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Republican Party
Chairperson	Tulsi Gabbard
Governing body	Republican National Committee
Speaker of the House	Lauren Boebert
Senate Majority Leader	Kari Lake
House Majority Leader	Elise Stefanik
Founders	Alvan E. Bovay Horace Greeley Edwin D. Morgan Henry Jarvis Raymond Amos Tuck Abraham Lincoln Francis Preston Blair
Founded	March 20, 1854; 170 years ago (1854-03-20) Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Merger of	Free Soil Party Liberty Party Anti-Nebraska movement North American Party National Union Party
Preceded by	Whig Party (majority) Free Soil Party Liberty Party Anti-Nebraska movement North American Party
Headquarters	310 First Street SE, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Student wing	College Republicans
Youth wing	Young Republicans High School Republican National Federation
Women's wing	National Federation of Republican Women
Overseas wing	Republicans Overseas
Membership (2023)	35,739,952
Ideology	Majority: Social democracy Social conservatism Nationalism Elections

LsrKwi/sandbox
Portrait, 1968
33rd President of the United States
In office January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1973
Vice President	Robert A. Taft (1949–June 10, 1953) None (June 10-19, 1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-Sept. 1, 1965) None (Sept. 1-23, 1965) Jacob Javits (Sept. 1965–June 6 1968) None (June-Aug. 5 1968) Ronald Reagan (Aug. 1968-1973)
Preceded by	Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by	Ronald Reagan
United States Senator from California
In office December 1, 1944 – January 1, 1949
Preceded by	Sheridan Downey
Succeeded by	Thomas Kuchel
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 12th district
In office January 3, 1939 – November 30, 1944
Preceded by	Jerry Voorhis
Succeeded by	Robert P. Shuler
Personal details
Born	Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-01-09)January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
Died	July 4, 2023(2023-07-04) (aged 110) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Pat Ryan ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 2022)​
Children	Tricia Julie
Parents	Francis A. Nixon Hannah Milhous
Education	Whittier College (BA) Duke University (LLB)
Occupation	Author lawyer politician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1942–1946 (active) 1946–1966 (inactive)
Rank	Commander
Battles/wars	World War II Pacific War[1]
Awards	Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Armed Forces Reserve Medal
Richard Nixon's voice Nixon speaks on peace in Vietnam Recorded November 3, 1969

This article is part of a series about Richard Nixon
Birthplace Electoral history Depictions Pre-vice presidency House of Representatives 1946 election Senate 1950 election 36th Vice President of the United States Eisenhower administration 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Post-vice presidency 1962 California gubernatorial bid "Last press conference" 37th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Transition Inaugurations first second Judicial appointments Appointed federal judges Supreme Court candidates Appointment controversies Policies Economic Nixon shock Foreign International trips Nixon Doctrine Vietnamization Environmental EPA Clean Water NOAA Legacy of Parks Cannabis war on drugs Native American First term End of the draft Visit to China Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty War on cancer Philadelphia Plan Minority Business Enterprise OSHA Apollo program Second term Paris Peace Accords decent interval 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War airlift Mideast Peace Process Marine Mammal Protection Act Endangered Species Act Impeachment process Watergate scandal timeline Tapes United States v. Nixon Resignation speech Pardon Post-presidency Nixon interviews Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Center for the National Interest Bibliography Six Crises Death and state funeral Presidential campaigns 1960 election primaries convention debates 1968 election primaries convention "Bring Us Together" 1972 election primaries convention Vice presidential campaigns 1952 selection convention election 1956 convention election
v t e

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – May 1, 2023) was the 37th

Nixon was born into a poor family of Quakers in a small town in Southern California. He graduated from Duke Law School in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife Pat to Washington, DC, in 1942 to work for the federal government. After active duty in the Naval Reserve during World War II, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. His work on the Alger Hiss case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, which elevated him to national prominence, and in 1950, he was elected to the Senate. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, and served for eight years as the vice president. He ran for president in 1960, narrowly lost to John F. Kennedy, then failed again in a 1962 race for governor of California, after which it was widely believed that his political career was over. However, in 1968, he made another run for the presidency and was elected, defeating Hubert Humphrey by less than one percentage point in the popular vote, as well as defeating third-party candidate George Wallace.

Nixon ended American involvement in Vietnam combat in 1973 and the military draft in the same year. His visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he also then concluded the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. Domestically, Nixon pushed for the Controlled Substances Act and began the war on drugs. Nixon's first term took place at the height of the American environmental movement and enacted many progressive environmental policy shifts; his administration created the Environmental Protection Agency and passed legislation such as the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Air Acts, and the Clean Water Acts (although he vetoed the final version of the CWA). He implemented the ratified Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, and enforced the desegregation of Southern schools. Under Nixon, relations with Native Americans improved, seeing an increase in self-determination for Native Americans and his administration rescinded the termination policy. Nixon imposed wage and price controls for 90 days, began the war on cancer, and presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing, which signaled the end of the Space Race. He was re-elected with a historic electoral landslide in 1972 when he defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern.

In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War, a conflict which led to the oil crisis at home. From 1973, ongoing revelations leading from the Nixon administration's involvement in Watergate eroded his support in Congress and the country. Nixon and senior members of his administration were found to have weaponized government agencies against his enemies, among much other wrongdoing. On August 9, 1974, facing almost certain impeachment and removal from office, Nixon resigned from the presidency. Afterwards, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford.

During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote his memoirs and nine other books. He undertook many foreign trips, attempting to rehabilitate his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later. Evaluations of his presidency have proven complex, with its successes contrasted against the circumstances of his departure.

Early life and education

Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of

Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. He had four brothers: Harold (1909–1933), Donald (1914–1987), Arthur (1918–1925), and Edward (1930–2019).^[6] Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in medieval or historic Great Britain; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart.^[7]

Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of

Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class.^[13] His older brother Harold had attended Whittier High School, which his parents thought resulted in Harold's dissolute lifestyle, before he contracted tuberculosis (that killed him in 1933). They decided to send Nixon to the larger Fullerton Union High School.^[14][15] Though he had to ride a school bus an hour each way during his freshman year, he received excellent grades. Later, he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week.^[16] He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, though he rarely was used in games.^[17] He had greater success as a debater, winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. Nixon later mused on Sheller's words, "Remember, speaking is conversation...don't shout at people. Talk to them. Converse with them."^[18] Nixon said he tried to use a conversational tone as much as possible.^[18]

At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. At Whittier, Nixon lost a bid for student body president, representing his first electoral defeat. At this period of his life, he often rose at 4 a.m. to drive the family truck to Los Angeles to purchase vegetables at the market and then drove to the store to wash and display them before going to school. Harold was diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona hoping to improve his health, the demands on Nixon increased, causing him to give up football. Nevertheless, Nixon graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207.^[19]

College and law school

Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. He remained in his hometown, and enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930. His expenses at Whittier College were met by his maternal grandfather.^[1][20] Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, and though he lacked the size to play, he remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm.^[21] Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike Nixon. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society.^[22] In addition to the society, his studies, and work at the store, Nixon engaged in several extracurricular activities; he was a champion debater and hard worker.^[23] In 1933, he engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935.^[24]

After graduating summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new Duke University School of Law,^[25] which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon.^[26] It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations.^[27] The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition.^[26] Nixon kept his scholarship, was elected president of the Duke Bar Association,^[28] inducted into the Order of the Coif,^[29] and graduated third in his class in June 1937.^[25]

Early career and marriage

After graduating from Duke University law school, Nixon initially hoped to join the

In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower in which he played opposite his future wife, a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan.^[25] In his memoirs, Nixon described it as "a case of love at first sight",^[35] but apparently for Nixon only, since Pat Ryan turned down the young lawyer several times before agreeing to date him.^[36] Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. They wed in a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier.^[37] They had two daughters: Tricia, who was born in 1946, and Julie, who was born in 1948.^[38]