Partition and secession in California

California was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States. What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower California) in 1804. The division occurred on a line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south, with Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera set as the northern limit of Baja California and the southern limit of Alta California.

After the

The territory that became the present state of California was acquired by the U.S. as a result of American victory in the

Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status from Northern California.

• In 1855, the
  Mendocino, a region which today has a population of less than a million, would become the State of Shasta. The primary reason was the size of the state's territory. At the time, the representation in Congress was too small for such a large territory, it seemed too extensive for one government, and the state capital was too inaccessible because of the distances to Southern California and various other areas. The bill eventually died in the California Senate as it became very low priority compared to other pressing political matters.^[6]
• In 1859, the legislature and governor approved the Pico Act (named after the bill's sponsor Andrés Pico, state senator from Southern California) splitting off the region south of the 36th parallel north as the Territory of Colorado.^[7][8][9] The primary reason cited was the difference in both culture and geography between Northern and Southern California. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado, and sent to Washington, D.C., with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis and American Civil War following the election of Lincoln in 1860 prevented the proposal from ever coming to a vote.^{[6][10][11][12]}
• In the late 19th century, there was serious talk in Sacramento of splitting the state in two at the Tehachapi Mountains,^{[citation needed]} because of the difficulty of transportation across the rugged range. The discussion ended when it was determined that building a highway over the mountains was feasible; this road later became the Ridge Route, which today is Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass.

20th century

• Since the mid-19th century, the mountainous region of northern California and parts of southwestern Oregon have been proposed as a separate state. In 1941, some counties in the area ceremonially seceded, one day a week, from their respective states as the State of Jefferson. This movement disappeared after America's entry into World War II, but the notion has been rekindled in recent years.^[13]
• The California State Senate voted on June 4, 1965, to divide California into two states, with the Tehachapi Mountains as the boundary. Sponsored by State Senator Richard J. Dolwig (R-San Mateo), the resolution proposed to separate the seven southern counties, with a majority of the state's population, from the 51 other counties, and passed 27–12. To be effective, the amendment would have needed approval by the State Assembly, by California voters, and by the United States Congress. As expected by Dolwig, the proposal did not get out of committee in the assembly.^[14]
• In 1992, State Assemblyman Stan Statham sponsored a bill to allow a referendum in each county on a partition into three new states: North, Central, and South California. The proposal passed in the State Assembly but died in the State Senate.^[15]

21st century

• 
  2003: Martin Hutchinson's CaliFOURnia proposal

    San Diego / Orange County / Imperial County / Inland Empire

    Greater Los Angeles

    San Francisco Bay Area / Sacramento/ Monterey

    Northern / Central Valley
• 
  2009: Bill Maze's proposal

    Coastal or Western California
• 
  2011:

  Jeff Stone

  's proposal

    South California
• 
  2013: Tim Draper's Six Californias proposal

    Jefferson

    North California

    Silicon Valley

    Central California

    West California

    South California
• 
  2018: Paul Preston's New California proposal

    New California
• 
  2018: Tim Draper's Cal 3 proposal

    Northern California

    California

    Southern California

• In the wake of the
  Central Valley, as well as the historic Shasta/Jefferson region, into their own states.^[16][17]
• In early 2009, former State Assemblyman
  San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties. It has also been proposed that the state be split in two simply at the straight divide of the 120th meridian west, much like its border with the state of Nevada.^[18]
• In June 2011, Republican
  Jeff Stone called for Riverside, Imperial, San Diego, Orange, San Bernardino, Kings, Kern, Fresno, Tulare, Inyo, Madera, Mariposa and Mono counties (see map, highlighted in red) to separate from California to form the new state of South California. Officials in Sacramento responded derisively, with governor Jerry Brown's spokesperson saying "A secessionist movement? What is this, 1860? It's a supremely ridiculous waste of everybody's time."^[19] and fellow supervisor Bob Buster calling Stone "crazy", suggesting "Stone has gotten too much sun recently."^[20]
• In September 2013, county supervisors in both Siskiyou County and Modoc County voted to join a bid to separate and create a new "State of Jefferson".^[13] Mark Baird, spokesperson for the Jefferson Declaration Committee, is reported to have said the group hopes to obtain commitments from as many as a dozen counties, after which they will ask the state legislature to permit formation of the new state based on Article 4, Section 3 of the US Constitution. In January 2014, supervisors in Glenn County voted in favor of separation,^[21] and in April 2014, Yuba County supervisors voted to become the fourth California county to join the movement.^[22] On June 3, 2014, residents in Del Norte County voted against separation by 58 percent to 42 percent;^[23] however, voters in Tehama County supported a separation initiative by 57 percent to 43 percent.^[24] On July 22, 2014, Sutter County voted 5–0 to join the State of Jefferson.^[25]
• Tim Draper submitted a six-page proposal^[26][27] to the California Attorney General to split California into six new states, citing improved representation, governance, and competition between industries.^[28] On February 19, 2014, Secretary of State Debra Bowen approved the proposal allowing supporters to start collecting signatures in order to qualify the petition for a ballot. A total of 807,615 registered voters were needed by July 18, 2014, for the proposal to appear on the ballot.^[29] On July 14, the petition organizer announced that the proposal received enough signatures to be placed on the ballot in two years;^[30] however, it was determined that only about two thirds were valid and the petition fell short of qualifying for the November 2016 ballot.^[31]
• New California: On January 16, 2018, the 501(c)(4) organization New California, organized by conservative radio talk show host Paul Preston, published its proposed state's Declaration of Independence. As motivation for the split, Preston said that he rated California "around 48th or 50th" among states for business climate; he also mentioned what he said were high taxes. His proposed New California would have included the rural counties that make up most of the state's area, leaving the more heavily populated areas around San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles.^[32] New California would also include the urban areas of Contra Costa County, Orange County, and San Diego County, bringing the population to around 20 million.^[32][33]
• In April 2018, the
  California Supreme Court pulled the Cal 3 proposal from the ballot for further state constitutional review.^[37]
• In 2020, "
  Move Oregon's Border For a Greater Idaho" proposed breaking off most of Oregon's area and some of Northern California and join it with Idaho. The areas proposed to break off of Oregon and California vote Republican but in a state whose legislatures are dominated by Democrats. Douglas and Josephine counties in Oregon approved language for petitions to put a measure on the ballot. Even if passed by voters, it would still need approval from all three state legislatures.^[38][39]
• In August 2022, the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors began an approval process for a possible secession measure to be added to the November 2022 general election ballot. Proponents of including the ballot measure cite dissatisfaction in the county's share of state and federal funding.^{[40][needs update]}

Union with other states

Ecotopia

Writer Ernest Callenbach wrote a 1975 novel, entitled Ecotopia, in which he proposed a full-blown secession of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington from the United States in order to focus upon environmentally friendly living and culture. He later abandoned the idea stating: "We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc. etc. etc."^[41]

The premise was borrowed / adapted by Starhawk for her novel The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), which pitted the eco-feminist inhabitants of a future, independent San Francisco against a rival, right-wing polity centered on Los Angeles.

Cascadia

While mostly consisting of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia in Canada, proposals for an independent Cascadia often include portions of northern California.

Reunification with Baja California

The reunification of the Californias or Greater California is the

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Declaration of Independence of California

Prior to American annexation, one instance of a California independence movement from a sovereign nation occurred when the

Numerous organizations advocate for the independence of California as a sovereign state. Common arguments in support of independence are often based on the fact of California having the fifth-largest economy in the world,^[43][44][45] and for being home to the global centers of entertainment (Hollywood) and technology (Silicon Valley).^[46][47]

California National Party

Founded in 2015, California National Party (CNP) is a political party seeking, as a long-term goal, the secession of California from the United States by legal and peaceful means. The name and mission of the California National Party are partly inspired by the Scottish National Party, a social democratic, civic nationalist, center-left party advocating progressivist policies and independence for Scotland.^[48][49]

California Freedom Coalition

The California Freedom Coalition is a political group, founded in 2017, advocating for the political, economic, and social empowerment of Californians. It supports

In the wake of Republican nominee Donald Trump's winning the 2016 presidential election, a fringe movement organized by Yes California, referred to as "Calexit"—a term inspired by the successful 2016 Brexit referendum—arose in a bid to gather the 585,407 signatures necessary to place a secessionist question on the 2018 ballot.^[50] In July 2018, the objectives of the Calexit initiative were expanded upon by including a plan to carve out an “autonomous Native American nation”^[51] that would take up the eastern part of California, and "postponing its ballot referendum approach in favor of convincing Republican states to support their breakaway efforts."^[51] "Yes California" was founded by Louis J. Marinelli.

See also

• Secession in the United States
• List of U.S. state partition proposals
• Secession in New York
• Texas divisionism
• Bibliography of California history

References