Partnership for Peace
Partnership for Peace | |
---|---|
NATO Headquarters | Intergovernmental organisation |
Membership | 18 participating states |
Establishment | |
• Founded | 1994 |
Website www.nato.int |
The Partnership for Peace (PfP;
Amidst the security concerns in
In 2002, it began the Individual Partnership Action Plan to provide members an opportunity to be granted further assistance from NATO without having to commit to becoming full members of NATO.[6] The program has additionally started an initiative for education, specifically military education. Over the course of its creation, the program has struggled with funding due to its ever-changing formation of members.[6]
Background
Amidst the security concerns of the
The concept of the PfP was first discussed by the Bulgarian society
Purpose
Between October 20 and 21, 1993, in
The PfP Framework Document presented six areas of cooperation, including:[17]
- To ensure transparency in national defense proceedings and budgeting procedures;
- To allow defense forces to be controlled through democratic methods;
- Under the jurisdiction of the United Nations or the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), states need to retain their ability and preparedness to contribute in constitutional behavior and operations;
- To enhance the ability for states to provide humanitarian missions such as peacekeeping and search and rescue as the main goal through building a cooperative militaristic relationship with NATO and other states involved;
- To build forces that can work with members of the NATO in the long run;
- To consult with and report to NATO if threats made to the security, territory or sovereignty of a participating state are detected.
States were also promised offices at the
Membership
European NATO members (1994) Current NATO members which were formerly PfP members | Partnership for Peace members States which aspire for PfP membership |
On April 26, 1995, Malta became a member of PfP;[18] it left on October 27, 1996, in order to maintain its neutrality.[19] On March 20, 2008, Malta decided to reactivate its PfP membership;[20] this was accepted by NATO at the summit in Bucharest on April 3, 2008.[21] During the NATO summit in Riga on November 29, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia were invited to join PfP,[22] which they did[23] on December 14, 2006.[24]
Current members
Country | PfP membership[23] | Notes |
---|---|---|
Armenia | October 5, 1994 | CSTO member |
Austria | February 10, 1995 | EU member |
Azerbaijan | May 4, 1994 | GUAM member |
Belarus | January 11, 1995 | CSTO member |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | December 14, 2006 | |
Georgia | March 23, 1994 | GUAM member |
Ireland | December 1, 1999 | EU member |
Kazakhstan | May 27, 1994 | CSTO member |
Kyrgyzstan | June 1, 1994 | CSTO member |
Malta | April 26, 1995[18][a] | EU member |
Moldova | March 16, 1994 | GUAM member |
Russia | June 22, 1994 | CSTO member |
Serbia | December 14, 2006 | CSTO observer |
Switzerland | December 11, 1996 | |
Tajikistan | February 20, 2002 | CSTO member |
Turkmenistan | May 10, 1994 | |
Ukraine | February 8, 1994 | GUAM member |
Uzbekistan | July 13, 1994 |
Austria
Austria's participation in PfP was strengthened in 1996. Their views on PfP focused on maintaining the ability and readiness to contribute to operations "under the authority and/or responsibility of the United Nations and/or NATO and/or the OSCE". An important area of Austrian PfP contribution is private emergency planning. 30% of all PfP activities in this field came from Austria in 1997. In that year, Austria participated in 227 activities, including 14 peacekeeping operations involving 713 people, within the framework of the NATO/PfP program.[5]
Aspiring members
Cyprus
Kosovo
Previous members
16 former member states of the PfP (namely Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden) have subsequently joined NATO.
Country | Joined PfP | Became full NATO member |
---|---|---|
Poland | February 2, 1994 | March 12, 1999 |
Hungary | February 8, 1994 | |
Czech Republic | March 10, 1994 | |
Romania | January 26, 1994 | March 29, 2004 |
Lithuania | January 27, 1994 | |
Estonia | February 3, 1994 | |
Slovakia | February 9, 1994 | |
Latvia | February 14, 1994 | |
Bulgaria | ||
Slovenia | March 30, 1994 | |
Albania | February 23, 1994 | April 1, 2009 |
Croatia | May 25, 2000 | |
Montenegro | December 14, 2006 | June 5, 2017 |
North Macedonia | November 15, 1995[1] | March 27, 2020 |
Finland | May 9, 1994 | April 4, 2023 |
Sweden | March 7, 2024 |
Note
Legacy
During the post-Cold War era, equal distribution of opportunities to contribute to peacekeeping operations was made, but the status of middle and neutral powers such as Sweden, Finland, and Ireland also decreased. Therefore, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality in the current international political unipolar system. In June 1997, a senior NATO official said a broader role was aimed at working closer with NATO and finally joining the alliance. While the PfP provides a framework for cooperative relations with Russia, it did not include a membership into NATO. Although the PfP has made important contributions to crisis management, such as peacekeeping operations, Ireland and Austria are still not NATO members.[5]
Evolution
In 2001, NATO granted participation in its Membership Action Plan (MAP) to nine of the 26 PfP countries. In 2002, NATO began the
In 2003, the alliance assumed strategic command, control, and coordination of the mission and established a permanent International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) headquarters in Kabul. Since then, the operation has grown to about 120,000 troops from 47 countries.[6]
During NATO's
The 2008 Russo-Georgian War had implications for the Partnership for Peace.[36] President Dmitry Medvedev referred to an attack by Georgia against a Russian military base in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, as "Russia's 9/11".[36] The subsequent expansion of the previously bilateral Georgia Train and Equip Program, which had been established within the context of Georgia's participation in the PfP, was viewed with alarm in Moscow.[6][36]
As of 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only remaining participant in NATO's Membership Action Plan (MAP).[37]
Partnership for Peace Education Initiative
The PfP has pushed for education programs amongst members of both NATO and the PfP composed of professional military education. Its purpose is to "contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic region and beyond". These education programs and training are mostly focused on Central Asia and the South Caucasus.[38]
Struggles with funding
The Partnership for Peace has had ramification on its budget caused by the ever-changing formation of members. For instance, the average annual Wales Initiative Funding (WIF) established for the program was set at $43 million during the fiscal years of 1996 to 2005. In consequence of a decline in the number of countries participating in the program, annual funding was reduced to $29 million in fiscal years 2006 through 2010.[6] Another factor includes the reduction of distribution of WIF funding in the program amongst aspiring members of NATO.[6]
See also
- Atlantic Treaty Association
- Enlargement of NATO
- Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
- Foreign relations of NATO
- Individual Partnership Action Plan
- NATO open door policy
- Partnership for Peace Information Management System
Notes
References
- ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (December 3, 2009). "Partner countries". Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ^ "Partnership for Peace programme". NATO.
- ^ OCLC 713348684.
- OCLC 82596203.
- ^ OCLC 879023336.
- ^ ISSN 1812-1098.
- ISBN 978-1-349-60838-6. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ISSN 0140-2390.
- ^ JSTOR 2623432.
- ^ "The President's Meeting with Czech Leaders". National Security Archive. William J. Clinton Presidential Library. January 11, 1994 – via George Washington University.
- ^ Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Tom. "NATO Expansion: What Yeltsin Heard". National Security Archive. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ Jim Goldberger (November 22, 2019). "Promises Made, Promises Broken? What Yeltsin Was Told About NATO in 1993 and Why It Matters". War on the Rocks. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
- ^ "Background Briefing". Clinton White House. September 21, 1994. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
- ^ John M. Goshko (September 27, 1994). "Yeltsin Claims Russian Sphere of Influence". Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
- ^ OCLC 299723964.
- ^ S2CID 221896802.
- ^ "Partnership for Peace: Framework Document issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council". NATO. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ a b North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (April 26, 1995). "Secretary General's Council Welcoming Remarks, Visit by Maltese Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Professor Guido de Marco, Wednesday, April 26, 1995". Retrieved November 30, 2006.
- ^ a b Bohlen, Celestine (November 12, 1996). "New Malta Chief Focuses on Neutrality". New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
Within hours of taking office, Mr. [Alfred] Sant withdrew Malta's membership in Partnership for Peace, a NATO military cooperation program that is so loosely defined that its sign-up list now spans the spectrum from Russia to Switzerland. [...] Mr. Sant says none of those moves should be interpreted as anti-European or anti-American, but simply as the best way of insuring Malta's security.
- ^ a b Gambin, Karl (April 3, 2008). "Malta reactivates Partnership for Peace membership". DI-VE. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
The cabinet has agreed to reactivate its membership in the Partnership for Peace which was withdrawn in 1996, the government said on Thursday.
- ^ a b North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April 3, 2008). "Malta re-engages in the Partnership for Peace Programme". Retrieved April 3, 2008.
At the Bucharest Summit, NATO Heads of State and Government welcomed Malta's return to the Partnership for Peace Programme. At Malta's request, the Allies have re-activated Malta's participation in the Partnership for Peace Programme (PfP).
- ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (November 29, 2006). "Alliance offers partnership to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia". Retrieved November 30, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. October 5, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
- ^ "Serbia inducted into NATO". Associated Press. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
- ^ Wilson, Damon (April 1, 2019). "NATO membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus". Atlantic Council. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- SETimes. February 25, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "Cyprus – Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives)". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ Kambas, Michele; Babington, Deepa (February 24, 2013). "Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory". Reuters. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". KNEWS - Kathimerini Cyprus. June 5, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
- ^ "Hoxhaj në Lituani, merr përkrahje për MSA-në dhe vizat (Video)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- Turkish Weekly. July 19, 2012. Archived from the originalon July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "Kosovo looking to join the Adriatic Charter". January 21, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
- ^ Thaçi, Hashim. "Prioritetet e reja të Politikës së Jashtme të Kosovës". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo.
- ^ "Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)". Brussels: NATO. September 17, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ ISSN 1812-1098.
- ^ "Membership Action Plan (MAP)". Brussels: NATO. October 5, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ISSN 1812-1098.