Syagrus romanzoffiana
Queen palm | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Arecales |
Family: | Arecaceae |
Genus: | Syagrus |
Species: | S. romanzoffiana
|
Binomial name | |
Syagrus romanzoffiana (
Cham.) Glassman [1968][1] | |
Synonyms[5][6] | |
|
Syagrus romanzoffiana, the queen palm,[7] cocos palm or Jerivá, is a palm native to South America, introduced throughout the world as a popular ornamental garden tree. S. romanzoffiana is a medium-sized palm, quickly reaching maturity at a height of up to 15 m (49 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves having as many as 494 pinnae (leaflets), although more typically around 300, each pinna being around 50 centimetres (18 in) in length and 3–5 centimetres (1–2 in) in width.
Etymology
Named after Nikolay Rumyantsev (1754–1826), who was Russia's Foreign Minister and Imperial Chancellor and notable patron of the Russian voyages of exploration. He sponsored the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe.
It was previously scientifically known as Cocos plumosa, a name under which it became popular in the horticultural trade in the early 20th century. In some areas of the world the plant is still popularly known as the cocos palm.
Taxonomy
This palm was first scientifically described and validly published as Cocos romanzoffiana in 1822 in Paris in a folio of illustrations made by the artist Louis Choris, with a description by the French-German poet and botanist Adelbert von Chamisso.[8] Both men had participated in the first Russian scientific expedition around the world under command of Otto von Kotzebue, and funded by Nikolay Rumyantsev, during which they collected this plant in the hinterland of Santa Catarina, Brazil in late 1815.
Meanwhile, in England, circa 1825,
From 1887 onwards Odoardo Beccari published a review of the genus Cocos. Under subgenus Arecastrum he listed the taxa C. romanzoffiana of Santa Catarina, C. plumosa known only from cultivation from seedlings from the plant in Kew, C. australis of Argentina to Paraguay, C. datil of eastern Argentina and Uruguay, C. acrocomioides of Mato Grosso do Sul, C. acaulis of Piauí, Goiás and recently collected from the mountains of Paraguay bordering Brazil, and C. geriba (syn. C. martiana) known as a variable species cultivated in gardens throughout Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro) and the Mediterranean region. Beccari noted that many of the palms being offered in the catalogues under various species names were actually C. geriba.[12]
In 1912 Alwin Berger reduced the taxon C. plumosa, hitherto still only known from thousands in cultivation around the world yet not known from the wild, to a variety of C. romanzoffiana, as C. romanzoffiana var. plumosa.[13]
It was first moved from the genus Cocos in 1891 by Otto Kuntze in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, which was widely ignored, but in 1916 Beccari raised Arecastrum to a monotypic genus and synonymised all species in the former subgenus to A. romanzoffianum. By this time South American imports of palm seed were being sold across Europe under a plethora of names, according to Beccari often mislabelled but impossible to determine down to 'correct' geographical species, thus he interpreted the taxa to belong to a single extremely variable species. This interpretation was long followed. Beccari also considered C. botryophora part of this species, an interpretation that is now partially rejected. Beccari recognised the following, now rejected, varieties:[14]
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. australe – from C. australis, C. datil
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophora – from C. botryophora. As this taxon Beccari (mis)identified plants growing in Rio de Janeiro he earlier considered C. geriba. Synonymy later rejected.
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. ensifolium – from C. botryophora var. ensifolium of Bahia.
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum – nominate form. Includes C. romanzoffiana, C. plumosa, C. geriba, C. martiana.
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum subvar. minus – from a dwarf individual plant of uncertain origins in cultivation in a private collection in Hyères, France.
- Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. micropindo – from a population of dwarf plants from Paraguay earlier misidentified as C. acaulis.
Beccari also reinstated Martius' Syagrus.[14]
Arecastrum was subsumed under Syagrus in 1968.
A
Distribution
It occurs from eastern and central Paraguay and northern Argentina north to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Uruguay.[5][6][16] It is quite common in its native range.[6]
In Brazil it occurs in the states of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.
Non-native distribution
The queen palm is reportedly naturalized to some extent in Florida,[11] Queensland, Australia,[18] Honduras, and the island of Mauritius.[19]
On Mauritius seedlings have been recorded from gardens in the now highly residential area 'Montagne Ory' near the village of Moka from 1981–1984 to at least 1999.[19]
The government of the Australian state of Queensland considers it a potential 'invasive plant', and discourages home-owners from planting it, but it is not prohibited or restricted, or a declared weed.[20][21] According to the 1989 Flora of Southeastern Queensland, it is naturalised in southern Queensland and the Atherton Tableland.[18]
It is not regarded as an invasive or naturalised in New South Wales,[18][22] although numerous sightings of it have been recorded around Sydney and the coast, including in nature parks.[23] It has been classified as a noxious weed by one local council in New South Wales since at least 2010;[24] as of 2015 it is not prohibited or restricted in the state, but classified as a 'serious threat ... not widely distributed in the area in one local region.[25] It was possibly first identified as a potential environmental weed for the area in a book from 1998.[19] Sale is discouraged and the palms are being removed.
It is widely planted throughout much of Florida and other parts of the southern United States, although it is not yet widely established in the flora as of 2000.[11]
It can also be found in some parts of the Mediterranean basin.
Ecology
It is a common tree in many habitats.[6]
Birds are recorded to eat the fruit pulp from fallen fruit include the
The squirrel Guerlinguetus brasiliensis ssp. ingrami is an important seed predator of this palm where the ranges of the two species overlap; breaking the nut open with its teeth at one of the three pores in the top of the nutshell. It preferentially targets bug-infested nuts.[29][30][31][32][33] A long term study into feeding behaviour of this squirrel in a secondary Araucaria forest found that although in certain seasons other plants were consumed in larger quantities, the palm nuts were eaten in large quantities throughout the entire year and were thus the most important food item.[34]
Other important seed predators are seed-boring weevils and palm bruchid beetles[35] of the genus Pachymerus. Grubs of P. bactris, P. cardo and P. nucleorum have all been found within the seed of this species (among many other species of related South American palms).[36] The large, colourful weevil Revena rubiginosa appears to be the main seed predator in numerous areas.[26][27][28] It is thought to probably be a specialist seed predator of this palm.[37] It infests the developing seeds before the fruits are ripe, while they are still attached to the infructescence, the grubs exiting the seed to pupate underground around the palm when the fruit fall.[26][27][37][38] Other weevils found to be seed predators of this palm are Anchylorhynchus aegrotus and A. variabilis,[38] but these species are also flower visitors and likely important specialized pollinators.[39]
The fruit are eaten by
Three studies in Brazil, in four locations lacking other large frugivores such as squirrels, peccaries, deer and tapirs, found coati (
The leaves of this palm are consumed by the caterpillars of the butterflies
Larvae of the giant day-flying moth Paysandisia archon are known to attack the piths of this palm species, along with many other species, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor the palm are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers other genera of palm with more hairy trunks like Trachycarpus, Trithrinax or Chamaerops.[45][46]
The caterpillars of the Indonesian butterfly Cephrenes augiades ssp. augiades and the Australian C. trichopepla may also feed on the leaves of this palm.[47]
The bases of the pruned fronds remain on the tree for several months and could serve as a habitat for insects or snails.
Cultivation and uses
The queen palm is planted in many tropical and subtropical areas.[11][48] It is popular as an ornamental tree and much used in urban landscaping. It is hardy, to -5 °C (zone 9a), but the dead fronds must be pruned to keep the tree visually pleasing.[49] In some areas the fallen fruit are known for attracting unwelcome insects.
The palm is often cut down in Brazil to use the
According to Blombery & Rodd [1982] people eat the unexpanded leaves of apical buds in some regions. Fallen fruits are fed to pigs, and palm trunks are often used in construction, frequently hollowed out to make water pipes or aqueducts for irrigation.[50] In 1920s Argentina, it was cultivated as a crop. The young buds are consumed as vegetables, pickled or preserved in oil. The trunk of the palm provides sago.[52]
Gallery
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Syagrus romanzoffiana growing in Central Florida
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Old palm in Punta Gorda, Florida
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Inflorescence
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Ripe fruit
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Queen palm in Phoenix, Arizona, showing sunburned fronds, a common issue with them in hot desert climates
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Syagrus romanzoffiana growing near theIguaçu Falls
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Fruiting palm in a city park in São Paulo, Brazil
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Syagrus romanzoffiana growing in coastal Georgia, USA
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Brotogeris chiriri feeding on Syagrus romanzoffiana in São Paulo.
References
- ^ "Syagrus romanzoffiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ a b c d "Flora del Conosur" (in Spanish). Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ a b IPNI Plant Name Details. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - S2CID 88021476.
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist for Selected Plant Families, Syagrus romanzoffiana
- ^ a b c d e "Brazilian Flora Checklist - Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman". Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction (in Portuguese). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Syagrus romanzoffiana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ "IPNI Plant Name Details". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- .
- ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1 May 1860). "Cocos plumosa – Feathery-flowered Cocoa-nut". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 3. 86 (16). tab. 5180. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3.
- ^ Beccari, Odoardo (1888). "Le Palme incluse nel genera Cocos Linn". Malpighia -rassegna Mensuale di Botanica (in Italian). 2: 85–90. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- .
- ^ . Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- JSTOR 3298627.
- ^ Lorenzi, H., Noblick, L.R., Kahn, F. & Ferreira, E. (2010). Brazilian Flora Arecaceae (Palms): 1–268. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil.
- ^ "Tropicos – Name – Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman". Inventario Biologico de Paraguay. Missouri Botanical Garden. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780643096158.
- ^ S2CID 82225824.
- ^ Cocos or Queen palm Fact Sheet, Queensland Government, Australia, February 2013.
- ^ "IPA-Cocos-Queen-Palm-PP73" (PDF). Invasive plant and animal fact sheets. Biosecurity Queensland. 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ Wilson, K. L. (January 2013). "NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE". PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Sydney, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- doi:10.15468/14jd9g. Retrieved 6 September 2018.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ^ Ashwath, Nanjappa (December 2010). Evaluating Biodiesel Potential of Australian Native and Naturalised Plant Species (PDF) (Report). Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. pp. 49–51. 10/216. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ^ Thorp, John R.; Wilson, M. W. (January 2015). "Weeds Australia – Weeds Database Search". Weeds Australia. Australian Weeds Committee, Invasive Plants and Animals Committee. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ doi:10.1139/z95-087.
- ^ S2CID 85989354.
- ^ S2CID 85038659.
- S2CID 90076507.
- S2CID 84502876.
- ISSN 1984-4670.
- ISSN 0101-8175.
- ISBN 978-0226169576.
- .
- ^ S2CID 86837066.
- ^ Johnson, Clarence Dan; Zona, Scott; Nilsson, Jan A. (January 1995). "Bruchid Beetles and Palm Seeds: Recorded Relationships" (PDF). Principes. 39 (1): 25–35. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ S2CID 83901349.
- ^ S2CID 14799708.
- S2CID 222837392.
- ^ BACKES, Paulo & IRGANG, Bruno, Mata Atlântica: as árvores e a paisagem, Porto Alegre, Paisagem do Sul, 2004, p. 133.
- .
- .
- ^ . Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- S2CID 87385813. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
- ^ Savela, Markku. "Syagrus". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums – Paysandisia Archon". Lepiforum (in German). 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ Savela, Markku. "Arecastrum". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
- ISSN 0097-1618. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ "ENH-767/ST609: Syagrus romanzoffiana: Queen Palm". Ask IFAS – Powered by EDIS. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
- ^ a b c "Palms on the University of Arizona Campus – University of Arizona Campus Arboretum". The University of Arizona. 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Daehler, C. (3 November 2005). "Syagrus romanzoffiana risk assessment". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ a b c Kruse, J. (April 2001). "Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops". IPK. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
External links
- Media related to Syagrus romanzoffiana at Wikimedia Commons
- PACSOA.org: Syagrus romanzoffiana