People's Justice Party (Malaysia)

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This article is about the People's Justice Party of Malaysia. For the British political party of the same name, see
National Justice Party (United States)
.

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Ideologies and concepts

Race and politics

The People's Justice Party (

Malaysian People's Party.[6] The party's predecessor was founded by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement on 4 April 1999 after the arrest of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. The party is one of main partners of the Pakatan Harapan
(PH) coalition.

In the first

2008 general elections favoring the opposition increased the party's parliamentary representation to 31 seats, as well as allowing them to form the government in 5 states. This triggered the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
and a lift on the five-year political ban imposed on Anwar Ibrahim on 14 April 2008.

The Pakatan Harapan coalition defeated Barisan Nasional, which had ruled the country for 60 years since independence, in the 2018 general elections, allowing the coalition to form the government. However, defections from within PKR as well as the withdrawal of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) from the coalition caused the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months in power, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis that resulted in the rise of the Perikatan Nasional government with ally-turned-enemy Muhyiddin Yassin at the helm. The PH coalition would return to power once again after the 2022 elections. The elections produced a hung parliament for the first time in the country's history, but an alliance with other parties allowed Anwar Ibrahim to become the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia through a unity government with his political rivals in Barisan Nasional as well as other political coalitions and parties to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Dewan Rakyat.

The party enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Johor, as well as the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. It promotes an agenda with a strong emphasis on social justice and anti-corruption, as well as adopting a platform that seeks to abolish the New Economic Policy to replace it with an economic policy that takes a non-ethnic approach in poverty eradication and correcting economic imbalances.

History

Early years

Anwar Ibrahim, founder and leader of the party

The economy of Malaysia was affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[7] The finance minister at the time, Anwar Ibrahim (also the deputy prime minister), instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).[8] Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts.[9] This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.[10]

The movement, which began while the country

rioting, occupations and online activism.[11]

Foundation

Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir.

Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists known as Barisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general elections.[16]

Arrests

Between 27 and 30 September 1999, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-President

Internal Security Act.[18] They became known as the Reformasi 10.[19]

1999 general election

The legislative elections of 29 November 1999 were convened in advance, the pretext being the start of Ramadan. As the outgoing Parliament was dissolved on 11 November, the campaign was very short, drawing strong criticism from the opposition. The party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest along with many disadvantages, as the short campaign was marked by the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar in the villages, as well as the opposition having a lack of access to written and audiovisual media.[20] As a result of the mounting disadvantages, the election saw the party winning only five parliamentary seats in the elections despite gaining 11.67% of the total votes cast. However, Wan Azizah was elected as the Member of Parliament for Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, Anwar Ibrahim, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two Assemblies in the northern States of Kelantan and Terangganu. As for the BN coalition of Mahathir Mohamad, it however scored a two-thirds majority with 148 seats (despite losing 14 seats). Nevertheless, the BN coalition lost power in two of the thirteen states, along with four members of Mahathir's Cabinet who also lost their seats. For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays.

Merger with Parti Rakyat Malaysia

The post election period saw negotiations between KeADILan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia on a possible merger.[21] Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,[22][23] a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.[24] On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.[25] Somehow, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, the remained dissidents convened a National Congress in Johor Bahru and elected a new Executive Committee led by former PRM youth leader, Hassan Abdul Karim to resume political activities on 17 April 2005.

Anwar Ibrahim speaking in 2005

2004 general election

As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the

malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.[27][unreliable source?
]

Anwar Ibrahim freed

On 2 September 2004, in a decision by the Federal Court, Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy conviction was overturned and he was freed. This unexpected turn of events came timely for KEADILAN which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.

In December 2005 PKR organised its second national congress.

Guthrie
, was appointed as Treasurer of the PKR.

2008 general election

In the 2008 elections, PKR won 31 seats in Parliament, with the DAP and PAS making substantial gains as well with 28 seats and 23 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats by the opposition to BN's 140 seats made it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied BN the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.

PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of

Chief Minister of Penang were held by KEADILAN elected representatives, Khalid Ibrahim and Mohd Fairus Khairuddin
, respectively.

Anwar's return to politics

On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was sacked as deputy prime minister. One of the main reasons the opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst ever showing for the BN coalition that has ruled for half a century, was due to him leading at the helm.[30] A gathering of more than 10,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming back his return to politics. In the midst of the rally, police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly half an hour and forced him to stop the gathering.[31][unreliable source?]

Malaysia's government intensified its efforts on 6 March to portray opposition figure

Indians.[33] Malaysians voted on 8 March 2008 in parliamentary elections.[33] Election results showed that the ruling government suffered a setback when it failed to obtain two-thirds majority in parliament, and five out of 12 state legislatures were won by the opposition parties.[34] Reasons for the setback of the ruling party, which had retained power since the nation declared independence in 1957, were the rising inflation, crime and ethnic tensions.[35]

Permatang Pauh by-election

Malaysia's government and ruling coalition declared defeat in a landslide victory in the by-election by

People's Justice Party's spokeswoman Ginie Lim told BBC: "We won already. We are far ahead".[37]

On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation".[39][40] Anwar needed at least 30 government lawmakers especially from Sabah and Sarawak MPs' votes to defect to form a government.[41][42]

Suara Keadilan publication license suspended

In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency is bankrupt. Suara Keadilan is run by opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim's PKR party. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.[43]

Kajang Move

Main article: Kajang Move

In 2014, the Party's Strategy Director then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General,

Menteri Besar that it wanted.[44] The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts say that the Kajang Move was a great failure.[45]

PD Move

On 12 September 2018, the incumbent Danyal Balagopal Abdullah resigned as Member of Parliament for

Port Dickson by-election, 2018 and was dubbed the 'PD Move'. Anwar won the seat with an increased majority against six other candidates.[46]

Collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government

The

Sheraton Move, which saw the withdrawal of BERSATU from the coalition as well as the exit of Azmin Ali along with 10 other PKR MPs. This deprived the coalition of its majority and paved the way for Muhyiddin Yassin, the President of BERSATU, to form a backdoor government positioning himself as Prime Minister with the support of the newly formed Perikatan Nasional
coalition.

During the political crisis, in a

Agong was to cement support for Mahathir, not to elect a new prime minister.[48] He further said that the real traitor was the faction that tried to usurp Mahathir.[49]

On 24 February 2020, PKR held a press conference where its general secretary, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, announced that Azmin and vice-president Zuraida Kamaruddin had been sacked by the party.[50] Saifuddin explained that they were expelled due to their actions on 23 February which went against the party's official line regarding the position of Prime Minister.[51] Azmin later announced that he would be forming an independent bloc in parliament along with Zuraida and nine other Azmin-aligned PKR MPs who left the party following his expulsion.[52] A large number of PKR grassroots members aligned with Azmin's camp left the party once the political crisis began, including thousands of members across the country[53][54][55][56] along with three Kelantan division chiefs who announced their resignation on 26 February.[57]

On 4 March 2020, the Penang Exco of Agriculture, Agro-based Industries, Rural Development and Health, Afif Bahardin, resigned from his position in Penang State Executive Council.[58] Aligned with Azmin Ali's camp,[59] he claimed to have been pressured by party leadership to resign from his post.[60] He was replaced by Norlela Ariffin, the MLA for Penanti, who was appointed as the new state councillor and sworn in on 12 March.[61][62] On the same day, Chong Fat Full, the Azmin-aligned MLA of Pemanis in Johor, announced his resignation from the party to become a Perikatan-aligned independent. This handed the alliance a marginal 29-27 majority in the state assembly and allowed the takeover of a key Harapan state.[63]

The collapse of Harapan governments at the state level continued on 12 May in

Sidam and Azman Nasrudin of Lunas, left the party to become Perikatan-aligned independents.[64] Along with four of six BERSATU MLAs defecting, their withdrawal to Perikatan gave the coalition a 23-13 majority and allowed Kedah state opposition leader, Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor, to announce the formation of a new government with PAS at the helm, taking over from the previous BERSATU Chief Minister, Mukhriz Mahathir, who was aligned to Pakatan Harapan.[65][66] Another departure followed on 17 May as Srikandi Keadilan Chief, Nurainie Haziqah Shafii, left the party claiming to have "lost confidence in the struggle and the direction of PKR".[67]

The month of June witnessed more departures of PKR members and representatives, beginning with MP for

UMNO.[68][69][70] The departure of Azmin allies continued when Daroyah Alwi, the Deputy Speaker & Exco of the Selangor state assembly as well as the Women's Deputy Chief, announced her resignation from the party to became a Perikatan-aligned independent on 13 June,[71] followed by Afif Bahardin, the former Youth Deputy Chief, on 24 June,[72] Meanwhile, Haniza Talha, the PKR Women's Chief, was sacked by the party on 29 June[73] and was forced to resign as a State Exco member on 11 July.[74] Haniza described PKR's decision to sack her from the party as an “act of revenge”.[75] On the same day, she was replaced by Kuantan MP, Fuziah Salleh, as the party's new Women's Chief.[76]

independent since leaving UMNO in 2018 before rejoining the party in September 2020. Previously, Salleh had applied to join PKR in October of the previous year.[77]

The departures continued throughout July when

UMNO's Musa Aman as Chief Minister of Sabah.[82]

BERSATU's Kuala Krau Division Chief, Mohamad Rafidee Hashim, left the party and joined PKR on 9 August, stating his action was because "the party was more consistent and principled in its efforts to fight for reform".[83]

The defections continued when two MPs, Steven Choong of Tebrau and Larry Sng of Julau became independents on 27 and 28 February 2021. They would go on to form the Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare their support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition.[84] The exodus of MPs ended on 13 March 2021 when PKR vice-president

Xavier Jayakumar of Kuala Langat announced his resignation as both vice-president and party member, citing his 'frustrations' by the events of the past year and subsequently becoming a Perikatan-aligned independent MP.[85]

Ideology

PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,[86] the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice,[87] economic justice,[88][89] eliminating political corruption[90] and human rights issues[91] within a non-ethnic framework.[92]

List of leaders

President

Order Name Term of office Mandates
1 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail 4 April 1999 17 November 2018 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
3rd (2007)
4th (2010)
5th (2014)
2 Anwar Ibrahim 17 November 2018 Incumbent 6th (2018)
7th (2022)

Deputy President

Order Name Term of office Mandates
1 Chandra Muzaffar 1999 2001 –
2 Abdul Rahman Othman 2001 2007 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
3 Syed Husin Ali 2007 28 November 2010 3rd (2007)
4
Mohamed Azmin Ali
 28 November 2010 24 February 2020 4th (2010)
5th (2014)
6th (2018)
- Vacant 24 February 2020 17 July 2022 -
5 Rafizi Ramli 17 July 2022 Incumbent 7th (2022)

Party Organisational Structure (2022–2025)

Central Leadership Council

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Keadilan)

Women's Wing (Wanita Keadilan)

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
 Kedah P015 Sungai Petani Mohammed Taufiq Johari PKR
 Penang P047 Nibong Tebal Fadhlina Sidek PKR
P052 Bayan Baru Sim Tze Tzin PKR
P053 Balik Pulau Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik PKR
 Perak P062 Sungai Siput Kesavan Subramaniam PKR
P063 Tambun Anwar Ibrahim PKR
P071 Gopeng Tan Kar Hing PKR
P077 Tanjong Malim Chang Lih Kang PKR
 Selangor P097 Selayang
William Leong Jee Keen
 PKR
P098 Gombak Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang Rodziah Ismail PKR
P100 Pandan Rafizi Ramli PKR
P104 Subang Wong Chen PKR
P105 Petaling Jaya Lee Chean Chung PKR
P107 Sungai Buloh Ramanan Ramakrishnan PKR
 Kuala Lumpur P115
Batu
 Prabakaran Parameswaran PKR
P116 Wangsa Maju Zahir Hassan PKR
P118 Setiawangsa
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
 PKR
P121 Lembah Pantai Fahmi Fadzil PKR
P124 Bandar Tun Razak Wan Azizah Wan Ismail PKR
 Negeri Sembilan P132 Port Dickson Aminuddin Harun PKR
 Malacca P137 Hang Tuah Jaya Adam Adli Abdul Halim PKR
 Johor P140 Segamat Yuneswaran Ramaraj PKR
P141
Sekijang
 Zaliha Mustafa PKR
P144 Ledang Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh PKR
P150 Batu Pahat Onn Abu Bakar PKR
P158 Tebrau Jimmy Puah Wee Tse PKR
P159 Pasir Gudang Hassan Abdul Karim PKR
P160 Johor Bahru Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir PKR
 Sabah P171 Sepanggar Mustapha Sakmud PKR
 Sarawak P219 Miri Chiew Choon Man PKR
Total Kedah (1), Penang (3), Perak (4), Selangor (7), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (5), Negeri Sembilan (1), Malacca (1), Johor (7), Sabah (1), Sarawak (1)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)
State No. Parliament Constituency No. State Constituency Member Party
 Perlis P2 Kangar N8 Indera Kayangan Gan Ay Ling PKR
 Kedah P15 Sungai Petani N28
Bakar Arang
 Adam Loh Wee Chai PKR
N29
Sidam
 Bau Wong Bau Ek PKR
 Penang P45 Bukit Mertajam N14
Machang Bubok
 Lee Khai Loon PKR
P46 Batu Kawan N17 Bukit Tengah
Gooi Hsiao-Leung
 PKR
N18 Bukit Tambun Goh Choon Aik PKR
P48 Bukit Bendera N24 Kebun Bunga Lee Boon Heng PKR
P52 Bayan Baru N35 Batu Uban Kumaresan Aramugam PKR
N36 Pantai Jerejak Fahmi Zainol PKR
N37 Batu Maung Mohamad Abdul Hamid PKR
 Perak P63 Tambun N24 Hulu Kinta Muhamad Arafat Varisai Mahamad PKR
P70 Kampar N43
Tulang Sekah
 Mohd Azlan Helmi Helmi PKR
P61 Gopeng N45 Simpang Pulai Wong Chai Yi PKR
N46 Teja Sandrea Ng Shy Ching PKR
P75 Bagan Datuk N54 Hutan Melintang Wasanthee Sinnasamy PKR
 Pahang P82 Indera Mahkota N13 Semambu Chan Chun Kuang PKR
P83 Kuantan N14 Teruntum Sim Chon Siang PKR
 Selangor P97 Selayang N14 Rawang Chua Wei Kiat PKR
P98 Gombak N16 Sungai Tua Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang N19 Bukit Antarabangsa Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin PKR
N20 Lembah Jaya Altimet PKR
P101 Hulu Langat N25 Kajang David Cheong Kian Young PKR
P105 Petaling Jaya N32 Seri Setia Mohammad Fahmi Ngah PKR
P106 Damansara N37 Bukit Lanjan Pua Pei Ling PKR
P107 Sungai Buloh N39 Kota Damansara Muhammad Izuan Ahmad Kasim PKR
P108 Shah Alam N40 Kota Anggerik Najwan Halimi PKR
P110 Klang N46 Pelabuhan Klang Azmizam Zaman Huri PKR
P111 Kota Raja N48 Sentosa Gunarajah George PKR
P112 Kuala Langat N51 Tanjong Sepat Borhan Aman Shah PKR
 Negeri Sembilan P128 Seremban N13 Sikamat Aminuddin Harun PKR
N14 Ampangan Tengku Zamrah Tengku Sulaiman PKR
P129 Kuala Pilah N18 Pilah Noorzunita Begum Abdullah PKR
P132 Port Dickson N29 Chuah Yew Boon Lye PKR
N33
Sri Tanjong
 Gunasekaren Palasamy PKR
 Johor P163 Kulai N51 Bukit Batu Arthur Chiong Sen Sern PKR
 Sabah P171 Sepanggar N15 Api-Api
Christina Liew Chin Jin
 PKR
P172 Kota Kinabalu N18 Inanam Peto Galim PKR
Total Perlis (1), Kedah (2), Penang (7), Perak (5), Pahang (2), Selangor (12), Negeri Sembilan (5), Johor (1), Sabah (2)

PKR state governments

State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar Aminuddin Harun PKR Sikamat
 Selangor
Menteri Besar
 Amirudin Shari PKR Sungai Tua
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Penang Deputy Chief Minister I Mohamad Abdul Hamid PKR Batu Maung

General election results

Election Total seats won Seat Contested Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1999
5 / 193
 78 773,679 11.67% Increase5 seats; Opposition coalition
(Barisan Alternatif) 		Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2004
1 / 219
 80 617,518 8.9% Decrease4 seats; Opposition coalition
(Barisan Alternatif) 		Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2008
31 / 222
 84 1,509,080 18.58% Increase30 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2013
30 / 222
 99 2,254,211 20.39% Decrease1 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Anwar Ibrahim
2018
48 / 222
 71 2,046,484 17.10% Increase18 seats; Governing coalition,
later Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Harapan) 		Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2022
31 / 222
 100 2,442,038 15.74% Decrease17 seats; Governing coalition
(Pakatan Harapan) 		Anwar Ibrahim

State election results

State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Penang State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Malacca State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Total won / Total contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
1999
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
1 / 52
1 / 38
1 / 48
0 / 32
0 / 25
0 / 40
0 / 48
4 / 70
2001
0 / 62
0 / 25
2004
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
0 / 40
0 / 59
0 / 42
0 / 56
0 / 36
0 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
0 / 121
2006
1 / 71
1 / 25
2008
0 / 15
4 / 36
1 / 45
0 / 32
9 / 40
7 / 59
0 / 42
15 / 56
4 / 36
0 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
40 / 176
2011
3 / 71
3 / 49
2013
1 / 15
4 / 36
1 / 45
1 / 32
10 / 40
5 / 59
2 / 42
14 / 56
3 / 36
0 / 28
1 / 56
7 / 60
49 / 172
2016
3 / 82
5 / 40
2018
3 / 15
7 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
14 / 40
4 / 59
2 / 42
21 / 56
6 / 36
3 / 28
5 / 56
2 / 60
70 / 172
2020
2 / 73
2 / 7
2021
0 / 28
0 / 11
2021
0 / 82
0 / 28
2022
1 / 56
1 / 20
2022
1 / 15
5 / 59
2 / 42
8 / 45
2023
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
7 / 40
12 / 56
5 / 36
26 / 59

See also

References

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