Portuguese Brazilians

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For the Portuguese dialect, see Brazilian Portuguese.

Portuguese Brazilians
Luso-brasileiros
Roman Catholicism

Portuguese Brazilians (

Brazilian citizens whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Portugal. Most of the Portuguese who arrived throughout the centuries in Brazil sought economic opportunities. Although present since the onset of the colonization
, Portuguese people began migrating to Brazil in larger numbers and without state support in the 18th century.

According to

Portuguese citizenship (with some restrictions, especially for grandchildren). Five million Brazilians (2.5% of the population) fall under this category. Many more people are of Portuguese descent however.[2]

The Portuguese prerogative

According to the

Minister of Justice
.

In Brazil, the Portuguese may require equal treatment with regard to civil rights; moreover, they may ask to be granted political rights granted to Brazilians (except the rights exclusive to the Brazilian born). In the latter case, this requires a minimum of three years of permanent residence.

The use of citizenship by non-Brazilian nationals (in this case, Portuguese) is a rare exception to the principle that nationality is a sine qua non for citizenship, granted to the Portuguese – if with reciprocal treatment for the Brazilians in Portugal – due to the historic relationship between the two countries.

History

Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral (center-left, pointing) sights the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500.
The first Mass in Brazil among the native Indians on April 26, 1500. Painting by Victor Meirelles (1860).
Carioca Aqueduct in Rio de Janeiro as depicted by Leandro Joaquim (1790).
State of São Paulo
, through the centuries.

Early settlement and colonization (1500–1700)

Some of the earliest colonists for whom we have written records are

pau brasil with the Amerindians. This situation worried Portugal, which in the 1530s started to encourage the colonization of Brazil, principally for defensive reasons. The towns of Cananéia (1531), São Vicente (1532), Porto Seguro (1534) and Iguape
(1538) date from that period.

By the mid-16th century, Portuguese colonists were already settling in significant numbers, mainly along the coastal regions of Brazil. Numerous cities were established, including Salvador (1549), São Paulo (1554) and Rio de Janeiro (1565). While most Portuguese (and predominantly male) settlers came willingly, some were forced exiles or degredados. Such convicts were sentenced for a variety of crimes according to the Ordenações do Reino, which included common theft, attempted murder and adultery.[4]

During the 17th century, most Portuguese settlers in Brazil, who throughout the entire colonial period tended to originate from Northern Portugal,

crypto-Jews.[6]

Azoreans in Maranhão, Pará and Amapá

There was concern in keeping the control of the territory, hence the policy in promoting the colonization with couples in the border lands. The occupation of the territory was seen as essential. In 1619, about 300 couples arrived in

Azorean settlers in an organised way. Beyond the initial settling in 1619, led by Estácio da Silveira in 1619, others followed: in 1621 arrived 40 couples with Antonio Ferreira de Bettencourt and Jorge de Lemos Bettencourt, in 1625 other couples came with Francisco Coelho de Carvalho; in the ships "N. S. da Palma" and "São Rafael", 50 couples arrived; in the ships "N. S. da Penha de França" and "São Francisco Xavier" more settlers came.[7] Throughout the 17th century, successive waves of Azorean couples were settled in Maranhão
.

Azorean couples were also settled in

Horta, Faial.[8] In 1676, 50 Azorean couples with 234 people of both sexes landed in Belém, coming from Feiteira, Faial.[7]

In 1751 Macapá in Amapá received Azoreans and it was recommended to the captain of the ship to have a special care with the settlers, since "for the most part they were women, children and older people."[7]

Growing Portuguese migrants (1700–1822)

In the 18th century, immigration to Brazil from Portugal increased dramatically.

São João del Rei, Tiradentes, Goiás
, etc.

In the words of Simão Ferreira Machado, in Triunfo Eucarístico, published in Lisbon in 1734, "half of Portugal was transplanted" to Brazil at that time.[11]

Official estimates - and most estimates made so far - place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.[12] Though not usually studied, this represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies to the Americas during the colonial times. According to historian Leslie Bethell, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people." During the 18th century hundreds of thousands left for the Portuguese Colony of Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration.[13]

Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais an 18th-century colonial city and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Between 1748 and 1756, 7,817 settlers from the

Southern Brazil
.

A significant immigration of very rich Portuguese to Brazil occurred in 1808, when Queen

João VI of Portugal, fleeing from Napoleon's invading armies, relocated to the Portuguese Colony of Brazil with 15,000 members of the royal family, nobles and government, and established themselves in Rio de Janeiro. After the Portuguese military had successfully repelled Napoleon's invasion, King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil.[16] The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.[17] The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.[18] On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.[19] Thousands of ordinary Portuguese settlers
left for Brazil after independence.

For thirteen years (1808–1821), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal in what some historians call a "metropolitan reversal" (i.e., a colony exercising governance over the entirety of the Portuguese empire.)

Portuguese immigration to Brazil (1822–1960)

Singer Carmen Miranda, nicknamed "the Brazilian bombshell", was born in Portugal and emigrated with her family to Brazil in 1910, when she was ten months old.

A few years after independence from Portugal in 1822, Portuguese people would start arriving in Brazil as immigrants, and the Portuguese population in Brazil actually increased. Most of them were peasants from the rural areas of Portugal. The majority settled in urban centers, mainly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, working mainly as small traders, shopkeepers, porters, cobblers, and drivers. A smaller number became coal miners, dairy workers, and small-scale farmers outside of urban areas. Portuguese immigrants also provided labor for the dredging of the Tietê River.[10] Upheavals in Portugal after the 1910 Revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic caused a temporary exodus of Portuguese to Brazil. This wave of immigrants is noted for its establishments of bars, restaurants, bakeries, and small industries. The outbreak of World War I and the subsequent stock market crash of 1929 reduced the ability of the Portuguese to travel to Brazil.[10]

The Portuguese and their descendants were quick to organize themselves and establish

Santos, the Associação Portuguesa Londrinense in Londrina, the Tuna Luso Brasileira in Belém, and Associação Luso-Brasileira in Bauru
.

Dwindling Portuguese immigration (1960–2009)

In the 1930s, the Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas established legislation that hindered the settlement of immigrants in Brazil. WWII reduced immigration from Europe to Brazil; after it, immigration grew again, but, with the completion of demographic transition in Europe, European emigration gradually dwindled. As this process in Portugal came later than elsewhere in Europe, Portuguese emigration diminished slowly; but it was also gradually redirected to North America and other European countries, particularly France.

However, between 1945 and 1963, during

Marcello Caetano
are just a few of its most prominent examples.

Economic reasons, with others of social, religious and political nature, are the main cause for the large Portuguese diaspora in Brazil. The country received the majority of Portuguese immigrants in the world.[21]

After Portugal's recovery from the effects of Salazarist dictatorship of the Estado Novo, the

Portuguese economy and a deeper European integration, very few Portuguese immigrants went to Brazil.[22]
From the 1980s to the 2000s, Portuguese emigrants mainly went to other states within the European Union, followed by Canada, the U.S.A., Venezuela and South Africa.

The Portuguese sovereign debt and Eurozone crisis (2009–present)

In the first six months of 2011, with

including Spain, Italy, Ireland and Greece, a record number of 328,826 Portuguese citizens made their situation regular in Brazil. One of the reasons which explained this rise in Portuguese immigration to Brazil was the economic crisis in Portugal, where unemployment rate rose to over 12.5%. In that period, the Portuguese lead the numbers of foreigners making their situation regular in Brazil.[23] This wave differentiates from the two previous waves by the higher education level of the new Portuguese emigrants, which represents an effective brain drain since large numbers of highly qualified and experienced professionals and businessmen left their country.[24]

Portuguese immigration in numbers

Portuguese immigration to Brazil
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics[12]
Period
1500-1700 1701-1760 1808-1817 1827-1829 1837-1841 1856-1857 1881-1900 1901-1930 1931-1950 1951-1960 1961-1967 1981-1991
100,000 600,000 24,000 2,004 629 16,108 316,204 754,147 148,699 235,635 54,767 4,605

Characteristics of the immigrants

Passport of a Portuguese immigrant from the district of Braga, Portugal.

The typical Portuguese immigrant in Brazil was a single man. As an example, in the records of the community of Inhaúma, in the countryside of the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 1807 to 1841, the Portuguese-born population comprised approximately 15% of the population, of whom 90% were males. Inhaúma was not unique: this trend had lasted since the beginning of colonization. In 1872, the

Consul general
of Rio de Janeiro reported: (...)49,610 (Portuguese) arrivals in the past ten years by sailing ships, major, male, 35,740 and, female, 4,280; of these, 13,240 married and 22,500 unmarried; minor, 9,590, as a family, 920(...)

Although these data are not complete — they do not include those who arrived as passengers of small ships[citation needed] or illegally — we clearly see that females made up only 1/8 of total Portuguese immigration. In Bahia, as of 1872, the situation was even clearer: of a total of 1,498 Portuguese, only 64 were women (about 4.2%)[citation needed].

The disparity between the number of men and women among the Portuguese immigrants in Brazil really started to change in the early 20th century, when the largest numbers of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil.[25] In the records of the Port of Santos, between 1908 and 1936, Portuguese female immigrants accounted for 32.1% of the Portuguese who entered Brazil, compared to less than 10% before 1872. This figure was similar to the entries of women of other nationalities, such as Italians (35.3% of women), Spaniards (40.6%) and Japanese (43.8%) and higher than the figures found among "Turks" (actually Arabs, 26.7%) and Austrians (27.3%).[26] However, the majority still immigrated alone to Brazil (53%). Only the "Turks" (62.5%) arrived as unaccompanied immigrants in a higher percentage than the Portuguese. In comparison, only 5.1% of the Japanese immigrants arrived alone to Brazil. The Japanese kept a strong familiar connection when they immigrated to Brazil, with the largest numbers of family members, comprising 5.3 people, followed by Spaniards, with similar figures. The families of Italian origin included lower number of members, at 4.1. The Portuguese, among all immigrants, had the smallest number of people when they immigrated as families: 3.6. About 23% of the Portuguese who disembarked at the Port of Santos were under age 12. This figure shows that, for the first time in Brazil's history, large numbers of Portuguese families were settling in Brazil.[26]

The Portuguese also had one of the highest illiteracy rates among immigrants arriving in Brazil during the early 20th century: 57.5% of them were illiterate. Only the Spaniards had a higher percentage of illiteracy: 72%. (In comparison, only 13.2% of the German immigrants to Brazil were illiterate.)

European sovereign debt crisis, included large numbers of highly qualified and experienced professionals and businessmen.[24]

Portuguese emigration at the end of the 19th century to Brazil[27]
Region Percentage
Beira Litoral 25%
Beira Alta 22.6%
Douro Litoral (included the city of Porto
)		 17%
Trás-os-Montes
 14.5%
Minho 13%
Estremadura to the North of Tejo River (included the city of Lisbon) 6.3%
Baixo Tejo or the part of Estremadura to the South of Tejo River 0.6%
Beira Baixa 0.5%
Ribatejo 0.5%
Algarve 0.4%
Alto Alentejo 0.1%

Intermarriage with other ethnic groups

Marriages of Portuguese immigrants in Rio de Janeiro (1907–1916)[28]
Nationalities of the grooms and brides Number of marriages
Portuguese man and Portuguese woman 6,964
Portuguese man and Brazilian woman 6,176
Portuguese man and Spanish woman 357
Portuguese man and Italian woman 156
Portuguese man and another foreign woman 100
Total of marriages 13,753

Records of the Portuguese immigrants to Brazil in the early 20th century reveal that they had the lowest levels of intermarriage with Brazilians among all European immigrants. Male Portuguese immigrants mainly married Portuguese female immigrants. Of the 22,030 Portuguese men and women who married in Rio de Janeiro from 1907 to 1916, 51% of men married Portuguese women. (Meanwhile, 50% of the

Japanese immigrants had higher levels of endogamy in Brazil.[28]

Portuguese-Brazilian identity

São Bento Monastery in São Paulo.

Brazil was colonized by Portugal, and both countries share Portuguese,

Roman Catholicism
, and many traditions.

The more recent immigrant groups of Portuguese in Brazil keep a close relation with Portugal and the Portuguese culture mainly through the Casa de Portugal.[30] Several events also take place to maintain cultural interchange between Portuguese and Brazilian students,[31] and between the Portugal and the Portuguese community in Brazil.

There are many Portuguese associations "Associações Portuguesas" in Brazil. Other institutions preserve the cultural heritage of the Portuguese community like the "Real Gabinete"[32] and the Liceu Literário.[33]

Today, news online like "Mundo Lusíada"[34] keeps Portuguese immigrants informed about the many cultural events of the Portuguese community in Brazil. A recent analysis suggests that the more recent Portuguese immigrants (from 1900 onwards) had "low rates of intermarriage with native Brazilians and other immigrants."[35]

Feijoada. Considered a national dish of Brazil, is actually originated from the Portuguese cuisine.

Identity merge

The Brazilian culture is in large part derived from the Portuguese culture and the similarities between both cultures and the relatively easy integration of immigrants in Brazil, make it nearly impossible for some to keep a separate Portuguese identity.

Most common Portuguese surnames in Brazil [Forebears] [36]
Surname Population
Silva 5,073,774
Santos 3,981,191
Oliveira 3,738,469
Souza 2,630,114
Rodrigues 2,399,459

The Portuguese in contemporary Brazil

Portuguese people are the largest immigrant community in Brazil. In the 2000 census, there were 213,203 Portuguese immigrants in Brazil.[37]

In the late 1990s and the 2000s, some

tropical weather and the beaches.[38][failed verification
]

The Portuguese crisis in 2010 and 2011 led to higher immigration of Portuguese citizens to Brazil. In the first six months of 2011, with the economic crisis in Portugal a record number of 328,826 Portuguese citizens made their situation regular in Brazil.[23] This wave of Portuguese immigration to Brazil included large numbers of highly qualified and experienced professionals.[24]

Portuguese Ancestry in Brazil

Royal Portuguese Reading Cabinet in Rio de Janeiro.

Most Brazilians have some degree of Portuguese ancestry: some descend from colonial settlers, while others have recent immigrant Portuguese origin, dating back to anywhere between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. Due to

Blacks, Amerindians and people of mixed race.[3]

There are no reliable figures for how many Brazilians descend from the Portuguese. This is mainly because the Portuguese presence in Brazil is very old, making it almost impossible to find correct numbers even though most Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry.

In 1872, there were 3.7 million

Whites in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-Amerindian-African ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks (some of whom probably had some degree of Portuguese ancestry). These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s.[39] At that time, the Portuguese were the only Europeans to settle Brazil in large numbers, since other groups (notably Italians
) only started arriving in large numbers after 1875.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1.5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio is still today considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself.[40][41]

Rio de Janeiro City(1890)
Group Population Percentage of the City[42]
Portuguese immigrants 106,461 20,36%
Brazilians who were born to a Portuguese father or mother 161,203 30,84%
Portuguese immigrants and descendants 267,664 51,2%

Genetic studies also confirm the strong proportion of Portuguese genetic ancestry in Brazilians. According to one study, at least half of the Brazilian population's

Y Chromosome comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes;[3][43]
most of them may have Portuguese ancestors.

Some notable Portuguese Brazilians

Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo.
The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Royal Portuguese Reading Room) in Rio de Janeiro, built by Portuguese immigrants in 1837, has the largest and most valuable literary of Portuguese outside Portugal.
Paço Imperial, 18th-century palace that served as seat for the colonial government, King John VI of Portugal and the two Emperors of Brazil, is located in Rio de Janeiro.

Most notable Brazilians are at least partially of Portuguese descent. However, the following list is only of those who are either born in Portugal or who have close Portuguese ancestry (1st, 2nd or 3rd generation).

Business

  • Grupo Pão de Açúcar
    ; Portuguese parents);
  • Albino Souza Cruz (founder - 1903 - and chairman - up to 1962 - of Souza Cruz, tobacco corporation);
  • Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (businessman, chairman of Grupo Votorantim; Portuguese grandfather);
  • Irineu Evangelista de Sousa
    (Barão de Mauá) (industrialist; Azorean-Portuguese grandparents)

Literature

Olinda, metropolitan region of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco, founded by Portuguese.

Music

Popular music

Entertainment

Portuguese Hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul.

Sports

  • Zico (former footballer; Portuguese parents);
State of Santa Catarina
.

Fine arts

Government and politics

See also

References

  1. PMID 10873790
    .
  2. ^ a b "Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses". noticiaslusofonas.com. 17 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  3. ^
    PMID 12509516
    .
  4. ^ "A pena do degredo nas Ordenações do Reino". Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Ensaio Sobre a Imigração Portuguesa e Os Padrões do Miscigenação No Brasil" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  6. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Brazil". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Açorianos no Brasil, Vera Lúcia Maciel Barroso
  8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Portugueses Em Minas Gerais No Século XVIII: Cultura e Práticas Educativas" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-8-5713-9725-5
    .
  11. ^ Boxer, Charles. The Golden Age of Brazil (2nd ed.). p. 71.
  12. ^ a b "IBGE teen". Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  13. ISBN 0-521-24516-8
  14. ^ "Emigração Açoriana". Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  15. ^ "Os açorianos no Rio Grande do Sul". Retrieved 16 August 2010.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Lustosa, pp. 109–110
  17. ^ Lustosa, pp. 117–119
  18. ^ Lustosa, pp. 150–153
  19. ^ Vianna, p. 418
  20. ^ Portuguese Immigration (History) Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Result of Portuguese Immigration (IBGE)". Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  22. ^ "Portuguese Economy in the 1980s". Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  23. ^ a b "Infobae América". Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  24. ^ a b c (in Portuguese) Brasil atrai muitos portugueses qualificados Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Sol (newspaper)
  25. ^ Portugueses IBGE Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ a b c Imigração portuguesa Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  27. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9141.v0i123-124p81-93
    .
  28. ^
    JSTOR 41010979
    .
  29. ^ a b IBGE.Brazilian Census of 1940 Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ^ "Casa de Portugal". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  31. ^ "Universia Brasil". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  32. ^ "Real Gabinete". Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  33. ^ "Liceu Literário". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
  34. ^ ""Mundo Lusíada"". Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
  35. PMID 12342854. Archived
    from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Forebears". forebears.io/. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  37. ^ "Migration Information Source - Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration". Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  38. ^ "Câmara Portuguesa de Comércio no Brasil". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  39. ^ Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor Archived 5 March 2001 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Brasil 500 anos Archived 23 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Observatorio da Imprensa - Materias - 02/04/2003 Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Rio de Janeiro, uma cidade portuguesa, com certeza, p. 11, at Google Books
  43. ^ "Os Genes de Cabral". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2007.

External links

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