Timeline of the Qing dynasty

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See also:
Timeline of Republic of China history

The Qing Empire ca. 1820, marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.
Qing dynasty in 1820. Includes provincial boundaries and the boundaries of modern China for reference.

This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

Background

16th century

1580s

Year Date Event
1583 Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[1]
1587 Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[2]

1590s

Year Date Event
1592
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[3]
1593 Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[4]

17th century

1600s

Year Date Event
1600
Banner Army[5]
1601 Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[6]
1603 Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[7]
Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala[8]
1605 Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[6]
1607 Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[6]

1610s

Year Date Event
1611 Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[9]
1613 Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[10]
1615 Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[10]
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[11]
1616 Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[12]
1618 9 May Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[13]
summer Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[14]
1619 18 April Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[15]
26 July Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[16]
3 September Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[16]
September Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens[17]
Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[18]

1620s

Year Date Event
1621 4 May Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[19]
December Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[20]
1622 11 March
Guangning[20]
1625
Jurchen force[21]
1626 10 February Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[22]
30 September Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[23]
1627 January - March Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[24]
spring Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled[25]
1629 winter
Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[26]

1630s

Year Date Event
1630 summer Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[26]
1631 21 November
Dalinghe[27]
1633 April
Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[28]
summer
Lüshun[29]
1634
Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[30]
1635 Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[24]
Hong Taiji attacks the Hurha[31]

17th century

1630s

Year Date Event
1636 April Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty[32]
9 December Qing invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji invades Joseon[33]
1637 30 January Qing invasion of Joseon: Joseon is defeated and becomes a Qing tributary[33]
1638 Qing dynasty conquers Shandong[34]
1639 Qing dynasty attacks the Daur and Solon people[31]

1640s

Year Date Event
1640 May Qing dynasty captures the Evenk fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin[31]
1642 8 April Battle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou[35]
1643 Northeastern natives submit to the Qing dynasty[36]
1644 27 May
Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing[37]
5 June Qing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees[37]
1645 January Qing forces capture Luoyang[38]
20 May Qing forces capture Yangzhou[38]
16 June
Hongguang Emperor[39]
6 July Qing forces capture Hangzhou[39]
21 July All nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the
Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty[40]
1646 February Ming forces are defeated in Jiangnan[41]
10 July
Tonglu[42]
30 September
Yanping[43]
6 October The
Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces[43]
17 October Qing forces take Fuzhou[43]
1647 2 January Zhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang[44]
20 January
Shaowu Emperor[45]
5 March Qing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan[45]
March Qing forces take Changsha[46]
spring Qing forces raid Anping[47]
23 September Qing forces take Wugang[48]
1648 20 February Ming loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning[49]
14 April Qing forces fail to take Guilin[48]
1649 15 January Ming loyalists rebel at Datong[50]
1 March Qing forces take Nanchang[51]
4 October Ming loyalists at Datong are defeated[50]
summer Qing forces conquer southern Huguang[52]
24 November Qing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou[53]
27 November Qing forces capture Guilin[53]
2 December
Yongli Emperor flees[53]

1650s

Year Date Event
1651 15 October Qing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees[54]
1652 24 March Qing attack on Achansk is defeated[55]
7 August Rebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin[56]
winter Sun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
1654 July
Manchu army defeats a force of Russians[55]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1655 March–April Qing forces fail to take Komar[55]
Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
1656 9 May
Kinmen Island (Quemoy) but their fleet is destroyed in a storm[58]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1657 February Ming forces defeat a
Changjiang River Delta[58]
December Sun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty[59]
1658 10 June Battle of Hutong (1658): Qing-Joseon forces defeat a Russian fleet on the Songhua River[55]
June
Zheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou[60]
1659 7 January
Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty[61]
10 March Qing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan[61]
10 August
Zheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang[62]
24 August
Zheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing[62]
9 September
Zheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen[63]

1660s

Year Date Event
1660 February
Kinmen Island (Quemoy) and Xiamen but fail[63]
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income[64]
1662 20 January
Yongli Emperor[65]
May The
Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland[65]
1664 The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan[66]

1670s

Year Date Event
1674 Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending[67]

1680s

Year Date Event
1683 July Battle of Penghu: Qing dynasty defeats the Kingdom of Tungning and conquers the island of Taiwan, beginning the period of Taiwan under Qing rule[68]
1684 The Han Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness[69]
1685 May–July
Albazin[70]
1686 July–October
Albazin but the Qing forces lay siege to it again until the Russians are forced to leave[70]
1689 27 August
Amur River region to the Qing in return for trading privileges[70]

1690s

Year Date Event
1690 3 September Battle of Ulan Butung: Galdan Boshugtu Khan leads 20,000 troops into battle with a Qing army 300 km north of Beijing, ending with Dzungar withdrawal[71]
1691 The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty[72]
1696 Battle of Jao Modo: The Qing dynasty invades Mongolia with 100,000 troops in three columns. Galdan Boshugtu Khan suffers defeat against the Western Route Army but manages to escape.[71] The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[72]
1698 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Qing dynasty occupies Hami[73]

18th century

1720s

Year Date Event
1720
Dzungars from Tibet, beginning the period of Tibet under Qing rule[74]
Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amin Khoja leads a rebellion in Turpan against the Dzungar Khanate and defects to the Qing dynasty[73]
Zhu Yigui rebels in Taiwan and is defeated[75]
1723
Plains aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain of Taiwan rebel; the aborigines are defeated but Han Chinese settlers continue to rebel[76]
The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies[77]
1727 The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners[78]
1728 25 June
Empire of Russia is delineated[79]

1730s

Year Date Event
1732
Guazhou[73]
Han Chinese rebels in Taiwan are defeated[76]
1735
Miao Rebellion: Qing forces defeat and massacre 28,900 Miao and Kam people in Rongjiang[80]
Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget[81]
1737
Dzungars cause residents of the Tarim Basin to flee to the Qing dynasty[82]

1740s

Year Date Event
1742 Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system[83]

1750s

Year Date Event
1754 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dörbet and Amursana defect to the Qing dynasty[84]
State investment programs for the Eight Banners end[85]
Chinese
Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties[83]
1755 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty sends 50,000 troops in two columns against the Dzungars, meeting little resistance, and complete the destruction of the khanate in just 100 days, however Amursana revolts in the aftermath[73]
1756 All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians[86]
1757 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amursana flees the Qing dynasty, dying in Tobolsk[84]
Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go[87]

1760s

Year Date Event
1760 The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners[88]
1761 Chinese
Manchus[87]
1762 All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system[87]
1763 Chinese
Zhuanglang are let go[87]

1770s

Year Date Event
1779 Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go[87]

1780s

Year Date Event
1786
Lin Shuangwen rebels in Taiwan[89]
1788
Lin Shuangwen is defeated[89]

19th century

1820s

Year Date Event
1820 Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners[90]

1840s

Year Date Event
1841 Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine[91]
1842 29 August The Treaty of Nanking is signed between Britain and China, to come into effect on 26 June 1843.

1860s

Year Date Event
1863 Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect[92]

1870s

Year Date Event
1871 December Mudan incident: A Ryukyuan tributary ship crashes off the southern coast of Taiwan[93]
1872 July Mudan incident: The survivors of the Ryukyuan shipwreck who survive a massacre by Taiwanese indigenous peoples find shelter among Han Chinese locals and are shipped home from mainland China[94]
1874 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874): Japanese forces invade aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan using the Mudan incident as pretext and retreat after forcing the Qing to pay an indemnity[95]

1890s

Year Date Event
1895 17 April
Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki[96]
1898 11 June The Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform[97]
5 September Zhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system[98]
21 September Empress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest[99]
22 September Empress Dowager Cixi comes to power[100]

20th century

1900s

Year Date Event
1900 June Boxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers[100]
14 August Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing[101]
7 September Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed[102]
17 September Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing[102]
1901 July The Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[103]
1902 7 January Empress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing[102]
1 February Ban on intermarriage between
Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted[104]
1903 29 December
Manchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished[104]
1905 16 July The government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad[105]
24 September Anti-
Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners[106]
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted[103]
1906 1 September Empress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date[107]
1907 April The territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces[103]
6 July
Manchu Xu Xilin[108]
20 September Empress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"[109]
27 September An edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10-year period[110]
9 October An edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to
Manchus and Han Chinese[109]

Gallery

References

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Bibliography

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