Werner Lucas

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Werner Lucas
JG 3
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Werner Georg Emil Lucas (27 December 1917 – 24 October 1943) was a German

fighter ace credited with 106 enemy aircraft shot down. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with one claim over the Western Front
.

Born in Berlin, Lucas volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1938. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) in 1941. He claimed his first aerial victories in July 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Following his 57th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 September 1942. He was then appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 3 which he continued to lead on the Eastern Front. He claimed his 100th aerial victory on 21 July 1943.

In October 1943, Lucas and his unit were transferred to the Western Front fighting in

Defense of the Reich. In this theatre, Lucas claimed his 106th and last aerial victory before he was killed in action in aerial combat with Supermarine Spitfires
on 24 October 1943.

Military career

Lucas was born on 27 December 1917 in Berlin of the German Empire. Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) on 8 February 1941.[2] World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. At the time of his posting, II. Gruppe of JG 3 was based in Arques in northern France and fighting against the Royal Air Force.[3] On 10 February 1941, II. Gruppe was ordered to return to Germany for a period of rest and reequipment. The unit arrived at Darmstadt-Griesheim on 16 February where they received a complement of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 fighter aircraft.[4]

On 25 April 1941, II. Gruppe began relocating back to the English Channel Front at Monchy-Breton. The Gruppe completed relocation on 4 May and flew its first mission on 7 May 1941. On 1 June 1941, II. Gruppe began its relocation to the Eastern Front. The ground elements moved immediately while the air elements followed on 8 June. On that day, they flew to Saint-Dizier and then to Böblingen. On the following day, they continued to Breslau-Gandau, now Wrocław Airport in Poland, via Straubing.[5]

Operation Barbarossa

In preparation for

Lothar Keller informed his subordinates of the attack.[6]

A map of Eastern Europe depicting the movement of military units and formations.
Map indicating Operation Barbarossa's attack plan

The invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941. II. Gruppe flew its first missions on the Eastern Front shortly before 04:00, flying low attacks against Soviet airfields in the vicinity of

Miropol on 10 July. That day, Lucas claimed three Tupolev TB-3 bombers shot down.[9] He and his wingman, Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Franz Beyer, had encountered twelve TB-3s from 14 Tyazhyolyy Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionnyy (14 TBAP—14th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment). The two pilots claimed five of the bombers destroyed while Soviet records indicate that seven were lost.[10][11]

On 8 August 1941, Lucas became an "

ace-in-a-day" for the first time, shooting down five Soviet bombers in combat near the Dnieper river.[12] On 31 October 1941, II. Gruppe flew its last combat mission over the northern Crimean combat zone and was ordered to retreat to Germany for a period of rest and refurbishment.[13] On 1 December 1941, JG 3 was given the honorary name "Udet" following the suicide of World War I fighter pilot and Luftwaffe Generalleutnant Ernst Udet.[14]

Mediterranean Theatre

At Wiesbaden-Erbenheim airfield, II. Gruppe was equipped with Bf 109 F-4 trop as the unit was to be deployed in the Mediterranean Theatre. After almost two months of rest, II. Gruppe was ordered to transfer to Sicily in early January 1942.[15] Lucas was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 27 March 1942.[16] II. Gruppe flew its last combat mission over Malta on 25 April 1942.[17] On 27 April, II. Gruppe arrived at Plzeň where it was placed under the command of Hauptmann (Captain) Kurt Brändle.[17]

Eastern Front

After three weeks of rest, II. Gruppe was moved to the southern sector of the Eastern Front and placed under control of

dive bombers and claimed his 39th and 40th aerial victory. The flight was intercepted by Yakovlev Yak-7 fighters from 434 Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (434 IAP—434rd Fighter Aviation Regiment). In this encounter, Lucas claimed two Yakovlev fighters shot down. It is possible that his opponents were Mládshiy Leytenánt Kukushin and Serzhánt Smirnov, who both were shot down that day.[20]

On 20 August 1942, for the second time in his combat career, Lucas became an "ace-in-a-day". On his first combat mission of the day, he claimed an

Donbass Strategic Offensive, II. Gruppe supported the 6th Army on the Mius-Front.[25] On 31 July 1943, II. Gruppe claimed 17 aerial victories in this sector, including two by Lucas, his last two claims on the Eastern Front.[26] On 2 August, the Gruppe was ordered to return to Germany.[27]

Defense of the Reich and death

Ysselsteyn German war cemetery grave CW 1-21

The increasing daytime attacks of the

Defense of the Reich.[28] On 3 August 1943, II. Gruppe's air elements arrived at Uetersen Airfield in northern Germany.[29] On 20 October, the USAAF targeted Düren. II. Gruppe intercepted the bombers near Venlo but were fended off by the escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. Elements of II. Gruppe managed to reach the bombers on their return. Two Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers were shot down, including one by Lucas.[30]

Whilst with JG 3 flying from

B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, on 24 October 1943.[31] His Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 27080 —factory number) crashed in the city centre of Leiden, Netherlands.[32] He on purpose, crashed his aircraft in the courtyard of a hospital on the Hooigracht, thus taking no other people with him than his 106 kills.[33]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Lucas was credited with 106 aerial victories.[34] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 105 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This figure includes 104 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and a four-engined bomber over the Western Allies.[35]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47844". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15

minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[36]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (
ace-in-a-day
", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[37]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 1 November 1941
1?[Note 3] 2 July 1941 06:20 I-16[38] 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Krylow[39] 17 25 August 1941 05:45 Pe-2[40] Janzewo[41]
2 10 July 1941 19:22 TB-3[42] 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Korostyshiv[43] 18 30 August 1941 12:19 DB-3[44] 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Nowokosmosk[41]
3 10 July 1941 19:30 TB-3[42] 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Maidanowka[43] 19 30 August 1941 12:25 DB-3[44] 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Nikolajewskaja[41]
4 10 July 1941 19:33 TB-3[42] Chromovka[43] 20 2 September 1941 06:45 DB-3[44] Dumchailowka[41]
5 26 July 1941 06:39 I-153[45] west of Chrebjonka[46] 21 3 September 1941 13:38 V-11 (Il-2)[44] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Kobeljaki[41]
6 26 July 1941 10:59 V-11 (Il-2)[45] south of Germanowka[46] 22 6 September 1941 18:25 SB-3[44] Koselschtschina[41]
7 8 August 1941 13:40 DB-3[45] 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Gorodishche[46] 23 7 September 1941 05:30 I-180 (Yak-7)[44] 7 km (4.3 mi) west of Woskabojnia[41]
8 9 August 1941 04:50 DB-3[45] 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Pawlitsch[46] 24 13 September 1941 17:25?[Note 4] V-11 (Il-2)[44] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Balakliia[47]
9 12 August 1941 07:45 DB-3[45] Knajschitschij[46] 25 23 September 1941 16:35 I-153[48] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Kotowka[47]
10♠ 17 August 1941 09:07 DB-3[40] Boschedarowka[46] 26 25 September 1941 07:23 I-26 (Yak-1)[48] east of Kirkowka[47]
11♠ 17 August 1941 09:08 DB-3[40] 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Adamowka[46] 27 25 September 1941 14:45 DB-3[48] 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Senkow[47]
12♠ 17 August 1941 09:15 DB-3[40] 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Tschumaki[46] 28 28 September 1941 14:47 Pe-2[48] 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Nowokosmosk[47]
13♠ 17 August 1941 17:50 SB-3[40] Raduschnaja[46] 29 29 September 1941 10:25 I-180 (Yak-7)[48] 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Pestschanoje[47]
14♠ 17 August 1941 17:55 SB-3[40] Apostolove[46] 30 8 October 1941 13:15 Pe-2[48] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Mosalsk[47]
15 21 August 1941 16:35 DB-3[40] 8 km (5.0 mi) southwest of Pismenaja[49] 31 17 October 1941 09:15 I-26 (Yak-1)[48] 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Kurulu-Kiptschok[50]
16 21 August 1941 16:43 DB-3[40] 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Iwkowka[49] 32 18 October 1941 13:11 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] Kadshanbak[50]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[35]
Eastern Front — 26 April 1942 – 3 February 1943
33 15 July 1942 15:15 DB-3[19] 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Naro-Fominsk[51] 54 13 September 1942 06:58 Pe-2[52] PQ 47844, Konopatja[53]
34 15 July 1942 16:50 Pe-2[19] 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Millerovo[51] 55 13 September 1942 07:03 Pe-2[52] PQ 47682, Konopatja[53]
35 20 July 1942 11:59 Il-2[19] Olchowskij[51] 56 15 September 1942 09:12 Il-2[52] PQ 47842, Rashdestoweno[53]
36 21 July 1942 09:07 Il-2[19] 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Strachowskij[51] 57 15 September 1942 14:44 Pe-2[52] 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Krestowo[53]
37 23 July 1942 17:30 Il-2[19] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Tschernschowskaja[54] 58 23 September 1942 07:17 LaGG-3[52] 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Straschewitschi[53]
38 26 July 1942 15:14 Pe-2[55] 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Dmitrijewka[54] 59 15 October 1942 08:58 LaGG-3[56] PQ 38614, Paralesok[53]
39 27 July 1942 16:02 Yak-1[55] 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Dubinskij[54] 60 26 November 1942 12:17 Il-2[56] 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Beljin[57]
40 27 July 1942 16:05 Yak-1[55] 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Marinowka[54] 61 26 November 1942 12:19 Il-2[56] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Beljin[57]
41 4 August 1942 17:35 Pe-2[55] 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of "Haltepunkt 75km" (stopping point 75 km)[58] 62 30 November 1942 13:56 Il-2[56] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Beljin[57]
42 5 August 1942 04:30 Pe-2[55] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Tschapurniki[58] 63 3 December 1942 12:37 Il-2[56] 35 km (22 mi) west of Beljin[57]
43 5 August 1942 04:35 MiG-1[55] 28 km (17 mi) west of Tschapurniki[58] 64 17 December 1942 11:35 Pe-2[56] 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Kotluban train station[59]
44 6 August 1942 14:40 R-5[60] 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Flodowitoje[61] 65 17 December 1942 11:36 Pe-2[56] 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Gnilowskoje[59]
45 7 August 1942 17:47 Pe-2[60] 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Klischewskij[61] 66 19 December 1942 09:30 Il-2[56] 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Akimowskij[59]
46 17 August 1942 05:20 Il-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Prudkij[62] 67 19 December 1942 09:50 Il-2[63] 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest of Dmitirjewka[59]
47 19 August 1942 17:44 Il-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Katschalinskaja[62] 68 5 January 1943 07:10 La-5[63] PQ 19591, Krasno Snamenko[59]
48♠ 20 August 1942 04:33 Il-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Gratschij[62] 69 5 January 1943 07:20 La-5[63] 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Prokowskij[59]
49♠ 20 August 1942 04:40 Pe-2[60] 18 km (11 mi) west of Pitschugi[62] 70 15 January 1943 13:00 PS-84?[63][Note 5] 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest of Kotluban train station[65]
50♠ 20 August 1942 04:42 Pe-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Warlamow[62] 71 15 January 1943 13:04 PS-84?[63][Note 5] PQ 49183, west of Pitomnik[65]
51♠ 20 August 1942 04:43 Pe-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Arakanzew[62] 72 15 January 1943 13:08 PS-84?[63][Note 5] 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Ssamofalowka[65]
52♠ 20 August 1942 04:46 Pe-2[60] 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Pantschino[62] 73 1 February 1943 11:55 Boston[66] PQ 99833, west Korolewka[65]
53 21 August 1942 17:45 Il-2[52] 9 km (5.6 mi) northeast of Dubowy Owrag[62]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[64]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 3 August 1943
74 10 February 1943 09:00 Il-2[66] PQ 34 Ost 99454, Kuschilowka[67] 90♠ 5 July 1943 09:15 Pe-2[68] PQ 35 Ost 61112, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Dmitrijewka[69]
75 20 April 1943 10:04 Boston[70] PQ 34 Ost 75453, 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Noworossijsk[71] 91♠ 5 July 1943 09:30 Il-2[68] PQ 35 Ost 61342, 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Tomarowka[69]
76 20 April 1943 16:00 Boston,[70] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Noworossijsk[71] PQ 34 Ost 75454 92♠ 5 July 1943 18:05 Il-2[72] PQ 35 Ost 61483, 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southeast of Belgorod[69]
77 20 April 1943 16:05 Boston[70] PQ 34 Ost 75781, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Noworossijsk[71] 93 6 July 1943 17:13 Il-2[72] PQ 35 Ost 61661, west of Titowka[73]
78 23 April 1943 17:04 LaGG-3[74] PQ 34 Ost 75433, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Noworossijsk[71] 94 7 July 1943 04:30 Il-2[72] PQ 35 Ost 61362, Polonnaja[73]
79 23 April 1943 17:08 LaGG-3[74] PQ 34 Ost 75497, 9 km (5.6 mi) south-southeast of Karbadinka[71] 95 7 July 1943 04:34 Il-2[72] PQ 35 Ost 61532, Pokaljannoje[73]
80 6 May 1943 13:45 LaGG-3[75] PQ 35 Ost 71153, north of Koschtschejewo[76] 96 15 July 1943 14:45 Il-2[77] PQ 35 Ost 61253, Schachowa[78]
81 7 May 1943 16:30 La-5[75] PQ 34 Ost, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Gretscheskoje[79] 97 15 July 1943 14:50 Il-2[77] PQ 35 Ost 71147, Kolomizewo[78]
82 9 May 1943 08:57 La-5[75] PQ 34 Ost 75252, 15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Krymskaja[79] 98 19 July 1943 12:20 Il-2[77] PQ 34 Ost 88422, Semenowskij[78]
83 8 June 1943 11:12 LaGG-3[80] PQ 35 Ost 61213, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Prochorowka[81] 99 19 July 1943 18:20 Il-2[77] PQ 34 Ost 88233, 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Dmitrijewka[78]
84 8 June 1943 11:22 La-5[80] PQ 35 Ost 61243, 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Lucki[81] 100 21 July 1943 08:05 Il-2[77] PQ 34 Ost 88252, Sour-Mglinskij[82]
85 16 June 1943 03:35 Yak-1[80] PQ 35 Ost 60294, 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Annowka[81] 101 21 July 1943 14:10 Yak-1[83] PQ 34 Ost 88211, south of Tschistjakowo[82]
86 19 June 1943 15:57 Pe-2[80] PQ 35 Ost 61431, near Melechowo[81] 102 22 July 1943 04:13 Il-2[83] PQ 34 Ost 88183, 1 km (0.62 mi) northeast of Kuteinikowo[82]
87 21 June 1943 14:32 Il-2[80] PQ 35 Ost 53462, 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Borissowka[81] 103 30 July 1943 17:12 Il-2[83] PQ 34 Ost 88261, 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Marinowka[84]
88♠ 5 July 1943 03:25 Il-2?[Note 6] PQ 35 Ost 60182, north of Skripaj[69] 104 31 July 1943 11:00 Il-2[83] PQ 34 Ost 88264, 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Gregorjewka[84]
89♠ 5 July 1943 04:05 Il-2[68] PQ 35 Ost 60334, Butowka[69] 105 31 July 1943 11:13 Il-2[83] PQ 34 Ost 88283, 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Aleksejewka[84]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[37]
Defense of the Reich — 12 September – 24 October 1943
106 20 October 1943 14:45?[Note 7] B-17[85] PQ 05 Ost S/KN 9, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Venray[86]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ All times used in this section are Central European Time unless otherwise noted.
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[37]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:26.[37]
  5. ^ a b c According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin DB-3.[64]
  6. ^ According to Prien and Stemmer claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-1.[68] According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-7.[64]
  7. ^ According to Prien and Stemmer claimed at 14:39.[85]
  8. ^ According to Obermaier on 2 April 1942.[2]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 161.
  3. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 27, 404.
  4. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 28, 66.
  5. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 67.
  6. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 70.
  7. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 73–74.
  8. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 74, 371.
  9. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 74.
  10. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 40.
  11. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 96.
  12. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 77, 374.
  13. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 81.
  14. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 82.
  15. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 102.
  16. ^ a b Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 286.
  17. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 106.
  18. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 135.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 380.
  20. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 58.
  21. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 65.
  22. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 328.
  23. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 144, 146.
  24. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  25. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 154.
  26. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 154, 397.
  27. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 155.
  28. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 188.
  29. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 189.
  30. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 194.
  31. ^ Weal 2006, p. 54.
  32. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 194, 348.
  33. ^ Verenigde Vleugels.
  34. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  35. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 776–777.
  36. ^ Planquadrat.
  37. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 776.
  38. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 371.
  39. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 108.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 374.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 114.
  42. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 372.
  43. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 110.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 375.
  45. ^ a b c d e Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 373.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003, p. 112.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 115.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 376.
  49. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 113.
  50. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 116.
  51. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 148.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 383.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 153.
  54. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 149.
  55. ^ a b c d e f Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 381.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 384.
  57. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 154.
  58. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 150.
  59. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 155.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 382.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 151.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 152.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 385.
  64. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 777.
  65. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 156.
  66. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 386.
  67. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 73.
  68. ^ a b c d Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 394.
  69. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 85.
  70. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 389.
  71. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 80.
  72. ^ a b c d Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 395.
  73. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 86.
  74. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 390.
  75. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 391.
  76. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 81.
  77. ^ a b c d e Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 396.
  78. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 89.
  79. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 82.
  80. ^ a b c d e Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 393.
  81. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 84.
  82. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 90.
  83. ^ a b c d e Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 397.
  84. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 91.
  85. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 398.
  86. ^ Prien et al. 2008, p. 293.
  87. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 257.
  88. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 138.
  89. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 296.
  90. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 515.

Bibliography

Further reading
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