Nitrospira

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with
Nitrospina
bacteria.

Nitrospira
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Nitrospirota
Class: Nitrospira
Order: Nitrospirales
Family:
Nitrospiraceae
Genus: Nitrospira
Watson et al. 1986
Type species
Nitrospira marina
Watson et al. 1986
Species

See text

Nitrospira (from Latin: nitro, meaning "nitrate" and Greek: spira, meaning "spiral") translate into “a nitrate spiral” is a genus of bacteria within the

Seine River in France[4] and beaches in Cape Cod[5]), water circulation biofilters in aquarium tanks,[4] terrestrial systems,[5] fresh and salt water ecosystems, and hot springs.[6]
Nitrospira is a ubiquitous bacterium that plays a role in the nitrogen cycle
primers, thus some members go unnoticed.[9] In addition, members of Nitrospira with the capabilities to perform complete nitrification (comammox bacteria) has also been discovered[8][11] and cultivated.[12]

Morphology

For the following description,

planktonic organisms that reside as clumps, known as aggregates, in biofilms.[1] Visualization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms star-like protrusions on the outer membrane (6-8 nm thick). The periplasmic space is exceptionally wide (34-41 nm thick),[5] which provides space to accommodate electron-rich molecules.[14] Electron-deprived structures are located in the cytosol and are believed to be glycogen storage vesicles; polyhydroxybutyrate and polyphosphate granules are also identified in the cytoplasm.[13] DNA analysis determined 56.9 +/- 0.4 mol% of the DNA to be guanine and cytosine base pairs.[13]

General metabolism

Nitrospira are capable of aerobic hydrogen oxidation

microenvironment.[1]

Nitrification

All members of this genus have the

comammox bacteria) have also been discovered[8][11][19] and cultivated as in the case of Nitrospira inopinata.[12] The discovery of commamox organisms within Nitrospira redefine the way bacteria contribute to the Nitrogen cycle and thus a lot of future studies will be dedicated to it.[8]

With these new findings there's now a possibility to mainly use complete nitrification instead of partial nitrification in engineered systems like wastewater treatment plants because complete nitrification results in lower emissions of the greenhouse gases: nitrous oxide and nitric oxide, into the atmosphere.[20]

Genome

After sequencing and analyzing the DNA of Nitrospira members researchers discovered both species had genes encoding

ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), use to convert ammonia into nitrite.[8][11][19] The bacteria possess all necessary sub-units for both enzymes as well as the necessary cell membrane associated proteins and transporters to carry out the first step of nitrification.[8] Origins of the Amo gene are debatable as one study found that it is similar to other AOB[3], while another study found the Amo gene to be genetically distinct from other lineages.[11] Current findings indicate that the hao gene is phylogenetically distinct from the hao gene present in other AOB, meaning that they acquired them long ago, likely by horizontal gene transfer.[8]

Nitrospira also carry the genes encoding for all the sub-units of nitrite oxidoreductase (nxr), the enzyme that catalyzes the second step of nitrification.[8]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[21] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[22] Phylogeny is based on GTDB 08-RS214 by Genome Taxonomy Database[23][24][25]

Nitrospira

"N. defluvii" Nowka et al. 2015

"N. japonica" Ushiki et al. 2013

"N. lenta" Nowka et al. 2015

N. moscoviensis Ehrich et al. 1995

"Ca. N. inopinata" Daims et al. 2015

"Ca. N. kreftii" Sakoula et al. 2021

"Ca. N. nitrificans" van Kessel et al. 2015

"Ca. N. nitrosa" van Kessel et al. 2015

Species incertae sedis:

  • "Ca. N. alkalitolerans" Daebeler et al. 2020
  • "Ca. N. bockiana" Lebedeva et al. 2008
  • "N. calida" Lebedeva et al. 2011
  • N. marina Watson et al. 1986
  • "Ca. N. salsa" Haaijer et al. 2013
  • "N. tepida" Keuter et al. 2023

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 25312601
    .
  2. S2CID 29796511
    .
  3. S2CID 21315850
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 16349486
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 29796511
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 26305944
    .
  7. PMID 20624973
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 26610025
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 24118804
    .
  10. PMID 20624973
    .
  11. ^
    PMID 26610024
    .
  12. ^
    PMID 28847001
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 2702110
    .
  14. PMID 23515432
    .
  15. S2CID 206559794
    .
  16. PMID 11679356
    .
  17. PMID 26305944
    .
  18. PMID 16621570
    .
  19. ^
    PMID 27128989
    .
  20. PMID 23665516
    .
  21. ^ Euzéby JP. ""Nitrospirae"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  22. ^ Sayers. "Nitrospirae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  23. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  24. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  25. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrospira&oldid=1213112717"