Theodore of Tarsus
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Theodore of Tarsus (Greek: Θεόδωρος Ταρσοῦ; 602 – 19 September 690)[1] was Archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690. Theodore grew up in Tarsus, but fled to Constantinople after the Persian Empire conquered Tarsus and other cities. After studying there, he relocated to Rome and was later installed as the Archbishop of Canterbury on the orders of Pope Vitalian. Accounts of his life appear in two 8th-century texts. Theodore is best known for his reform of the English Church and establishment of a school in Canterbury.[2]
Sources
Theodore's life can be divided into the time before his arrival in Britain as Archbishop of Canterbury, and his archiepiscopate. Until recently, scholarship on Theodore had focused on only the latter period since it is attested in
Early life
Theodore was of
Though a Greek could live under Persian rule, the
At some time before the 660s, Theodore had travelled west to Rome, where he lived with a community of Eastern monks, probably at the monastery of St. Anastasius.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Theodore conducted a survey of the English church, appointed various bishops to sees that had lain vacant for some time,[13][14] and then called the Synod of Hertford (673) to institute reforms concerning the proper calculation of Easter, episcopal authority, itinerant monks, the regular convening of subsequent synods, marriage and prohibitions of consanguinity, and other matters.[15] He also proposed subdividing the large diocese of Northumbria, a policy which brought him into conflict with Wilfrid, who had become Bishop of York in 664. Theodore deposed and expelled Wilfrid in 678, dividing his diocese in the aftermath. The conflict with Wilfrid was settled only in 686–687.[12]
In 679
Canterbury School
Theodore and Hadrian established a school in Canterbury, providing instruction in both Greek and Latin, resulting in a "golden age" of Anglo-Saxon scholarship:[17]
- They attracted a large number of students, into whose minds they poured the waters of wholesome knowledge day by day. In addition to instructing them in the Holy Scriptures, they also taught their pupils poetry, astronomy, and the calculation of the church calendar ... Never had there been such happy times as these since the English settled Britain.
Theodore also taught sacred music,
Pupils from the school at Canterbury were sent out as
Theodore called other synods, in September 680 at
Theodore died in 690 at the age of 88, having held the archbishopric for twenty-two years. He was buried in Canterbury at the church known today as St Augustine's Abbey; at the time of his death it was called St. Peter's church.
Veneration
Like the archbishops of Canterbury before him, Theodore is venerated as a saint; his saint's day is 19 September in the Orthodox Church,[25] Catholic Church,[26][27] and Anglican churches. He is also recorded on this day in the Roman Martyrology. Canterbury also recognises a feast of his ordination on 26 March.[1]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Farmer 2004, pp. 496–497
- ISBN 978-1-009-27710-5
- ^ Bunson 2004, p. 881; Bowle 1979, p. 160; Bowle 1971, p. 41; Ramsey 1962, p. 2; Johnson & Zabel 1959, p. 403.
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", pp. 8–9
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", p. 4
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", pp. 7–8
- ^ Stevenson 1998, p. 256.
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", p. 10
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", pp. 17–18
- ^ Lapidge 1995, Chapter 1: "The Career of Archbishop Theodore", pp. 21–22
- ^ Bede & Plummer 1896, 4.1
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
- ISBN 9798868900105.
- Mercia)
- ^ Bede & Plummer 1896, 4.5 (Canons of Hertford)
- ^ Bede & Plummer 1896, 4.21
- ^ a b Bede & Plummer 1896, 4.2
- ^ Bischoff & Lapidge 1994, p. 172.
- ^ Bischoff & Lapidge 1994.
- ^ Stevenson 1995
- ^ Siemens 2007, pp. 18–28
- ^ Lapidge 2006, pp. 33, 87–88.
- ^ Cantor 1993, p. 164
- ^ Collier & Barham 1840, p. 250
- ^ "Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury". OCA.org. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Saint Theodore of Tarsus". www.moodycatholic.com. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
Sources
- Bede; Plummer, Charles (1896). Historiam ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum: Historiam abbatum; Epistolam ad Ecgberctum; una cum Historia abbatum auctore anonymo. Oxford: e Typographeo Clarendoniano.[permanent dead link]
- Bischoff, Bernhard; Lapidge, Michael (1994). Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School of Theodore and Hadrian. Cambridge: University Press. ]
- Bowle, John (1971). The English Experience: A Survey of English History from Early to Modern Times. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 9780297003175.
- Bowle, John (1979). A History of Europe: A Cultural and Political Survey. London: Secker and Warburg. ISBN 9780436059063.
- Bunson, Matthew (2004). OSV's Encyclopedia of Catholic History. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. ISBN 1-59276-026-0.
- Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History, the Life and Death of a Civilization. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-017033-6.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
- Collier, Jeremy; Barham, Francis Foster (1840). An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain (Volume 1). London: William Straker.
- Farmer, David Hugh (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth ed.). Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0.
- Lapidge, Michael (1995). Archbishop Theodore: Commemorative Studies on his Life and Influence. Cambridge: University Press. ]
- ISBN 978-0-19-923969-6.
- Ramsey, Michael (1962). Constantinople and Canterbury: A Lecture in the University of Athens: 7 May 1962. S.P.C.K.
- Siemens, James R. (2007). "Christ's Restoration of Humankind in the Laterculus Malalianus, 14". The Heythrop Journal. 48 (1): 18–28. .
- Stevenson, Jane (1995). The 'Laterculus Malalianus' and the School of Archbishop Theodore. Cambridge: University Press. ]
- Stevenson, Jane (1998). "Ephraim the Syrian in Anglo-Saxon England" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 1 (2): 253–272. S2CID 188096286.
Further reading
- Earle, J. J.; Plummer, Charles (1899). Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Oxford.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Haddan, Arthur West; Stubbs, William; Wilkins, David (1869). Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780790548586.
- Johnson, Edgar Nathaniel; Zabel, Orville J. (1959). An Introduction to the History of Western Tradition. Vol. 1. Ginn.
- Raine, James; Stephanus, Eddius (1879). "Vita Wilfridi Episcopi auctore Eddio Stephano". The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops, Issue 71, Volume 1. London: Longman & Co.
External links
- Theodore 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
- St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury (OCA)
- Santiebeati
- Catholic Online
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