v. applanato, 1–5 mm lato, costis 1/2-1/3 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato raro rotundato-elliptico, facie superiore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, prope basim 2 fascibus filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus parvus pedicellis plerumque 2–4, raro ad 15 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; indumentum in ascidiis iuvenilibus et in inflorescentiis parcum stellatum adpressum, ceterum 0.
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b (in Latin) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- ^ a b c d e f g Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b c d e f McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
- ^ Beccari, O. 1886. Rivista delle specie del genere Nepenthes. Malesia 3: 1–15.
- ^ Wunschmann, E. 1891. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler & K. Prantl. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(2): 253–260.
- ^ Stapf, O. 1894. On the flora of Mount Kinabalu, in North Borneo. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 96–263.
- ^ (in German) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
- ^ Boerlage, J.G. 1900. Nepenthes. In: Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch Indië, Volume 3, Part 1. pp. 53–54.
- ^ Merrill, E.D. 1921. A bibliographic enumeration of Bornean plants. Journal of the Straits branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, special number. pp. 281–295.
- ^ (in Dutch) Endert, F.H. 1925. Plan voor een expeditie ten behoeve van de topografische en natuurwetenschappelijke exploratie van een gebied in Midden-Oost-Borneo, nader aan te duiden met den naam Boven-Beraoe. Indisch Comité voor Wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen.
- ^ a b Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
- ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Nepenthaceae. In: L.S. Gibbs. A contribution to the flora and the plant formations of Mount Kinabalu and the Highlands of British North Borneo. Journal of the Linnean Society 42: 125–127.
- ^ a b Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. "Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and Conservation. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12: 111–118.
- ^ New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.
- Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 506–515.
- ^ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. One New Natural Hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Mulu. Sarawak Museum Journal 43: 291–294.
- ^ Jay, M. & P. Lebreton 1972. Chemotaxonomic research on vascular plants. The flavonoids of Sarraceniaceae, Nepenthaceae, Droseraceae and Cephlotaceae, a critical study of the order Sarraceniales. Naturaliste Canadien 99: 607–613.
- ^ Som, R.M. 1988. Systematic studies on Nepenthes species and hybrids in the Malay Peninsula. PhD thesis, Fakulti Sains Hayat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Further reading
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1989. Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean Nepenthes. University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter 56: 2–4.
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Adam, J.H. 1997. "Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
- Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Bourke, G. 2007. Trekking to Gunung Mulu. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal83: 9–11.
- Bourke, G. 2010. "The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
- Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
- Corner, E.J.H. 1996. Pitcher-plants (Nepenthes). In: K.M. Wong & A. Phillipps (eds.) Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. A Revised and Expanded Edition. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. pp. 115–121. ISBN 9679994740.
- Damit, A. 2014. A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the Nepenthes wonderland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 19–22.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal107: 6–13.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal108: 6–15.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal109: 6–15.
- Hanbury-Tenison, A.R. & A.C. Jermy 1979. The Rgs Expedition to Gunong Mulu, Sarawak 1977–78. The Geographical Journal 145(2): 175–191. doi:10.2307/634385
- Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Lee, C.C. 2002. "Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
- Lowrie, A. 1983. "Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
- (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175.
- (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). PhD thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490.
- Mey, F.S. 2014. Joined lecture on carnivorous plants of Borneo with Stewart McPherson. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 21 February 2014.
- (in Japanese) Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes tentaculata Hook. f.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes (無憂草 – Nepenthes). [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 16–21.
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: a summary of measured tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31.
- Taylor, D.W. 1982. "Once in a Lifetime" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 11(4): 89–92.
- Thong, J. 2006. "Travels around North Borneo – Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal81: 12–17.
- Thong, J. 2006. "Travels around North Borneo – Part 2" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal82: 6–12.
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
- Toyoda, Y. 1972. "Nepenthes and I – Mt. Kinabalu (Borneo, Malaysia) Trip" (PDF). (116 1(4): 62–63.
- Yeo, J. 1996. A trip to Kinabalu Park. Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc.15(4): 4–5.
External links
- Danser, B.H. 1928. 44. Nepenthes tentaculata HOOK. F. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.