User:Somatochlora/sandbox/Endangered species
An endangered species is a
Conservation status
The
Over 50% of the world's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction.
IUCN Red List
Though labelled a list, the
Endangered species in the United States
There is data from the United States that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Using species data from the Database on the Economics and Management of Endangered Species (DEMES) database and the period that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has been in existence, 1970 to 1997, a table was created that suggests a positive relationship between human activity and species endangerment.[5]
Endangered Species Act
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States, species may be listed as "endangered" or "threatened". The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. The US Fish and Wildlife Service, as well as the National Marine Fisheries Service are held responsible for classifying and protecting endangered species. Also, they are also responsible for adding a particular species to the list can be a long, controversial process (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 414).
Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include: criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list and rules for removing a species from the list once its population has recovered. Whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their areas; and obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from hunters and various industries like the petroleum industry, construction industry, and logging, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws.
The
Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers.[7] This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species.[8]
Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up" method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat silently. Thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time further reducing the population of an endangered species.[9] The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act – which coined the term "endangered species" – has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their publications but is nevertheless widely recognized by wildlife scientists who work with the species as an effective recovery tool. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered[10] and 93% of listed species in the northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.[11]
Currently, 1,556 known species in the world have been identified as near extinction or endangered and are under protection by government law. This approximation, however, does not take into consideration the number of species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection of such laws like the Endangered Species Act. According to NatureServe's global conservation status, approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled.[12]: 415 Thus, in total, between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi and plants are near extinction.[12]: 416 This total is substantially more than the number of species protected in the United States under the Endangered Species Act.
Ever since mankind began hunting to preserve itself, over-hunting and fishing has been a large and dangerous problem. Of all the species who became extinct due to interference from mankind, the
Invasive species
The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt the ecosystem to such an extent that native species become endangered. Such introductions may be termed alien or invasive species. In some cases, the invasive species compete with the native species for food or prey on the natives. In other cases, a stable ecological balance may be upset by predation or other causes leading to unexpected species decline. New species may also carry diseases to which the native species have no resistance.[15]
Conservation
Captive breeding
Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant to save species from extinction and so stabilise the population of the species that it will not disappear.[16]
This technique has worked for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, an example being the
In 1981, the
Private farming
Whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations, legal, for-profit, private farming does the opposite. It has substantially increased the populations of the southern black rhinoceros and southern white rhinoceros. Dr Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into the conservation programmes. There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching: from Eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector has been key to helping our work."[18]
Conservation experts view the effect of China's turtle farming on the wild turtle populations of China and South-Eastern Asia – many of which are endangered – as "poorly understood".[19] Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with farm-raised turtles in the marketplace – the percentage of farm-raised individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007[20] – they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. The conservation expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted that turtle farmers often believe that animals caught wild are superior breeding stock. Turtle farmers may, therefore, seek and catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtle species.[20]
In 2009, researchers in Australia managed to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked tanks, raising the possibility that fish farming may be able to save the species from overfishing.[21]
Gallery
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Though endangered, the sea otter has a relatively large population.
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1870s photo of American bison skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750.
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Immature California condor.
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Cantor's giant softshell turtle
See also
- ARKive
- Biodiversity
- Cobthorn Trust
- Critically endangered
- Endangered plants of Europe
- Endangered Species Act of 1973
- Ex situ conservation
- Extinction
- Genome sequencing of endangered species
- Holocene extinction
- Habitat fragmentation
- Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation
- In Situ Conservation in India
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
- The Last Paradises: On the Track of Rare Animals, a 1967 film
- List of endangered animals in India
- List of endangered species in North America
- List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species
- Overexploitation
- NatureServe conservation status
- Rare species
- Red Data Book of the Russian Federation
- Threatened species
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds
- World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
- Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species
- List of endangered amphibians
- List of endangered arthropods
- List of endangered birds
- List of endangered fishes
- List of endangered insects
- List of endangered invertebrates
- List of endangered mammals
- List of endangered molluscs
- List of endangered reptiles
- List of Chromista by conservation status
- List of fungi by conservation status
References
- ^ "NatureServe Conservation Status". NatureServe. April 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN. February 2011. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Threatened Species". Conservation and Wildlife. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "The Tiger". Sundarbans Tiger Project. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ISBN 0521662109.
- ^ releases/showNews.cfm?newsId=EE78C309-C119-D9DC-042421265ACD62A4 "FWS.gov". fws.gov.
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value (help) - PMID 17132047.)
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link - ^ "Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up". Reasononline. Reason Magazine. 2003-12-31. Archived from the original on 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ "USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)". U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ "ESA Successes". www.esasuccess.org.
- ^ a b Wilcove & Master 2008.
- ^ "Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Bald Eagle)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- PMID 30399289.
- ^ Chiras, Daniel D. (2011). "Invader Species". Grolier. Online.
- ^ "Captive Breeding Populations - National Zoo". Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ "Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Programs". Archived from the original on 2009-08-03.
- ^ He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction, The Independent, June 17, 2008
- . Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ a b "Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine". Fish Farmer, 30 March 2007. Their source is an article by James Parham, Shi Haitao and two other authors, published in February 2007 in the journal Conservation Biology.
- ^ The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land, Time magazine, December 8, 2009.
Further reading
- Glenn, C. R. 2006. "Earth's Endangered Creatures".
- Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). Biodiversity Futures, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4), 179.
- Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Päivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(6), 1963-1967.
- Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). Why we need an "Ecological Ethics", Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332-337.
- Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). Preserving Paradise, Science News, 170(6), 92.
- Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414-420.
- Freedman, Bill. "endangered species." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Discovering Collection. Gale.
- Chiras, Daniel D. "Invader Species." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011.
- "endangered Species." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010.
External links
- Endangered species profiles from Earth's endangered Creatures
- List of species with the category Endangered as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Endangered Species from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
- Endangered Species & Wetlands Report Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA, wetlands and regulatory takings.
- USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere
- https://worldwildlife.org/species
- Endangered Species
- Extinction: A million species at risk, so what is saved? BBC. December 28, 2019.
Category:Biota by conservation status Category:IUCN Red List Category:Environmental conservation Category:Habitat Category:IUCN Red List endangered species