Respect Party
Respect Party | |
---|---|
far-left[6] | |
European affiliation | European Anti-Capitalist Left |
Colours | Red and green |
Slogan | "Peace, Justice & Equality" |
The Respect Party was a left-wing to far-left socialist political party active in the United Kingdom between 2004 and 2016. At the height of its success in 2007, the party had one Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons and nineteen councillors in local government.
The Respect Party was established in London by Salma Yaqoob and George Monbiot. Arising in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, it grew out of the Stop the War Coalition and from the start revolved largely around opposition to the United Kingdom's role in the Iraq War. Uniting a range of leftist and anti-war groups, it was unofficially allied to the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) and the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), a far-left, Marxist group. In 2005, Respect's candidate George Galloway was elected MP for Bethnal Green and Bow and the party came second in three other constituencies. Respect made further gains in the 2006 and 2007 local elections, at which point its support peaked. In 2007, a schism emerged in the party between SWP supporters and the Respect Renewal group led by Galloway and Yaqoob; the former group left the party to form the Left List. Over the coming years, Respect gradually lost its council seats and it deregistered with the Electoral Commission in 2016.
Avowedly socialist and opposed to
Ideology
The political scientists
Benedek characterised it as a manifestation of what
Socialism and anti-capitalism
The party's policies have been described as "traditionally leftist and anti-capitalist".[5] Respect encouraged the nationalisation of many sectors of the economy, including the railways, water, gas, electricity, and the
Anti-Zionism
Respect was
According to the party's national council member Yvonne Ridley, speaking at London's Imperial College in February 2006, Respect "is a Zionist-free party... if there was any Zionism in the Respect Party they would be hunted down and kicked out."[17][20]
The rejection of Israel's right to exist and the characterisation of it as a garrison of American imperialism in the Middle East had been espoused by the SWP even prior to the establishment of Respect.[17]
In February 2013, George Galloway walked out of a debate organised by Christ Church, Oxford because his opponent was an Israeli citizen.[21] He explained his actions thus: "The reason is simple: no recognition, no normalisation. Just boycott, divestment and sanctions, until the apartheid state is defeated. I never debate with Israelis nor speak to their media. If they want to speak about Palestine – the address is the PLO."[22] The Zionist Federation called it a "racist" walkout displaying "xenophobic" tendencies.[23]
Respect was supportive of anti-Zionist Islamist militant groups like Hezbollah and Hamas.[11] In July 2006, Respect official Lindsey German stated that "whatever disagreements I have with Hamas and Hezbollah, I would rather be in their camp... they want democracy. Democracy in the Middle East is Hamas, is Hezbollah".[18] Galloway met with Hamas leader Khaled Mashal In September 2006, and that November the party's national-secretary John Rees attended the Beirut International Conference organised by Hezbollah.[18]
History
Formation: 2004
Respect emerged from the British anti-war movement which had developed from late 2001 onward.[24] The Stop the War Coalition (StWC) had been established in September 2001, with a central role being played by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), which was then the largest radical left group in the UK.[24] The StWC's president was Tony Benn, a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) until 2001, while it also gained the support of several rebel Labour MPs, among them Katy Clark, Jeremy Corbyn, Tam Dalyell, Alice Mahon, and George Galloway.[24] The StWC had also attracted significant support from within Britain's Muslim community, and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) officially affiliated itself with the coalition.[24] The movement politicised a large number of young British Muslims, among them Salma Yaqoob, who became the head of the StWC branch in Birmingham.[24]
Galloway later revealed that, about a year before the UK and US launched the Iraq War, he had broached the subject of leaving Labour and establishing a new party with his friends Seumas Milne and Andrew Murray.[14] At the time—he later stated—he was of the view that UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and US President George W. Bush had already committed themselves to invading Iraq.[14] Galloway was vocal in his opposition to Blair's calls for an invasion, and in May 2003 he was suspended from the Labour Party and then expelled in October, having been found to have brought it into disrepute.[25] He then announced that he would stand against Labour in the 2004 European Parliament elections, and that he would "seek to unify the red, green, anti-war, Muslim and other social constituencies radicalised by the war, in a referendum on Tony Blair".[25]
The two main instigators of the party were Yaqoob and
At its foundation, the party also called for a halt to
Respect initially tried to form an electoral pact with the
Early electoral campaigns: 2004–05
Respect fielded candidates for both the 2004 elections for the European Parliament (EP) and for the
Respect polled a quarter of a million votes in the EP election.[33] Its proportion of the national vote was 1.7%, which grew to 5% in London, although it failed to win any seats.[5][36] The strong showing of the Greens and the UK Independence Party had been part of the reason for this failure to secure a seat. In the London Assembly election, Respect secured 4.5% of the vote, meaning that they did not secure a seat on the Assembly.[37] However, within both the London Borough of Newham and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets—both areas with large Muslim populations—Respect secured the largest number of votes, with over 20% in both.[38] Respect mocked Ken Livingstone's Labour candidacy as the "Blair Mayor Project".[39]
Respect's first election victory was in the council by-election for the St Dunstan's and Stepney Green ward of Tower Hamlets, where its candidate, Oliur Rahman, secured 31% of the vote.[38][40] At the Birmingham Hodge Hill and Leicester South by-elections, both held on 15 July 2004, the party gained 6.3% and 12.7% of the vote respectively.[38] At the time, following defections from other parties, Respect had a council seat in Nuneaton and another in Preston.[41]
The coalition put up candidates in 26 constituencies across England and Wales,
Galloway sought to unseat the sitting Labour MP, Oona King, and the ensuing campaign for the seat has been cited as "one of the most acrimonious in recent history". King accused Galloway of sexual impropriety, although was later forced to retract those allegations. She alleged that she had been the victim of antisemitism from Respect supporters after having been pelted with eggs at a Jewish memorial service.[38][10] She also claimed that Respect canvassers had urged Muslims not to vote for her because she is Jewish. Respect threatened legal action if King repeated the claim.[45]
Respect won 0.3% of the national vote, with an average of 6.8% of the vote in the constituencies it had contested; 17 of its candidates failed to have their deposits returned.[46] However, Galloway won the seat of Bethnal Green and Bow by a narrow margin of 823 votes.[38] Galloway's surprise victory provided much momentum for his party.[10] His victory represented the first time that a party to the left of Labour had won a seat in the Houses of Parliament since 1951.[47] Respect also did well in several other constituencies, coming second to Labour in both West Ham and East Ham, and also securing second place in Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath, where Yaqoob had been its candidate, securing 27.5% of the vote.[48]
Respect made "rapid progress", aided by growing finances and the existing campaign experience of the far left.[10] By the end of 2005, in the London Borough of Newham, two Labour and one Liberal Democrat councillor had defected to Respect.[48] By December 2005, it had an official membership of 5,674.[10] Galloway, however, told Decca Aitkenhead in April 2012 for a Guardian profile that Respect, at its peak, only had about 3–4,000 members.[49] Its university wing, Student Respect, claimed by 2007 to have branches in over fifty campuses across England and Wales.[10] Benedek suggested that this probably made it the fastest-growing student political group in the UK.[10] The SWP's student group, the Socialist Worker Student Society (SWSS), encouraged its members to join Respect and became largely dormant.[10]
Local electoral victories: 2006–07
In 2006, Galloway appeared on
Respect stood about 150 candidates in the 2006 local elections,[48] at which it secured 16 seats.[10] At Respect's campaign launch, Galloway anticipated a "referendum on new Labour", and said the election "will be the last blow that will knock out Tony Blair".[50] In Tower Hamlets, Respect took eleven new council seats, giving it a total of twelve and making it the borough's official opposition to Labour.[51][52][53][54] In Newham, Respect gained 26% of the vote and returned its three councillors, although was disappointed not to gain further ones.[48] In Birmingham, Respect gained 55% of the vote in the Sparkbrook ward, and Yaqoob was elected as the city's first female Muslim councillor.[48][55] None of the new Respect councillors were connected with the SWP. Galloway explained at the time that many Respect supporters "are small business people and wouldn't describe themselves as socialists and are not bound to accept it."[56]
Respect stood 48 candidates in the 2007 local election, of which three were elected.[57] The party had peaked, and following this would witness a decline.[48] In July 2007, Galloway was suspended from the House of Commons for 18 days after the standards and privileges commit accused him of a lack of transparency in the financing of is charity, the Mariam Appeal.[58] In August, a Respect councillor in Tower Hamlets resigned, triggering a by-election which Harun Miah narrowly secured for Respect.[59]
Schism: 2007
The SWP had been members of Respect's "Unity Coalition" since its early years, although relations between them and Galloway had been strained.[59] In August 2007 he wrote a letter to the party's national council stating that Respect had various internal weaknesses, with many deeming this a veiled criticism of the SWP.[59][60] This generated rifts within the SWP itself as two of its members were expelled for refusing to step down as Galloway's parliamentary assistants. By October, SWP publications were claiming that there was a "witch hunt" against socialists within Respect, despite the presence of socialist groups other than the SWP.[59] That month, disagreements between Rahman and Abjol Miah, leader of the Respect group in Tower Hamlets, resulted in four of the borough's councillors resigning the Respect Party whip.[59][61]
By November 2007, Respect had split into two rival factions. The first consisted largely of members affiliated with the SWP and included the rebel councillors from Tower Hamlets.
The SWP attributed the split to a shift to the right by Galloway and his allies, motivated by electoralism (seeking to gain Muslim votes) and attacks on the left.[66] This opinion was shared by Hilary Wainwright, who saw a common pattern of "leaderism" in this and other leftist debacles, although she thought Galloway possessed positive qualities.[67] SWP-dominated branches of Respect were reportedly less active than those with far fewer members of that group. A narrow failure of John Rees in 2006 to gain election in the Tower Hamlets local elections, while the 12 candidates from the Bangladeshi community were all elected, was also alleged to have alienated the SWP from the project.[66]
In December 2009, the party de-registered (removed) itself from the Register of Political Parties for Northern Ireland,[68] but remained registered for England, Scotland and Wales.
Decline: 2008–2011
Respect went into gradual decline after 2008.
Respect Renewal stood 10 candidates in the local council elections also taking place on 1 May across England and Wales. They returned one new councillor, Nahim Khan, in Birmingham Sparkbrook, who received 42.64% of the vote.[72] The party did not field any candidates for the 2009 European Parliament elections, instead urging supporters to vote for either the Green Party or the left-wing Eurosceptic alliance, No2EU.[73] Instead, Arthur Scargill's Socialist Labour Party proved to be the most successful radical left party in the election, securing 1.1% of the national vote.[70]
Respect fielded ten candidates in the 2010 general election,
However the party had better results elsewhere. In Birmingham Hall Green constituency Respect candidate Salma Yaqoob performed better, receiving 12,240 votes, 25.1%, placing second after Labour candidate Roger Godsiff, who received 16,039 votes, 32.9%.[77]
Respect fielded eight more candidates in other constituencies, who together polled 4,319 votes.
During the 2010 General Election the Green Party stood down in favour of Respect candidates in Birmingham Sparkbrook and Blackley and Broughton. While Respect agreed not to stand against the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition candidate in Salford and Eccles or to oppose the Greens standing in Manchester Central,[80] indicating the beginning of a tentative co-operation between the three parties locally [81][failed verification]. Galloway told Decca Aitkenhead in April 2012: "When we lost the three parliamentary seats in 2010 that we'd hoped to win, we became almost minuscule"; Respect he said then had about 8-900 members.[49]
Abjol Miah was elected as the National Chair of Respect in January 2011.
On 5 May 2011, in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the Respect Party, on whose list Galloway stood in the Glasgow electoral region, received 6,972 votes (3.3%).[84][85] He campaigned under the banner of Coalition Against the Cuts, but the vote was insufficient to become a Member of the Scottish Parliament in the proportional voting system used.[83] In the Birmingham City Council election of 2011, Respect lost one of its three councillors to Labour.[83] In July, Yaqoob then resigned due to health reasons, leaving the party with only one councillor in the city.[86]
2012: Galloway wins Bradford West by-election
Galloway successfully contested Bradford West in a by-election held on 29 March 2012, following the resignation of Labour MP Marsha Singh due to ill health.[87][88]
Galloway and his supporters, such as the
Galloway was elected with a majority of 10,140 with one of the largest swings in the polls against the defending political party in modern political history.[91]
2012: party resignations
Yaqoob resigned as party leader in September, following Galloway's remarks about rape with respect to the Julian Assange case.[92] She told a reporter from The Guardian that she had had to make a choice between "standing up for the rights of women" and her admiration for Galloway's "anti-imperialist stance".[93][94] In October 2012, party secretary Chris Chilvers said Respect had 2,000 members, while before the by-election it had 300.[95] Arshad Ali, who succeeded Yaqoob as leader, resigned as national chair in December 2012 after it was discovered that he has a spent conviction for electoral fraud (dating from his time in the Labour Party), although at this point the Electoral Commission still had Yaqoob listed as the party's leader.[96]
Kate Hudson had originally been selected for the Manchester Central by-election, but stood down in early September following Galloway's comments on rape,[97] and left the party in October. In the same month, Respect announced that Catherine Higgins, a local "community advocate", would contest the by-election on 15 November 2012. Higgins finished ninth out of 12 candidates.
In November 2012, at a rally in Rotherham, Respect announced that Yvonne Ridley had been chosen to contend the Rotherham by-election.[98] The election took place on 29 November 2012; Ridley finished fourth with 8% of the vote, ahead of both the Conservative and Liberal Democrat candidates, but behind UKIP and the BNP.[99]
2012–15: Respect's Bradford councillors
Respect won five seats on
After several months of inconclusive reports in the media,[101] on 10 August 2013, the Bradford Telegraph & Argus reported that Galloway might not be a candidate in Bradford at the 2015 general election and instead stand in the 2016 London Mayoral election.[102] The five Respect councillors in Bradford elected the previous year resigned from the party whip on 15 August 2013[103] after coming into conflict with Galloway over his comments that he might run in the London mayoral election.[102] They argued that the MP was needed in Bradford.[103] Two of the councillors had said the MP should resign if he intended to stand in London; Galloway and his associates had immediately suspended them, although their three fellow council members were in agreement.[104] One of the other three councillors, Alyas Karmani, then leader of the Respect group on Bradford City Council, said the party had not, in fact, been consulted about Galloway's plans.[104]
Galloway had also claimed that the councillors were working against him and the party with Aisha Ali Khan, his former aide, and her husband.[103] (Both Ali Khan and her husband later received criminal convictions related to her former employment by Galloway.)[105] After no retraction of the assertions made against them had been forthcoming,[106] the five councillors entirely severed their connections with Respect towards the end of October and then intended to sit as independents for the remainder of their term of office.[107] Claims that they had been "conniving" with Galloway's former aide were false, they said.[108] A spokesman from Respect accused them of attempting to gain control of the party in Bradford.[106]
In the 2014 local elections, Respect stood eight candidates in Bradford, but none of them won in their council wards.[109] Two other Respect councillors lost their seats, leaving Respect without any representation on local authorities.[110] In 2014, the party had only 630 members and assets of £1,947.[111] By that point, the party was largely a vehicle for Galloway's personality.[111]
This changed in March 2015 when four of the former Respect councillors rejoined and a Labour member of the council, Asama Javed, left the party and aligned herself with Respect.[112] The remaining councillor of the five who resigned in August 2013, Mohammad Shabbir, announced he was joining the Labour group on the council in mid-April 2015 with immediate effect rather than rejoining Respect with his former colleagues.[113] In July 2015, the four councillors who had rejoined reversed their decision and decided to continue under the Bradford Independent Group label, although rejoining Respect was still a possibility.[114]
2015–16: general election and de-registration
At the 2015 general election, Respect had four candidates, in Halifax and two Birmingham seats (Hall Green and Yardley) in addition to Bradford West.[115] Where Respect was not standing in the election, Galloway had urged a vote for Labour in 2013, having met and been impressed with then Labour leader Ed Miliband.[116] None of the Respect candidates were elected. In George Galloway's own seat, the 10,000 majority he had gained at the 2012 Bradford West by-election was reversed, and the Labour Party candidate Naz Shah became the constituency's MP with a majority of 11,420 votes.[117]
In December 2015, it became known that former Respect Party leader Salma Yaqoob had applied to join the Labour Party in Hall Green following Jeremy Corbyn's election as leader. Her application was rejected by her local constituency Labour Party owing to her standing against Labour candidates.[118]
Robert Colvile reported in The Spectator at the beginning of January 2016:
Respect barely exists in Bradford—or anywhere else. In 2013, the membership fell to 230 people. Last year [2014], that had rebounded to 630—but beyond their membership fees, Respect raised only £1,133 in donations. Its assets were just £1,947.[1]
Following his defeat in the 2015 general election, Galloway announced that he would stand as Respect's candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election.[119] During hustings, he praised newly elected Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn,[120] but condemned Labour Mayoral candidate Sadiq Khan as a "flip-flop merchant" and a "product of the Blairite machine".[121] In the final result of the London Mayoral election held on 5 May 2016, Galloway came seventh with 37,007 (1.4%) first preference votes. After second preference were accounted for, Sadiq Khan became London mayor.[122] Respect failed to hold any of their seats in Bradford in the 2016 local elections, leaving them without any representation at any level of government.[123]
The Respect Party "voluntarily deregistered" from the Electoral Commission's Register of Political Parties on 18 August 2016, twelve years after it initially registered.[124][125]
Support
Voter base
Since its formation, Respect has presented itself as being "genuinely left" and has sought to appeal to leftist voters dissatisfied with the Labour Party's shift to the centre under the leadership of Blair and Gordon Brown.[126] There has however been little electoral support for parties to the left of Labour in Britain, with the party having to seek out an alternative voting base.[126]
The primary electoral support for Respect came from the British Muslim community.[127] Traditionally, British Muslims voted for the Labour Party, but many had been disenchanted following the Labour government's decision to invade Iraq.[128] Respect appealed in particular to British Muslims who had been disenchanted by the war.[126] According to Emmanuel Karagiannis, "now that the old working class has assimilated into an expanded middle class, the radical Left is obviously looking for a new constituency, and Europe's deprived and alienated Muslim communities may well be the answer."[11] The political scientist Stephen Driver suggested that this over-reliance on dissatisfied Muslim voters left its electoral base "fragile", for when "the source of the protest disappears, so do the protest votes".[129]
At no point did Respect position itself as a specifically Muslim party akin to the Islamic Party of Britain or the Muslim Party in Birmingham, however from its beginnings it did specifically target Muslims with its campaign material, characterising itself as "the party for Muslims" and focusing on issues of particular concern to British Muslim communities. A local election flyer printed in 2004 featured the slogan "George Galloway – Fighting for Muslim Rights!" It often fielded Muslim candidates to stand in largely Muslim areas, although this was not unusual in British politics, with Labour, the Conservatives, and the Liberal Democrats often doing the same.[130]
Respect's main electoral support base was in East London and Birmingham. However, there were other areas of Britain with large Islamic communities—such as Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Leicester—where the party did not do well. Peace suggested that Respect had been successful in East London and Birmingham and not other areas with Muslim communities because these two areas had established anti-war movements and that Respect candidates had already become well known within that movement.[131]
It has also been suggested that Respect's connection to religious groups and
Reception
Respect received little attention from scholars of politics.[136] This may be due to the perception that it was a single-issue party that provided a protest vote among a particular community.[24] As with the Greens, Respect was recognised as having radical views but was nonetheless widely regarded as a legitimate part of politics in the UK. In this it contrasted with the pariah status accorded to contemporary far-right groups such as the British National Party (BNP).[137] In just over two years, it had gained the electoral success that the BNP had taken twenty years to attain.[138]
Respect was controversial within Britain's far-left movement. Far-left criticisms of the party included that it was engaging in political opportunism, that it invited the
Criticisms of Respect
Equality
Respect has been accused of abandoning some traditional
According to a resolution at that year's conference, Respect's 2005 manifesto omitted the "defence of LGBT rights despite policy adopted at last year's AGM and contained in the founding statement". A resolution was passed calling for the end to all discrimination against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender people and that this policy would be stated in all of its manifestos and principal election materials.[142] Despite this commitment, Respect and parts of the LGBT community have clashed on several occasions. In November 2005, Respect's second largest single financial donor, Mohammad Naseem,[143] was accused in an article by Peter Tatchell of being homophobic due to his senior position in the Islamic Party of Britain,[144] which Tatchell claimed advocated the "banning of gay organisations" and the "execution of homosexuals".[145] Naseem, however, stated that the Islamic Party was now little more than a thinktank, and furthermore, disagreed with the statements on the Islamic Party website which Tatchell pointed to, stating his views on homosexuality as follows: "These things are a matter of personal choice [...] I am not concerned with what people do in their bedrooms."[146] Naseem was also present at Respect's 2005 conference, where the vote to reaffirm Respect's support of LGBT rights was passed unanimously.[147]
In January 2006, an article attacking Tatchell's opposition to the party was written by Respect member and journalist
Antisemitism
Abul Hussain, a former member of Respect's national council, posted antisemitic comments on Facebook and was expelled for his comments in September 2010. The councillor joked about chopping off a Jewish person's sidelocks and confiscating their kippah. He also wrote about Jews, "Here's a penny go put it in the bank and [you] just might get a pound after ten years interest!". The Respect Party stated that "such views are demonstrably incompatible with party membership".[150][151]
In 2011 Carole Swords, of Bow, the chairwoman of the Respect Party in Tower Hamlets, was convicted of a public order offence after an altercation with a Jewish counter-protester, Harvey Garfield, at a protest inside a Covent Garden Tesco Metro supermarket. She was alleged to have struck him in the face, smacking off his eyeglasses, while he was protecting Israeli goods from potentially being damaged.[152] A subsequent appeal in December cleared her of the offence. Swords' defence team claimed Garfield had harassed and intimidated Swords inside the supermarket, and alleging he had called her a "Nazi", a "fishwife" and a "terrorist". The recorder determined that Garfield had followed Swords inside the Tesco and that she had demanded he desist. The recorder could not determine how Garfield's glasses had fallen based on the store footage, and allowed the appeal.[153] Swords had earlier described Zionists as "cockroaches ... bugs [which] need to be stomped out"[152] and at a different rally, Swords had told a Jewish protester to "go back to Russia".[154]
Following Naz Kahn's appointment as Respect's women's officer in Bradford in October 2012, it emerged that Kahn had recently commented on Facebook that "history teachers in our school" were and are "the first to start brainwashing us and our children into thinking the bad guy was Hitler. What have the Jews done good in this world??"[155] David Aaronovitch in The Jewish Chronicle wrote: "'What have the Jews done good in this world?' clearly means 'The Jews do only bad'. The Jews haven't suffered as much as they say they have, but insofar as they have suffered it's their own fault and, in any case, they have gone on to inflict equal or more suffering on others. That's 'the Jews' as a group, not 'many Jews', 'some Jews' or 'a few Jews'."[156] Ron McKay, Galloway's spokesman, said Kahn's comments had been written shortly before she joined Respect, on an "unofficial site" (the Respect Bradford Facebook page), and that she "now deeply regrets and repudiates that posting".[155]
The last formal leader of Respect, George Galloway, has been accused by Guardian journalist
Galloway's support for
See also
References
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And to be honest, although I was impressed by Galloway's oratorical skills, my feminism, my instinctive dislike of leaderism and my aghast observations of the Scargill and then the Sheridan debacles made me wary of an organisation that depended so much on a hero.
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- ^ PA "George Galloway's ex-secretary gets conditional discharge for data breaches", theguardian.com, 31 July 2014.
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- ^ Briggs 2007, p. 94.
- ^ Driver 2011, p. 159.
- ^ Peace 2013a, pp. 415–17.
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- ^ Peace 2013a, pp. 418–419.
- ^ a b Peace 2013a, p. 419.
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"Carole Swords of Respect: 'Go back to Russia!'", YouTube - ^ a b Jennifer Lipman "Respect activist: was Hitler the bad guy?", The Jewish Chronicle, 25 October 2012. When she re-emerged in 2017, Naz Kahn was known as Nasreen Khan, see "Shortlisted Little Horton candidate and former Respect activist Nasreen Khan says remarks she made five years ago were 'unacceptable'". Telegraph & Argus. Bradford. 9 November 2017.
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Sources
- Benedek, Eran (2007). "Britain's Respect Party: The Leftist-Islamist Alliance and Its Attitude toward Israel". Jewish Political Studies Review. Vol. 19, no. 3–4. pp. 153–163. JSTOR 25834757.
- Briggs, Rachel (2007). "Who's Afraid of the Respect Party? Dissent and Cohesion in Modern Britain". Renewal: A Journal of Labour Politics. Vol. 15, no. 2/3. pp. 89–97.
- Clark, Alistair (2012). Political Parties in the UK. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230368682.
- Driver, Stephen (2011). Understanding British Party Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4078-5.
- ISBN 978-0-415-66150-8.
- Hill, Dave (2016). Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor. Not specified: Double Q. ISBN 978-1-911079-20-0.
- Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2012). "The Future of the Red–Green Alliance". Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict. 5 (3): 208–211. S2CID 143450671.
- Peace, Timothy (2013a). "All I'm asking, is for a little respect: Assessing the Performance of Britain's Most Successful Radical Left Party". Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 66, no. 2. pp. 405–424. .
Further reading
- Cardo, V. (2014). "Celebrity Politics and Political Representation: The case of George Galloway MP on Celebrity Big Brother". British Politics.
- Clark, A.; Bottom, K.; Copus, C. (2008). "More similar than they'd like to admit? Ideology, policy and populism in the trajectories of the British National Party and Respect". British Politics.
- Crines, Andrew S. (2013). "An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact". Politics. 33 (2): 81–90. S2CID 143311507.
- Peace, Timothy (2013). "Muslims and electoral politics in Britain: The Case of the Respect Party". Muslim Political Participation in Europe.
- Peace, Timothy; Akhtar, Parveen (2015). "Biraderi, Bloc Votes and Bradford: Investigating the Respect Party's Campaign Strategy". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 17 (2): 224–243. S2CID 37137363.
External links
Respect publications
- Peace Justice Equality: the Respect manifesto for the May 2005 election 727 KB PDF document. Retrieved 5 May 2005.
- Where now for Respect? 435 KB PDF document John Rees, Respect National Secretary. 22 June 2004. Archived from the originalon 4 December 2004. Retrieved 5 May 2005.