Nepenthes fusca
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: to reflect current taxonomy (splitting off of N. dactylifera and N. zakriana).(October 2019) |
Nepenthes fusca | |
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An intermediate pitcher of N. fusca from the Crocker Range
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Caryophyllales |
Family: | Nepenthaceae |
Genus: | Nepenthes |
Species: | N. fusca
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Binomial name | |
Nepenthes fusca Danser (1928)[2] | |
Synonyms | |
Heterochresonyms
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Nepenthes fusca
The
Botanical history
The first known collection of N. fusca was made by Frederik Endert on October 12, 1925, from Mount Kemul in East Kalimantan, at an elevation of 1500 m. It was discovered during an expedition to central Borneo by the Forest Research Institute of Bogor (then known as Buitenzorg),[4] on which Endert also made the only known collection of N. mollis.[8][note a] The N. fusca specimen, designated as Endert 3955, includes male floral material and is deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens.[2][9] Endert wrote about this pitcher plant in a detailed 1927 account of the expedition,[4] although he misidentified it as N. veitchii.[2][9]
Nepenthes fusca was
This new species is, together with N. Veitchii and N. stenophylla, very nearly related to N. maxima, but can not be confounded with any of these species. According to Endert it grew in the forest on a narrow, stony mountain ridge covered with humus, and was not rare.
Botanist
Much of this taxonomic uncertainty stems from the fact that N. fusca has not been recollected from the
Subspecies
Two subspecies of N. fusca have been described, neither of which is presently thought to represent the species:
- Nepenthes fusca subsp. apoensis ]
- Nepenthes fusca subsp. kostermansiana ]
Both were originally coined by
Nepenthes fusca subsp. kostermansiana was named from the herbarium material Kostermans 21495, which was collected by André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans on October 25, 1963, at 1000 m altitude along the Kelai River on Mount Nyapa (Njapa), Berau Regency, East Kalimantan.[9][13] It is deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden.[9] This taxon was initially thought to fall within the variability of N. fusca, but in 2011 it was described as a distinct species, N. epiphytica, with Kostermans 21495 designated as its holotype.[13]
Nepenthes maxima
Nepenthes maxima, a species native to Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands, was once thought to extend to Borneo as well. Some authors even wrote that it was widespread on the island.[5][14] This confusion stemmed from the likeness of N. fusca and N. maxima, and from apparently mislabelled seeds collected by Charles Curtis. Curtis was not meticulous in recording where he located individual plants; although it was originally believed that he collected N. curtisii (now considered synonymous with N. maxima)[15] in Borneo, botanist Charles Clarke points out that he also visited Sulawesi on the same trip, and N. maxima is common there.[6]
Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek resolved this confusion in their 1997 monograph by referring a number of Bornean plants identified as N. maxima to N. fusca, thereby excluding the former from the island.[11]
Nepenthes zakriana
In 1996,
Adam and Hafiza wrote that N. zakriana "consistently differed from Nepenthes fusca by prominent raised midribs, extended beyond apex forming an apical glandular appendages on lower lid surface of both upper and lower pitchers; and basal half portion of the midrib developed in nail-shaped glandular crest".[
Nepenthes sp. A
In his 1997 monograph,
"Nepenthes sp. A" was first illustrated in a 1988 article by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb, where it was considered an undescribed species.[19]
Description
Nepenthes fusca is a climbing plant. The stem may attain a length of 10 m[8] and is up to 8 mm in diameter. Internodes are circular in cross section and up to 7 cm long.[6]
The leaves of this species are
Rosette and lower pitchers are cylindrical throughout. They usually grow to 20 cm in height by 4 cm in width, although exceptional specimens up to 28 cm have been recorded.[8] A pair of fringed wings (≤5 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher and bears fringe elements measuring up to 10 mm and spaced 6 mm apart.[5] The glandular region is restricted to the lower portion of the pitcher's inner surface. The glands are small, overarched, and occur at a density of 600 to 650 per square centimetre.[2] The waxy zone is reduced.[20] The pitcher mouth is positioned horizontally at the front, becoming elongated into a neck at the rear. The peristome is flattened and expanded (≤12 mm wide), but bears only indistinct teeth (≤0.3 mm long).[5] The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 51% of its total cross-sectional surface length.[20] The pitcher lid or operculum is very narrowly ovate in shape and has a distinctive basal crest on its lower surface. An unbranched spur measuring up to 10 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid.[6]
Upper pitchers differ markedly in shape, being narrowly infundibular in the lower two-thirds and becoming widely infundibular above. They are similar in size to their lower counterparts, typically measuring up to 18 cm, with some larger forms reaching 26 cm.[8] The tiny digestive glands are overarched and number 1500 to 2000 per square centimetre.[2] The pitcher lid is very narrowly triangular with the margins and apex curved downwards.[8] In aerial pitchers, the wings are reduced to ribs.[6]
Nepenthes fusca produces a compact
Developing parts of the plant bear an indumentum of long, brown hairs. However, most of these disappear during the normal course of development, and mature parts only have a sparse covering of short, brown hairs.[6]
Ecology
Nepenthes fusca is
Nepenthes fusca is most commonly found as an
Locations
The species has been recorded from numerous mountains across Borneo. It can be found at several sites on
Nepenthes fusca can be viewed along the road leading to the disused
On
The species is abundant on
On
Conservation status
Related species
Among the closest relatives of N. fusca are the Bornean species N. epiphytica,[13] N. hurrelliana, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.[8] More broadly, it belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. klossii, and N. maxima.[13] The enigmatic N. mollis, which some authors have suggested is conspecific with N. hurrelliana,[36] may also be closely allied.
The lower pitchers of N. hurrelliana are distinctive, but the upper ones bear a close resemblance to those of N. fusca. Of the Bornean pitcher plant flora, only these two species have such a narrowly triangular lid. The upper pitchers of N. hurrelliana differ in having a horizontal mouth that rises abruptly into a long neck at the back and in having a hirsute basal crest on the underside of the lid.[8]
Nepenthes hurrelliana is particularly similar to a form of N. fusca from the southern portion of the
The first known collection of N. vogelii, made in 1961, was labelled as N. fusca.[8] In 1969, botanist Shigeo Kurata examined this specimen and noted that it did not fall within the known variation exhibited by N. fusca.[8] Nevertheless, the species remained undescribed until 2002.[37] Nepenthes vogelii differs in having much smaller pitchers and lacking appendages on the underside of the lid.[37] In addition, the lid of N. vogelii is broadly triangular as opposed to the narrowly triangular lid of N. fusca.[8][22] The colour of the pitchers—light cream with dark speckles—is also distinctive.[22]
Nepenthes platychila, another closely allied species, differs from N. fusca in having a much wider peristome and lid, and lacking appendages on its lower lid surface.[8][38] Nepenthes fusca is also thought to be closely related to Sulawesi's N. eymae, and N. maxima, which is widespread in Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands.[39]
Natural hybrids
Due its widespread distribution throughout Borneo, N. fusca forms natural hybrids with a relatively large number of other species. However, like N. fusca itself, these are often hard to find due to the species's epiphytic growth habit.[8]
N. burbidgeae × N. fusca
Nepenthes burbidgeae × N. fusca has been known since at least the early 1980s, when it was found during an expedition to Sabah.[26]
N. fusca × N. lowii
This hybrid was initially identified by
This cross was originally discovered by
This hybrid differs from N. fusca in the presence of bristles on the underside of the lid. Conversely, it has a dense indumentum on the stem and at the margins of the lamina, compared to the virtually glabrous stem and leaves of N. lowii. It also differs from N. lowii in having a more developed peristome, which is circular in cross section. While lower pitchers of N. lowii have prominent teeth, those of N. fusca × N. lowii are indistinct. In addition, a glandular appendage is present on the underside of the lid,[6] a trait inherited from N. fusca.
Nepenthes fusca × N. lowii is difficult to confuse with its putative parent species, but is somewhat similar to N. chaniana × N. veitchii. The latter hybrid can be distinguished on the basis of its peristome, which is wider, more flared, and less cylindrical. In addition, this hybrid has a less ovate lid, which lacks the bristles characteristic of N. lowii, and a denser indumentum covering the stem and leaves.[6]
N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana
A putative cross between N. fusca and
N. fusca × N. stenophylla
This hybrid is known from the eastern slopes of
N. fusca × N. tentaculata
Nepenthes fusca ×
Other hybrids
Natural crosses with N. platychila,[42] N. rajah,[6] and N. veitchii[6] have also been recorded.
The pitchers of N. hurrelliana are roughly intermediate in appearance between those of N. fusca and N. veitchii. This has led to speculation regarding the lineage of this species, with a number of authors suggesting a possible hybridogenic origin.[22] However, N. hurrelliana is distinct from the natural hybrid N. fusca × N. veitchii and most authors now regard it as a valid species.[8][22][43]
Cultivation
Little information has been published on the growing requirements of N. fusca. In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto wrote an article for the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, summarising measured tolerances of several highland Nepenthes species based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001.[44]
Sacilotto found N. fusca to be tolerant of a wide range of conditions; with the exception of plants not treated with
The species seemed to do best in growing media with a high proportion of
An
Nepenthes fusca was found to respond well to a quarter-strength fertilizer that was applied to the pitchers. Ants were also an effective food source.[44]
Notes
a.^ During September and October 1925, Endert explored the hilly area around Mount Kemul, climbing the summit (1,847 m) several times, and the neighbouring valleys of the Long Mehiang, Long Kiau, and Long Petak.[45] He collected N. fusca on October 12 and N. mollis on October 17.[2]
b.^ The Latin description of N. fusca from Danser's monograph reads:[2]
Folia mediocria breviter petiolata, lamina lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 2, vagina caulis 1/2 amplectente; ascidia rosularum ignota; ascidia inferiora magnitudine mediocria, parte inferiore anguste ovata, os versus subcylindrica, parte superiore alis 2 fimbriatis; peristomio in collum elongato, applanato, 4-10 mm lato, costis c. 1/3-2/3 mm distantibus, dentibus c. tam longis quam latis; operculo anguste ovato, subcordato, facie inferiore appendice lateraliter applanata; ascidia superiora magnitudine mediocria, infundibuliformia, costis 2 prominentibus; peristomio in collum elongato, applanato, 3-8 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, dentibus brevissimis; operculo anguste ovato, subcordato, facie inferiore prope basin appendice lateraliter applanata; inflorescentia racemis parvus, pedicillis inferioribus c. 8 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris v. partim 2-floris ; indumentum iuventute densissimum, denique passim densum, breve, e pilis patentibus crassis simplicibus v. basi ramosis compositum.
c.
d.
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Danser, B.H. 1928. 13. Nepenthes fusca Dans., nova spec.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ a b Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
- ^ a b c (in Dutch) Endert, F.H. 1927. Botanisch en floristisch verslag. In: D.W. Buijs, H. Witkkamp, F.H. Endert, H.C. Siebers & D.F.K. Bosch. Midden-Oost-Borneo Expeditie 1925. G. Kolff & Co., Weltevreden.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes fusca Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- ^ a b c d e f Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
- ^ a b Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- ^ a b Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes curtisii Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ a b Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
- ^ Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1991. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Blumea 36(1): 123–125.
- Pitcher-plants of East Malaysia and Brunei. Nature Malaysiana 13(4): 8–27.
- ^
- ^ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- ^ Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands. Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
- ^ Triplitt, R. 1985. Nepenthes—Color Them Unique. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(2): 40–42, 48–49.
- ^ Malouf, P. 1995. A visit to Kinabalu Park. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 64–69.
- Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc.15(4): 4–5.
- ^ a b c Thong, J. 2006. Travels around North Borneo – Part 1. Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 81: 12–17.
- ^ Marabini, J. 1984. A field trip to Gunong Trusmadi. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(2): 38–40.
- ^ Damit, A. 2014. A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the Nepenthes wonderland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 19–22.
- ^ a b c Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 109: 6–15.
- ^ a b Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
- ^ a b Amazing Species: Nepenthes fusca. IUCN Red List.
- ^ Salmon, B.[R.] 1999. Nepenthes mollis (Nepenthaceae)—Rediscovered? Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28(1): 24–26.
- ^ a b Schuiteman, A. & E.F. de Vogel 2002. Nepenthes vogelii (Nepenthaceae): a new species from Sarawak. Blumea 47(3): 537–540.
- ^ Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo. [video] The 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Tokyo, Japan. (video by Irmgard & Siegfried R. H. Hartmeyer)
- ^ D'Amato, P. 1993. Nepenthes eymai. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 21.
- ^ Clarke, C.M., C.C. Lee & S. McPherson 2006. Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Journal 7: 53–66.
- )
- ^ Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes platychila (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Sarawak, Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54: 257–261.
- ^ Cheek, M., M. Jebb, C.C. Lee, A. Lamb & A. Phillipps. 2003. Nepenthes hurrelliana (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 6: 117–124.
- ^ a b c d e f Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: a summary of measured tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31.
- ^ van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., et al. 2006. Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: Frederik Hendrik Endert. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes fallax Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Schlauer, J. 1996. N.stenophylla, once again. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, May 31, 1996.
- ^ Wei-Shen, W. 2012. Up close and personal with Professor Emeritus Datuk Zakri Abdul Hamid. The Star, May 26, 2012.
Further reading
- Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158.
- Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554.
- Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
- Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383.
- Corner, E.J.H. 1996. Pitcher-plants (Nepenthes). In: K.M. Wong & A. Phillipps (eds.) Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. A Revised and Expanded Edition. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. pp. 115–121. ISBN 9679994740.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 107: 6–13.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 108: 6–15.
- Kurata, S. 1969. Mindoro/North Borneo Expedition. Part 3. The Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society No. 47.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175.
- (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840.
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490.
- (in Japanese) Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes fusca Dans.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes (無憂草 – Nepenthes). [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 42–45.
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.