Timeline of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)

Jin dynasty

in 280 AD

This is a timeline of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439).

260s

Year	Event
266	Sima Yan ( Jin dynasty^[1]

280s

Year	Event
280	Three Kingdoms period^[1]
284	30,000 Xiongnu submit and settle in Xihe (in Shanxi^[1]
285	Zuozhuan, dies^[1]
286	100,000 Xiongnu submit at Yongzhou^[1]
289	Murong Hui of Xianbei submits^[1]

290s

Year	Event
290	Emperor Wu of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Zhong (Emperor Hui of Jin) and Yang Jun assumes regency^[1]
290	Liu Yuan is appointed area commander-in-chief of the Five Regions of Xiongnu^[1]
291	War of the Eight Princes: Empress Jia Nanfeng kills Yang Jun, Sima Liang, and Sima Wei^[1]
295	Tuoba Luguan divides the Xianbei into three areas^[1]
296	The Di and Qiang in Qinzhou (秦州 and Yongzhou (雍州), in Shaanxi and Gansu, rebel; Qi Wannian of Di declares himself an emperor^[2]
296	Chouchi: Yang Maosou sets up Chouchi south of Tianshui^[3]
297	Tuoba Yituo of Xianbei begins to conquer the Western Regions^[2]
298	Floods strike Lueyang (略陽) and Tianshui (天水) drift into Hanzhong (漢中) (south Shaanxi).^[2]
299	Qi Wannian is killed^[4]

300s

Year	Event
300	War of the Eight Princes: Sima Lun kills Jia Nanfeng, Sima Yun, Shi Chong, and Pan Yue^[2]
301	War of the Eight Princes: Sima Lun declares himself emperor and gets killed by Sima Jiong, Sima Ying, and Sima Yong^[2]
301	Li Te rebels in Guanghan (northeast Sichuan)^[2]
302	War of the Eight Princes: Sima Ai kills Sima Jiong^[2]
303	Zhang Chang rebels in Jiangxia (江夏) ( Yunmeng, Hubei) and sets up Qiu Chen as emperor^[2]
303	Lu Ji is killed^[2]
304	War of the Eight Princes: Sima Yue imprisons Sima Ai, who is later killed^[2]
	Emperor Hui of Jin relocated to Chang'an^[2]
	Liu Yuan of Xiongnu declares himself Prince of Han (漢)^[2]
	Cheng-Han^[2]
305	Gongshi Fan, Ji Sang, and Shi Le rebel^[5]
305	Zuo Si dies^[5]
306	Changjiang valley^[5]
	Liu Bogen and Wang Mi rebel^[5]
	Sima Ying is killed^[5]
	Gongshi Fan is defeated^[5]
	Emperor Hui of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Chi (Emperor Huai of Jin), who moves back to Luoyang^[5]
	Cheng-Han: Li Xiong declares himself emperor^[5]
307	Ji Sang and Shi Le sack Ye, killing more than 10,000 people^[5]
	Sima Rui is in charge of military affairs in the south^[5]
	Liu Yuan^[5]
	Murong Hui declares himself Great Chanyu^[5]
308	Liu Yuan takes Pingyang and declares himself emperor^[5]

310s

Year	Event
310	Yanzhou^[5]
	Liu Cong, who takes over^[5]
	Lueyang^[5]
311	Han-Zhao: Sima Yue dies and his funeral procession is ambushed by Shi Le, who annihilates the Jin army^[5]
	Disaster of Yongjia: Liu Yao and Wang Mi sack Luoyang and capture Emperor Huai of Jin^[5]
	Han-Zhao: Liu Yao takes Chang'an^[5]
	Han-Zhao: Wang Mi is killed by Shi Le^[5]
312	Han-Zhao: Jin retakes Chang'an after routing Liu Yao^[5]
	Han-Zhao: Shi Le captures Xiangguo (襄國) (Xingtai, Hebei)^[5]
	Liu Cong briefly takes Jinyang (southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi) but is routed by Liu Kun^[6]
313	Liu Cong and is succeeded by Sima Ye (Emperor Min of Jin)^[6]
	Goguryeo takes Lelang Commandery^[7]
	Pingcheng the southern capital^[6]
314	Zhang Shi^[6]
315	Dai: Tuoba Yilu becomes Prince of Dai^[6]
316	Han-Zhao: Emperor Min of Jin surrenders Chang'an to Liu Yao^[6]
317	Sima Rui declares himself Prince of Jin at Jiankang^[6]
318	Liu Cong and is succeeded by Sima Rui (Emperor Yuan of Jin)^[6]
318	Liu Cong dies and his successor Liu Can is killed by Xiongnu general Jin Zhun, and is succeeded by Liu Yao^[6]
319	Han-Zhao: Jin Zhun is killed^[6]
	Han-Zhao: Liu Yao moves to Chang'an and renames his state Zhao^[6]
	Han-Zhao: Fu Hong joins Han-Zhao^[6]
	Xunyi and declares himself Prince of [Later] Zhao^[6]

320s

Year	Event
320	Han-Zhao: Juqu Zhi rebels and is defeated^[6]
321	Youzhou, Jizhou, and Bingzhou^[8]
322	Wuchang^[8]
	Yanzhou^[8]
	Emperor Yuan of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Shao (Emperor Ming of Jin)^[8]
	Earliest archaeological evidence of a double stirrup^[9]^[10]
324	Wang Dun dies^[8]
325	Yanzhou^[8]
325	Emperor Ming of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Yan (Emperor Cheng of Jin)^[8]
328	Later Zhao: Shi Le crosses the Huai River^[8]
329	Later Zhao: Shi Le takes Luoyang and kills Liu Yao while Shi Hu takes Chang'an^[8]

330s

Year	Event
330	Later Zhao: Shi Le declares himself emperor^[8]
330	Wei: Di Bin creates Di-Wei^[11]
333	Later Zhao: Shi Le dies and is succeeded by Shi Hong^[8]
334	Later Zhao: Shi Hu kills Shi Hong and usurps power^[8]
335	Later Zhao: Shi Hu moves the capital to Ye^[8]
337	Former Yan: Murong Huang declares himself Prince of [Former] Yan^[8]
338	Later Zhao: Shi Hu and Murong Huang defeat Tuhe of the Duan tribe^[8]

340s

Year	Event
342	Emperor Cheng of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Yue (Emperor Kang of Jin)^[8]
342	Former Yan: Murong Huang moves his capital to Longcheng and invaded Goguryeo, capturing 50,000 of its people^[8]
344	Former Yan: Murong Huang destroys the Yuwen tribe^[12]
344	Emperor Kang of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Dan (Emperor Mu of Jin)^[12]
345	Later Zhao: Shi Hu starts mass mobilization for the construction of the Luoyang Palace^[12]
346	Former Liang: Zhang Jun takes Yanqi^[12]
347	Cheng-Han and takes Chengdu^[12]
347	Later Zhao: Shi Hu builds the Hanlin Park using 160,000 laborers, thousands of whom die^[12]
349	Later Zhao: Shi Hu dies and Ran Min carries out genocide against the Jie people^[12]
349	Chu Pou of Jin carries out a failed northern expedition^[12]

350s

Year	Event
350	Ran Min declares himself emperor^[12]
	Fu Hong dies and is succeeded by Fu Jian who takes Chang'an^[12]
	Duan Qi: Duan Kan declares himself Prince of Qi in Guanggu^[13]
351	Former Qin: Fu Jian declares himself Heavenly King of [Former] Qin^[12]
352	Former Qin: Fu Jian declares himself emperor^[12]
352	Jizhou^[12]
353	Yin Hao of Jin leads a failed northern expedition^[12]
354	Huan Wen's expeditions: Huan Wen defeats Former Qin at Guanzhong but withdraws^[12]
355	Former Qin: Fu Jian dies and is succeeded by Fu Sheng^[12]
356	Zhou Cheng and Yao Xiang of the Qiang people lay siege to Luoyang but are defeated by Huan Wen^[12]
356	Former Yan: Kills Duan Kan^[13]
357	Former Qin: Fu Sheng is killed and usurped by Fu Jian^[12]
357	Former Yan: Murong Jun moves his capital to Yecheng^[14]
359	Xie Wan of Jin leads a failed northern expedition^[14]

360s

Year	Event
361	Huan Wen's expeditions: Huan Wen defeats Former Yan and takes Xuchang^[14]
361	Emperor Mu of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Pi (Emperor Ai of Jin)^[14]
363	Ge Hong dies^[14]
364	Former Yan: Murong Wei invades Henan and takes Xuchang^[14]
365	Emperor Ai of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Yi (Emperor Fei of Jin)^[14]
365	Former Yan: Murong Wei takes Luoyang^[14]
369	Huan Wen's expeditions: Huan Wen is defeated by Murong Chui at Xiangyi (襄邑) (Suixian, Henan)^[14]

370s

Year	Event
370	Former Qin: Qin troops conquer Former Yan^[14]
371	Former Qin: Conquers Chouchi^[3]
371	Huan Wen deposes Emperor Fei of Jin and enthrones Sima Yu (Emperor Jianwen of Jin)^[14]
372	Emperor Jianwen of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Yao (Emperor Xiaowu of Jin)^[14]
373	Huan Wen dies and Xie An dominates the court^[14]
375	Daoism^[14]
376	Former Qin: Qin conquers Former Liang and Dai^[14]
379	Former Qin: Qin takes Xiangyang from Jin^[14]

380s

Year	Event
383	Battle of Fei River: Qin army is defeated by Xie Shi and Xie Xuan^[14]
383	Qiuci^[15]
384	Later Qin: Yao Chang of Qiang declares himself Prince of Qin^[16]
	Later Yan: Murong Chui rebels and declares himself Prince of [Later] Yan^[14]
	Jibei and after his death Murong Chong takes over^[16]
	Jin retakes territory in Henan from Former Qin^[16]
385	Western Yan: Murong Chong takes Chang'an from Qin^[16]
	Western Qin: Founded by Qifu Guoren^[17]
	Former Qin: Fu Jian is killed by Yao Chang^[16]
	Chouchi: Revived^[3]
386	Northern Wei: The Tuoba state is revived^[16]
386	Later Qin: Yao Chang declares himself emperor^[16]
387	Later Liang: Lü Guang declares himself Duke of Jiuquan^[16]

390s

Year	Event
393	Wei: Conquered by Later Yan^[18]
394	Later Qin: Later Qin conquers Former Qin^[16]
394	Later Yan: Conquers Western Yan^[16]
395	Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia)^[16]
396	Tuoba Gui takes Bingzhou from Later Yan^[16]
396	Emperor Xiaowu of Jin dies and is succeeded by Sima Dezong (Emperor An of Jin)^[16]
397	Southern Liang: Tufa Wugu declares himself Prince of Xiping^[16]
397	Northern Liang: Duan Ye declares himself Duke of Jiankang in Zhangye^[16]
398	Pingcheng^[16]
399	Tuoba Gui declares himself emperor^[16]
	Sun En revolts^[16]
	Faxian leaves for India^[16]

400s

Year	Event
400	Western Liang: Li Gao declares himself Duke of Liang in Dunhuang^[16]
	Western Qin: Submits to Southern Liang and then Later Qin^[17]
	Southern Yan: Murong De declares himself emperor in Guanggu^[19]
401	Northern Liang: Juqu Mengxun kills Duan Ye and declares himself Duke of Zhangye^[19]
402	Huan Xuan sacks Jiankang and Sun En dies, but his lieutenant Lu Xun takes over^[20]
403	Later Liang: Surrenders to Later Qin^[19]
404	Huan Xuan declares himself emperor and dies the same year^[19]
405	Qiao Zong declares himself Prince of Chengdu^[19]
407	Xia: Helian Bobo declares himself Heavenly King^[19]
407	Northern Yan: Gao Yun is set up as heavenly king and replaces Later Yan^[19]
409	Western Qin: Revived^[17]

410s

Year	Event
410	Liu Yu conquers Southern Yan^[19]
411	Rebel Lu Xun dies^[19]
412	Faxian returns from India^[19]
413	Jin recovers Sichuan and Qiao Zong commits suicide^[19]
414	Western Qin: Conquers Southern Liang^[19]
416	Jin takes Luoyang from Later Qin^[19]
416	Huiyuan dies^[19]
417	Liu Yu takes Chang'an^[19]
418	Jin troops retreat from Chang'an^[19]
418	Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms): Helian Bobo takes Chang'an^[19]
419	Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms): Helian Bobo leaves Chang'an^[19]

420s

Year	Event
420	Liu Yu ( Jin dynasty with the Song dynasty^[21]
421	Northern Liang: Juqu Mengxun conquers Western Liang^[22]
422	Emperor Shao of Liu Song^[21]
423	Pingcheng^[21]
424	Emperor Wen of Liu Song)^[21]
426	Northern Wei: Attacks Xia^[21]
427	Tongwan^[21]
428	Xia: Retakes Chang'an^[21]

430s

Year	Event
430	Northern Wei: Takes Luoyang from Liu Song
430	Anding^[21]
431	Xia: Conquers Western Qin and are in turn conquered by the Tuyuhun^[21]
433	Xie Lingyun is killed^[21]
434	Rouran^[21]
434	Song retakes Hanzhong from Chouchi^[21]
435	Northern Wei: Attacks Northern Yan^[21]
436	Northern Wei: Conquers Northern Yan, whose sovereign Feng Hong flees to Goguryeo^[21]
439	Northern Wei: Conquers Northern Liang; so ends the Sixteen Kingdoms^[21]

Gallery

304 AD
317 AD
326 AD
338 AD
350 AD
369 AD
376 AD
391 AD
400 AD
404 AD
410 AD
416 AD
423 AD
436 AD
Eastern Jin, 382
Korea in 315 AD
Korea in 410 AD

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Xiong 2009, p. xc.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Xiong 2009, p. xci.
^ ^a ^b ^c Xiong 2009, p. 414.
^ Xiong 2009, p. 400.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Xiong 2009, p. xcii.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Xiong 2009, p. xciii.
^ Shin 2014, p. 30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Xiong 2009, p. xciv.
^ Dien, Albert. "THE STIRRUP AND ITS EFFECT ON CHINESE MILITARY HISTORY"
^ "The invention and influences of stirrup" Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Xiong 2009, p. 119.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcv.
^ ^a ^b Xiong 2009, p. 135.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcvi.
^ Twitchett 2008, p. 418.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Xiong 2009, p. xcvii.
^ ^a ^b ^c Xiong 2009, p. 547.
^ Xiong 2009, p. 123.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcviii.
^ Xiong 2009, p. xcvii}i.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Xiong 2009, p. xcix.
^ Xiong 2009, p. 273.

Bibliography

Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Brill
Shin, Michael D. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press
Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China 1, Cambridge University Press
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
ISBN 978-0810860537

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xc-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Xiong 2009, p. xc.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xci-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Xiong 2009, p. xci.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009414-3] Xiong 2009, p. 414.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009400-4] Xiong 2009, p. 400.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcii-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Xiong 2009, p. xcii.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xciii-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Xiong 2009, p. xciii.

[FOOTNOTEShin201430-7] Shin 2014, p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xciv-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Xiong 2009, p. xciv.

[Dien-9] Dien, Albert. "THE STIRRUP AND ITS EFFECT ON CHINESE MILITARY HISTORY"

[10] "The invention and influences of stirrup" Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009119-11] Xiong 2009, p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcv-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcv.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009135-13] Xiong 2009, p. 135.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcvi-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcvi.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2008418-15] Twitchett 2008, p. 418.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcvii-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Xiong 2009, p. xcvii.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009547-17] Xiong 2009, p. 547.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009123-18] Xiong 2009, p. 123.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcviii-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Xiong 2009, p. xcviii.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcvii}i-20] Xiong 2009, p. xcvii}i.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcix-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Xiong 2009, p. xcix.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009273-22] Xiong 2009, p. 273.

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v t e Jin dynasty (266–420) topics
History	Conquest of Wu by Jin War of the Eight Princes Upheaval of the Five Barbarians Disaster of Yongjia Conquest of Cheng-Han by Jin Orchid Pavilion Gathering Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions Battle of Fei River Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions
See also	Emperors' family tree Sima clan family trees Sixteen Kingdoms Migration of the eight clans Eighteen History Books of Jin Book of Jin In Search of the Supernatural Jiankang Chronicles of Huayang Butterfly Lovers

v t e Monarchs of the Sixteen Kingdoms
Cheng-Han (304–347)	(Li Te) (Li Liu) Li Xiong Li Ban Li Qi Li Shou Li Shi (Fan Ben)
Han-Zhao (304–329)	Liu Yuan (Liu He) Liu Cong Liu Can (Jin Zhun) Liu Yao (Liu Xi)
Former Liang (318–376)	(Zhang Gui) Zhang Shi Zhang Mao Zhang Jun Zhang Chonghua Zhang Yaoling Zhang Zuo Zhang Xuanjing Zhang Tianxi
Later Zhao (319–351)	Shi Le Shi Hong Shi Hu Shi Shi Shi Zun Shi Jian Shi Zhi (Liu Xian)
Former Yan (337–370)	Murong Huang Murong Jun Murong Wei
Former Qin (351–394)	Fu Jiàn Fu Sheng Fu Jiān Fu Pi Fu Deng (Dou Chong) Fu Chong
Later Yan (384–409)	Murong Chui Murong Bao (Murong Xiang Murong Lin Lan Han) Murong Sheng Murong Xi Murong Yun
Later Qin (384–417)	Yao Chang Yao Xing Yao Hong
Western Qin (385–431)	Qifu Guoren Qifu Qiangui Qifu Chipan Qifu Mumo
Later Liang (386–403)	Lü Guang (Lü Shao) Lü Zuan Lü Long
Southern Liang (397–414)	Tufa Wugu Tufa Lilugu Tufa Rutan
Northern Liang (397–460)	Duan Ye Juqu Mengxun Juqu Mujian (Juqu Wuhui) (Juqu Anzhou)
Southern Yan (398–410)	Murong De Murong Chao
Western Liang (400–421)	Li Gao Li Xin Li Xun
Xia (407–431)	Helian Bobo Helian Chang Helian Ding
Northern Yan (407–436)	Gao Yun Feng Ba Feng Hong
Chouchi (296–443)	Yang Maosou Yang Nandi Yang Yi Yang Chu Yang Guo Yang Jun Yang Shi (Yang Tong) Yang Cuan Yang Ding Yang Sheng Yang Xuan Yang Baozong Yang Nandang Yang Baochi
Dai (310–376)	Tuoba Yilu Tuoba Pugen Son of Tuoba Pugen Tuoba Yulü Tuoba Heru Tuoba Hena Tuoba Yihuai Tuoba Hena (2nd reign) Tuoba Yihuai (2nd reign) Tuoba Shiyijian
Ran Wei (350–352)	Ran Min (Ran Zhi)
Duan Qi (350–356)	Duan Kan
Western Yan (384–394)	Murong Hong Murong Chong Duan Sui Murong Yi Murong Yao Murong Zhong Murong Yong
Zhai Wei (388–392)	Zhai Liao Zhai Zhao
Huan Chu (403–404)	Huan Xuan
Western Shu (405–413)	Qiao Zong
16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC

v t e Timelines of Chinese history
Ancient	Warring States and Qin dynasty (5th century–207 BC) Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) Han dynasty (202 BC–AD 9, AD 25–220)
Medieval	Three Kingdoms (220–280) Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms (266–439) Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) Sui dynasty (581–619) Tang dynasty (618–690, 705–907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–979)
Early Modern	Song dynasty (960–1279) Jin–Song Wars (1125–1234) Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) Northern Yuan (1368–1635) Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Treasure voyages (1405–1433) Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
Modern	Qing dynasty (1636–1912) Republic of China (1912–) Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
Locations	Fuzhou Guangzhou Hangzhou Hong Kong Nanjing Shanghai Taiwan Tibet Yunnan-Guizhou Xinjiang
Non-Han ethnicities	Vietnamese Uyghur Khitan Tangut Jurchen Mongol
Related	Xiongnu Göktürk Turgesh Karluk Tibetan Empire Fragmentation Mongol Empire Oirat
Neighboring countries	Korea Vietnam Early independent Lý Japan Mongolia Pakistan India Russia
Miscellaneous	Chinese texts