Joachim Müncheberg

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Joachim Müncheberg
French Tunisia
Cause of deathKilled in action
Buried
German Military Cemetery at
JG 77
Battles/warsWorld War II
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Gold Medal of Military Valor

Joachim Müncheberg (31 December 1918 – 23 March 1943) was a German

ace credited with 135 air victories. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Western Front, with 33 claims over the Eastern Front. Of his 102 aerial victories achieved over the Western Allies, 46 were against Supermarine Spitfire
fighters.

Born in

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Italian Gold Medal of Military Valor
after 43 aerial victories.

Müncheberg then briefly served in North Africa in support of the

Mediterranean Theatre. He died of wounds following a mid-air collision during combat near Meknassy
, Tunisia on 23 March 1943.

Childhood, education and early career

Joachim "Jochen" Müncheberg was born on 31 December 1918 in

Realgymnasium (a type of secondary school) in Dramburg and graduated with his Abitur (diploma) in 1936.[1]

Colour photo of the Rila Monastery
Rila Monastery

Müncheberg, who was talented in sports and athletics, played

Reichsarbeitsdienst) in October 1936 with Abteilung (department) 5/50 in Lüttmannshagen, district of Cammin. As an athlete, he especially excelled in the decathlon; almost daily he practised the ten different disciplines. Aged 17, he attended a summer camp held in conjunction with the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.[1]

His interest in flying was kindled by his cousin Hermann Hackbusch, a pilot during World War I, who often took Müncheberg to the

Theodor Osterkamp. He was then posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 234 (JG 234—234th Fighter Wing) stationed at Cologne on 23 September 1938.[4][5][Note 2] He was promoted to Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) on 8 November 1938.[6]

While stationed in Cologne, Müncheberg trained for the decathlon at the ASV Köln (sports club in Cologne) during his spare time and competed in various national and international track and field events. He even had a training field built on the family estate at Friedrichshof in Pomerania and at the time had strong ambitions to compete in the 1940 Summer Olympics. His commanding officers supported him in this athletic vision and gave him additional time off to practice for the Olympics. Müncheberg owned a dachshund, which his mother had bred, named Seppl. The dog accompanied him from the start of World War II until his death on 23 March 1943.[5]

At the time of Müncheberg's posting to JG 234, the Geschwader was commanded by Oberst

blind flying, were chosen.[5]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces

L1325 of No. 57 Squadron, piloted by Pilot Officer H.R. Bewlay. This achievement earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 9 November 1939.[9][10][11]

Battle of France

The

Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Curtiss P-36 Hawk northwest of Antwerp.[13] On 13 May 1940, III. Gruppe was moved to München Gladbach, present-day Mönchengladbach, closer to the border with the Netherlands and Belgium.[12]

On 14 May, JG 26 escorted bombers of III. Gruppe of

surrender of the Netherlands on 17 May 1940, III. Gruppe moved to Peer in Belgium and again moved on 19 May, this time to Beauvechain near Brussels.[12]

four Messerschmidt Bf 109 E of Fighter Wing 51 "Mölders" on a grass airfield
Bf 109 Es, similar to those flown by Müncheberg over France and Belgium.

Operating from Chièvres Air Base from 27 May 1940, Müncheberg claimed his fifth aerial victory over a Supermarine Spitfire on 29 May 1940. This achievement earned him the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse). At the time, III. Gruppe was providing fighter escort for Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers and Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters operating against the beachhead held by British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the Battle of Dunkirk.[16] Fighter Command recorded the loss of 10 fighters to Bf 109s on 29 May.[17] On 31 May, Müncheberg claimed an unprecedented four Spitfires over Dunkirk, as the evacuation and the battle of the port reached a climax. The last claim of the day was made against No. 609 Squadron.[18] No. 609 Squadron reported two pilots killed and one wounded, though one of the dead pilots was killed in action with Heinkel He 111 bombers according to British sources.[19]

On 4 June 1940, III. Gruppe relocated to

France surrendered on 22 June 1940 and III. Gruppe of JG 26 "Schlageter" moved back to München Gladbach in Germany.[20] In total, Müncheberg claimed eight Allied aircraft shot down during the invasion of France, including four on 31 May 1940, bringing his total to nine.[18] The Gruppe then moved to Döberitz on 1 July to provide fighter protection for Berlin. The time was also used to repair and upgrade the Bf 109 E-3s to Bf 109 E-4s.[20]

Battle of Britain

On 21 July 1940, III gruppe JG 26 "Schlageter" received orders to relocate to

air superiority, in preparation for Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), the proposed amphibious invasion of Great Britain.[22] III. Gruppe flew fighter protection for bomber formations attacking allied shipping in the English Channel on 24 July.[23] These missions were referred to as Kanalkampf (channel combat) by the Germans. The unit flew its next mission one day later, providing fighter protection for Stuka's again targeting shipping. Müncheberg, who had been promoted to Oberleutnant on 19 July 1940, claimed his 10th aerial victory on 28 July when he shot down a No. 257 Squadron Hawker Hurricane 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of Dover.[24] The claim was made at 15:15. No other German pilot from JG 26 claimed a Hurricane at that time.[24] The only loss suffered by No. 257 Squadron was Sergeant Ronald V. Forward who bailed out wounded. Müncheberg is credited with downing Forward.[25] However, RAF records appear to show he was shot down at 18:40, almost three and a half hours after Müncheberg's claim.[26]

Müncheberg was credited with his 11th victory on 8 August, claiming a

Flying Officer D.C. McCaw were killed in action at roughly 12:30.[32]

III. Gruppe continued to fly combat air patrols over the English Channel on 11 and 12 August, however, Müncheberg did not claim any aircraft shot down on these days. The fighting reached a climax on 13 August when Eagle Day was launched (code name Adlertag).[33] Müncheberg claimed a Hurricane shot down from either No. 32 Squadron or No. 615. Squadron on 14 August.[34] On 15 August he claimed a Spitfire at 16:01 CET near Dover[35] while the gruppe flew as escort for Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg (KG 1—1st Bomber Wing) and Kampfgeschwader 2 Holzhammer (KG 2—2nd Bomber Wing).[36] The battles fought on this date became known as "Black Thursday" in the Luftwaffe after it sustained heavy casualties. The bombers broke through RAF defences, and fanned out. They attacked RAF Hawkinge, Maidstone, Dover, Rye and the radar station at Foreness.[36] A pair of Spitfires from No. 64 Squadron were reported shot down near Dungeness at the same time.[37] One pilot was killed, and the other was captured after force-landing near Calais.[38] Galland was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of JG 26 "Schlageter" on 22 August 1940. In consequence, Hauptmann Gerhard Schöpfel, who had led 9. Staffel, was appointed Gruppenkomandeur of the III. Gruppe and Müncheberg was given command of the 7. Staffel as Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader), replacing Oberleutnant Georg Beyer who left to become Galland's adjutant and became a prisoner of war on 28 August after being shot down.[39] Müncheberg may have pressured Galland into awarding him the position.[40]

Flying another fighter escort mission on 24 August in an attack south of London, Müncheberg claimed a victory over a Hurricane from

Abbeville-Drucat on 10 November.[43] He claimed his last victory in the Battle of Britain, and his last of 1940, on 14 November, when Galland and Müncheberg each claimed a Spitfire in combat with No. 66. Squadron and No. 74. Squadron. This was Müncheberg's 23rd victory, and was claimed southeast of Dover. Pilot Officer W Armstrong, No. 74 Squadron baled out. Pilot Officer W Rózycki survived a crash-landing but the Hurricane was written off.[44] Hitler visited JG 26 "Schlageter" at Christmas 1940. Hitler dined with a selected group of pilots, among them Oberleutnant Gustav Sprick, Hauptmann Walter Adolph, Hauptmann Rolf Pingel, Galland, Schöpfel and Müncheberg.[45] The war of attrition against the RAF had cost JG 26 "Schlageter" dearly, 7. Staffel alone lost 13 pilots, and the entire Geschwader had to be moved back to Germany to reform and re-equip in early 1941. III. Gruppe was stationed at Bonn-Hangelar, in Sankt Augustin.[46] Before the Gruppe received new aircraft, the men were sent on a skiing vacation in the Austrian Alps. This was to be the last period of leave given to the entire JG 26 for the duration of the war.[47]

Malta, Balkans and North Africa in 1941

On 22 January 1941, Müncheberg was informed by Gruppenkommandeur Schöpfel that the 7. Staffel had to relocate to

new front in North Africa in mid-1940, British air and sea forces based on the island could attack Axis ships transporting vital supplies and reinforcements from Europe to North Africa. To counter this threat the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) were tasked with bombing raids in an effort to neutralise the RAF defences and the ports. That day the unit and a 40-strong detachment of ground crews departed Wevelgem.[48]

red heart in black square
The red heart was displayed on both sides of the Bf 109 engine cowling, earning the unit the nickname "Red Hearts".[49]

Following a brief stopover in Rome, 7. Staffel arrived in

Flying Officer Frederic Frank 'Eric' Taylor DFC was probably Müncheberg's victory. Taylor was declared missing in action but reported killed when his Mae West lifejacket washed ashore with a 20mm cannon shell hole in the chest area.[53] Pilot Officers P Kearsey and C E Langdon were killed in the same battle.[53] Müncheberg said of Taylor, "the fighting spirit of the British pilot was fantastic. He tried, although very badly hit, to still attack a Ju 88 [sic]."[53] Müncheberg claimed his 33rd victory on 28 March 1941.[54] This was also his 200th combat mission which was celebrated by the entire Staffel.[55]

The 7. Staffel, and elements of the support ground personnel, were relocated to

Breguet 19 destroyed on the ground, but he was only given credit for the first aircraft destroyed in aerial combat. The two Furys were in fact Avia BH-33 biplanes.[58]

The Balkan intermezzo was short and the detachment relocated back to Gela beginning on 8 April. On 28 March Müncheberg completed his 200th mission and claimed his 33rd victory, another Hurricane.

UFA star, Carola Höhn, wife of bomber pilot Arved Crüger, on a mission to provide entertainment to the troops, visited the pilots at Gela.[63] According to Röll, Müncheberg was especially attracted to the actress and personally accompanied her during her visit.[64]

Müncheberg surpassed 40 aerial victories on 1 May 1941 after downing two aircraft on an early morning mission and a third in the evening.

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), following two more Hurricanes shot down on 6 May. His total now at 43 victories, Müncheberg received the news of his award on the early morning of 7 May.[68][69] Müncheberg became the 12th member of the Wehrmacht to be honoured with the Oak Leaves[68] and two hours later received news that Duce Benito Mussolini had awarded him the Gold Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare), the first German to receive this award.[70] Hitler sent him a teleprinter message on 7 May 1941 congratulating him on his 40th aerial victory.[71]

four men in military uniforms standing in front of a propeller-driven aircraft
Müncheberg (left) and General (later field marshal) Erwin Rommel in North Africa, 1941.[Note 3]

7. Staffel then began a series of relocations which eventually took them to the North African theatre of operations. The Staffel first relocated to Greece at the end of May. The ground personnel were shipped from Catania to Piraeus and then to the airfield at Molaoi on the southern tip of the Peloponnese region. The original intent was to participate in the Battle of Crete. The relatively quick but costly victory made these plans obsolete. The Staffel was then given two weeks of rest at Catania before moving on to Molaoi. Here the pilots were initially tasked with long-range combat air patrols before Operation Battleaxe, a British Army operation with the goal of clearing eastern Cyrenaica of German and Italian forces, was initiated on 15 June. 7. Staffel was immediately ordered to relocate to North Africa where they were subordinated to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 (I./JG 27 - 1st group of the 27th Fighter Wing), then under the command of Hauptmann Eduard Neumann.[73][74] The unit was based at Gazala on 31 May.[75]

Müncheberg claimed his first three victories were over Hurricanes. The one on 20 June was claimed against pilots from either

ZG 26.[77] Records show Pilot Officer Lauder, No. 229 Squadron and Pilot Officer Moss, No. 73 Squadron were shot down while Squadron Leader Rosier's Hurricane was badly damaged. Müncheberg had accounted for his 46th victory.[77] The final two victories in North Africa of 1941 were over Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, both on 29 July 1941, from No. 2 Squadron SAAF. One pilot survived, the other, Kolo Mason, did not return.[77] Müncheberg's Staffel claimed eight victories during its brief African odyssey; their leader claimed five.[78]

Channel operations

ZG 76.[83] Ten Spitfires were lost on 4 September—eight to aerial combat and one to ground fire. Six formed part of "Circus" No. 93.[84] The action cost No. 71 Squadron two pilots killed, one captured and one wounded. Three Spitfires were destroyed and one damaged.[84]

On 19 September 1941, Müncheberg was promoted to the rank of Hauptmann and became Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 26 "Schlageter" following the death of Hauptmann Walter Adolph the day before, in aerial combat with RAF Spitfire fighters. Müncheberg's position of Staffelkapitän of the 7. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Klaus Mietusch. II. Gruppe had already been equipped with the new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-1. It was the first Gruppe in the Luftwaffe completely equipped with the Fw 190. Müncheberg's number of victories continued to increase; all but his 55th on 18 September, which was over a No. 607 Squadron Hurricane, were claimed against Spitfires. Galland was replaced by Schöpfel on 5 December as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 "Schlageter". Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring had appointed Galland as General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighters) following the death of Oberst Werner Mölders.[85]

On 8 November 1941, in an air battle near Dunkirk which involved Spitfire Vb's of RCAF No. 412 Squadron, based at

No. 401 (Canadian) Squadron the same day. One pilot was killed and another wounded and captured.[87] A further pilot from No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron was killed in action with JG 26 along with two from No. 452 (Australian) Squadron. Two more Fighter Command aircraft are known to have been lost in combat with unknown German fighter units, four to unstated causes, one to fuel starvation, one to engine trouble and another to ground fire.[88]

On 8 December Müncheberg achieved his 60th aerial victory which was announced in the Wehrmachtbericht, his third such mention.

JG 2.[95] Czech pilot Flight Lieutenant J Kulhanek was killed and American Sergeant E Pendelton was captured after combat with JG 26 Fw 190s. No. 401 and No. 602 Squadrons lost one fighter each in combat with JG 26.[95] In the latter battle Müncheberg shot down Squadron Leader, No. 412 Squadron, J D Morrison who was killed and Pilot Officer A T A Young, who was captured.[96]

Müncheberg claimed his 70th and 71st victory on 26 April within two minutes of combat. II. Gruppe at the time was referred to as the "Abbeville Boys" by the RAF pilots based on the

No. 403 Squadron Spitfires, four pilots were captured and one killed.[101] He claimed his final two victories (82–83) with II. Gruppe on 20 June 1942 in combat with Spitfires of No. 118 and No. 501 Squadron. II. Gruppe was credited with the destruction of five enemy aircraft for one pilot killed; 118 reported four losses and 501 a single fighter lost.[102] No. 118, No. 133 and No. 501 Squadron lost four, one and one Spitfires respectively while No. 501 suffered a further damage.[103] Four pilots were killed, two were captured while one was safe. Attribution by Fighter Command in each case was either to JG 2 and JG 26. The German fighter wings claimed 10 Spitfires in total between them.[103]

Eastern Front

Following his 83rd aerial victory, Müncheberg was summoned to his commanding officer, Geschwaderkommodore Schöpfel, who informed him of his transfer to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front. Müncheberg was destined to become a Geschwaderkommodore but prior to receiving his own command, he would have to serve as a Kommodore in training. He went on three-week home leave, staying at his parents' home, before he received his orders to head east on 21 July 1942.[104]

On his way to the Eastern Front, Müncheberg travelled to Berlin where he briefly served on the staff of the General der Jagdflieger Galland discussing air combat tactics and how to lead a fighter wing. On 26 July 1942, he participated in the German track and field championships, starting for the ASV Köln in the decathlon. Müncheberg finally arrived on the Eastern Front in early August 1942 where he was welcomed by the Geschwaderkommodore of JG 51, Major Karl-Gottfried Nordmann.[105] Initially Müncheberg believed that combat on the Eastern Front was child's play in comparison to the Western Front.[106] He was shot down or damaged on two or three occasions.[107] His first major task was re-equipping JG 51 with the Fw 190. Under his leadership JG 51 became the first fighter wing on the Eastern Front to be equipped with this type. He claimed his first victories in the east on 3 August 1942, shooting down two Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bombers near Rzhev.[108]

He quickly achieved further victories, reaching 90 victories on 22 August and surpassing the 100 victories on 5 September. He was the 19th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) following his 103rd victory. Müncheberg was the 19th member of the Wehrmacht to receive the award.[68] Müncheberg claimed his last victory in this theatre on 27 September 1942, claiming 33 victories in total over Russian aircraft, this took his overall score to 116 aerial victories.[108][107] He was then ordered to the Wolf's Lair where Hitler presented him the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.[110] Following the award ceremony he was granted home leave before being appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing), replacing Gordon Gollob in this role.[111]

North Africa

Bf 109G-2/trop "Black 6", formerly of JG 77 (1996), prior to its crash. Müncheberg flew this exact type.

Müncheberg took over command of Jagdgeschwader 77 on 1 October 1942. Jagdgeschwader 77 at the time was deployed on the southern sector of the Eastern Front and was scheduled to relocate to North Africa where I. Gruppe under the command of

Ain el Gazala on 26 October. Under the leadership of Müncheberg, the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) which was equipped with new Bf 109 G-2s, arrived on 1 November.[111]

He scored over a

57th Fighter Group accompanied by 12 bomb-carrying P-40s from No. 112 Squadron. Müncheberg shot down two USAAF P-40s. Second Lieutenants Chester Kroplodowski was reported missing, presumed killed, and Steven Merena was captured.[115] On 15 December Müncheberg took off with seven Bf 109s from III./JG 77 and attacked eleven British P-40s practicing ground attack tactics; he claimed one shot down. The pilot, RCAF Sgt N. E. McKee, crashed onto the shore and was captured.[116]

Müncheberg accounted for three P-40s on 14 January 1943 in a single combat. German pilots claimed 24 P-40s on this day. Actual British Commonwealth casualties were 12 destroyed and two damaged with five killed, one missing and one wounded. US forces reported on loss from the

93d Fighter Squadron, 81st Fighter Group was claimed that day.[121] Three days later, 10 P-39s of the 92nd Squadron and two from the 91st Squadron, 81st Fighter Group were ordered to attack targets of opportunity in the La Fauconnerie area. Spitfires of the 307th and 308th Squadrons of the 31st Fighter Group acted as escort but were distracted by Fw 190s and left the P-39s unprotected. Müncheberg claimed one, Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert, claimed four and Siegfried Freytag claimed two.[122] The US units lost seven; Lieutenants Murray, Turkington, Smith, Leech, McCreight and Lewis of the 93rd and Lt Lyons of the 91st were lost.[122] Murray escaped and returned the following day.[122] The success was added to another claimed earlier in the morning when his unit engaged 34 P-40s from the US 57th Fighter Group, containing the 64th, 65th and 66th Squadrons. Reinert and another pilot claimed two each—the Americans lost four, with one pilot escaping to Allied lines, and most likely the pilot shot down by Müncheberg.[122]

Death

Müncheberg

El Aouina; it was later moved to the "Heroes' Cemetery" at Tunis. In the 1950s it was moved again and re-buried at the German Military Cemetery at Bordj-Cedria.[126] After the Luftwaffe reported his death, the fact made news in Britain along with the death of Hans Beißwenger in a 1943 issue of The Aeroplane, entitled "Gap in the Fighter Ranks".[127]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Main article: List of aerial victories claimed by Joachim Müncheberg

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Müncheberg was credited with 135 aerial victories.[128] His 135 aerial victories were claimed in more than 500 combat missions, 102 on the Western Front[40][107] - including 19 over Malta, one in Yugoslavia and 24 in North Africa[129] - and 33 on the Eastern Front.[107] His tally includes at least 46 Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft shot down. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces - Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 135 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 102 on the Western Front and 33 on the Eastern Front.[130]

Awards and honours

On 30 November 1962 an honorary one-time pension of 1,500

Italian Minister of Defence Giulio Andreotti.[135]

Dates of rank

1 August 1937: Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier[136]
16 December 1937: Fähnrich[136]
13 September 1938: Oberfähnrich[136]
8 November 1938: Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)[136]
19 July 1940: Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)[136]
19 September 1941: Hauptmann (Captain)[136]
30 November 1942: Major (Major)[136]

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. The training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations, see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ Hardly visible from this angle, the picture shows Müncheberg wearing a bandage on his left knee. He injured himself in a sporting competition at Erfurt in May 1941. He fell running the 110 metres hurdles.[72]
  4. ^ According to Röll on 9 November 1939.[6]
  5. ^ According to Scherzer as adjutant in the III./Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter".[68]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Röll 2010, p. 59.
  2. ^ Röll 2010, pp. 59–60.
  3. ^ Röll 2010, pp. 60, 154.
  4. ^ Williamson & Bujeiro 2005, p. 59.
  5. ^ a b c d Röll 2010, p. 60.
  6. ^ a b c Röll 2010, p. 154.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2000, pp. 177, 180.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 179.
  9. ^ Röll 2010, pp. 11–14, 60, 154.
  10. ^ Warner 2002, p. 149.
  11. ^ Caldwell 1991, p. 14.
  12. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2000b, p. 222.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2000b, p. 228.
  14. ^ Cull, Lander & Weiss 1999, p. 120.
  15. ^ Cull, Lander & Weiss 1999, p. 151.
  16. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 32.
  17. ^ Franks 1997, p. 35–36.
  18. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 34.
  19. ^ Franks 1997, p. 37.
  20. ^ a b Caldwell 1996.
  21. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 47, 55.
  22. ^ Bungay 2000, pp. 31, 110–114, 180, 232.
  23. ^ Mason 1969, p. 190.
  24. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 50.
  25. ^ Bergström 2015, p. 88.
  26. ^ Mason 1969, p. 195.
  27. ^ Kershaw 2007, p. 97.
  28. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 51.
  29. ^ Mason 1969, p. 217.
  30. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 217–219.
  31. ^ Mason 1969, p. 219.
  32. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 217–218.
  33. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 165–166.
  34. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 244–246.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 336.
  36. ^ a b Mason 1969, p. 258.
  37. ^ Mason 1969, p. 260.
  38. ^ Franks 1997, p. 56.
  39. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 61, 65.
  40. ^ a b Bungay 2000, p. 164.
  41. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 73.
  42. ^ Franks 1997, p. 69.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 326.
  44. ^ Franks 1997, p. 101.
  45. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 95–97.
  46. ^ Röll 2010, p. 62.
  47. ^ Caldwell 2012, p. 100.
  48. ^ Caldwell 2012, pp. 97–102.
  49. ^ Caldwell 2012, p. 110.
  50. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 105.
  51. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 41.
  52. ^ Cull & Symons 2003, p. 83.
  53. ^ a b c Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, pp. 159–158.
  54. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 174.
  55. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 108–109.
  56. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1992, p. 206.
  57. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 205.
  58. ^ Caldwell 2012, p. 109.
  59. ^ Caldwell 2012, p. 108.
  60. ^ Caldwell 2012, pp. 110–111.
  61. ^ Rogers 2017, pp. 24, 162.
  62. ^ Caldwell 2012, pp. 111–112.
  63. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 108.
  64. ^ Röll 2010, p. 70.
  65. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, pp. 194–195.
  66. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 195.
  67. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 112–113.
  68. ^ a b c d e f Scherzer 2007, p. 559.
  69. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 340.
  70. ^ Bellomo 2016.
  71. ^ Bruppacher 2013, p. 273.
  72. ^ Röll 2010, p. 96.
  73. ^ Caldwell 2012, pp. 79, 80.
  74. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 115–117.
  75. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 41.
  76. ^ a b Shores & Ring 1969, p. 47.
  77. ^ a b c Shores & Ring 1969, p. 49.
  78. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 50.
  79. ^ Röll 2010, p. 103.
  80. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 541.
  81. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 549.
  82. ^ Franks 1997, p. 134.
  83. ^ Franks 1997, p. 137.
  84. ^ a b Franks 1997, p. 138.
  85. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 176–178, 193–195.
  86. ^ Fochuk 2017, p. 46.
  87. ^ a b Franks 1997, p. 149.
  88. ^ Franks 1997, pp. 149–150.
  89. ^ Röll 2010, p. 105.
  90. ^ a b Franks 1997, p. 154.
  91. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 197.
  92. ^ Röll 2010, pp. 106–107.
  93. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 203–210.
  94. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 216–218.
  95. ^ a b Franks 1998, p. 16.
  96. ^ Franks 1998, p. 17.
  97. ^ Gretzyngier 2014, p. 23.
  98. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 372.
  99. ^ a b Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 323.
  100. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 246.
  101. ^ Franks 1998, p. 37.
  102. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 239.
  103. ^ a b Franks 1998, p. 41.
  104. ^ Röll 2010, p. 112.
  105. ^ Röll 2010, pp. 112–113.
  106. ^ Röll 2010, p. 113.
  107. ^ a b c d Spick 2011, p. 141.
  108. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 245.
  109. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  110. ^ Röll 2010, p. 119.
  111. ^ a b c Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 394, 396.
  112. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 206.
  113. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 461–462.
  114. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 470–471.
  115. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 474–475.
  116. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 215.
  117. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 498–500.
  118. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, p. 510.
  119. ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 180.
  120. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012b, pp. 536–537.
  121. ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 244.
  122. ^ a b c d Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 247.
  123. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 88.
  124. ^ Molesworth 2011, p. 50.
  125. ^ a b Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 261.
  126. ^ Goss 2018.
  127. ^ Shepherd 1943, p. 587.
  128. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  129. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012a, p. 193.
  130. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 889–892.
  131. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 107.
  132. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 319.
  133. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 54.
  134. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 40.
  135. ^ Wübbe 2001, p. 66.
  136. ^ a b c d e f g Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. ii.

Bibliography

Military offices
Preceded by Commander of Jagdgeschwader 77 Herz As
1 October 1942 – 23 March 1943 		Succeeded by
Oberstleutnant Johannes Steinhoff
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Müncheberg&oldid=1206865733"